• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-146
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• 2006

The 3' region of Potato virus X (PVX) has the 74 nt 3'-nontranslated region (NTR) that is conserved among all potexviruses and contains several cis-acting elements for minus-strand and plus-strand RNA accumulation. Three stem-loop structures (SL1-SL3), especially formation of SL3 and U-rich sequence of SL2, and near upstream elements in the 3' NTR were previously demonstrated as important cis-acting elements. To Investigate the binding of these cis-acting elements within 3' end with host protein, we used the electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) and UV-cross linking analysis. The EMSA with cellular extracts from tobacco and RNA transcripts corresponding to the 150 nt of the 3' end of PVX RNA showed that the 3' end of PVX formed complexes with cellular proteins. The specificity of protein binding was confirmed through competition assay by using with 50-fold excess of specific and non-specific probes. We also conducted EMSA with RNAs containing various mutants on those cis-acting elements (${\Delta}10$10, SL3B, SL2A and ${\Delta}21$; J Mol Biol 326, 701-720) required for efficient PVX RNA accumulation. These analyses supported that these cis-acting elements are required for interaction with host protein(s). UV-cross linking analysis revealed that at least three major host proteins of about 28, 32, and 42 kDa in mass bound to these cis-elements. These results indicate that cis-acting elements from 3' end which are important for minus and plus-strand RNA accumulation are also required for host protein binding.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.34-42
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• 2023

In a signal transduction network, from the perception of stress signals to stress-responsive gene ex- pression, binding of various transcription factors to cis-acting elements in stress-responsive promoters coordinate the adaptation of plants to abiotic stresses. Among the AP2/ERF transcription factor family genes, group VII ERF genes, such as RAP2.12, RAP2.2, RAP2.3, AtERF73/HRE1, and AtERF71/ HRE2, are known to be involved in the response to hypoxia stress in Arabidopsis. In this study, we dissected the HRE1 promoter to identify hypoxia-responsive region(s). The 1,000 bp upstream promoter region of HRE1 showed increased promoter activity in Arabidopsis protoplasts and transgenic plants under hypoxia conditions. Analysis of the promoter deletion series of HRE1, including 1,000 bp, 800 bp, 600 bp, 400 bp, 200 bp, 100 bp, and 50 bp upstream promoter regions, using firefly luciferase and GUS as reporter genes indicated that the -200 to -100 region of the HRE1 promoter is responsible for the transcriptional activation of HRE1 in response to hypoxia. In addition, we identified two putative hypoxia-responsive cis-acting elements, the ERF-binding site and DOF-binding site, in the -200 to -100 region of the HRE1 promoter, suggesting that the expression of HRE1 might be regulated via the ERF transcription factor(s) and/or DOF transcription factor(s). Collectively, our results suggest that HRE1 contains hypoxia-responsive cis-acting elements in the -200 to -100 region of its promoter.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.342-350
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• 2018

Flowering time is determined by florigens. These genes include, Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and Rice FT 1 (RFT1) in rice, which are specifically expressed in the vascular tissues of leaves at the floral transition stage. To study the cis-regulatory elements present in the promoter region of Hd3a, we generated transgenic plants carrying the 1.75-kb promoter fragment of Hd3a that was fused to the ${\beta}$-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Plants expressing this construct conferred a vascular cell-specific expression pattern for the reporter gene. However, GUS was expressed in leaves at all developmental stages, including the early seedling stage when Hd3a was not detected. Furthermore, the reporter was expressed in roots at all stages. This suggests that the 1.75-kb region lackings cis-elements that regulate leaf-specific expression at the appropriate developmental stages. Deletion analyses of the promoter region indicated that regulatory elements determining vascular cell-specific expression are present in the 200-bp region between -245 bp and -45 bp from the transcription initiation site. By transforming the Hd3a-GUS construct to rice cultivar 'Taichung 65' which is defective in Ehd1, we observed that Ehd1 is the major regulatory element that controls Hd3a promoter activity.

• BMB Reports
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.194-200
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• 2017

Eukaryotic gene expression is precisely regulated at all points between transcription and translation. In this review, we focus on translational control mediated by the 3'-untranslated regions (UTRs) of mRNAs. mRNA 3'-UTRs contain cis-acting elements that function in the regulation of protein translation or mRNA decay. Each RNA binding protein that binds to these cis-acting elements regulates mRNA translation via various mechanisms targeting the mRNA cap structure, the eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E)-eIF4G complex, ribosomes, and the poly (A) tail. We also discuss translation-mediated regulation of mRNA fate.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2010

NPR1 is a positive regulator of systemic acquired resistance in Arabidopsis and rice. Expression of the rice gene OsNPR1 is induced by salicylic acid (SA). To identify the region of the OsNPR1 promoter involved in response to SA, we carried out deletion mutagenesis of the region 1005 bp upstream of the OsNPR1 start codon. Ciselement analysis revealed that the OsNPR1 promoter contains W-boxes and ASF1 motifs, both of which are known to be functional cis-elements of the WRKY and bZIP proteins, respectively. The deletion constructs 1005:LUC and 752:LUC, were induced by up to 4.3- and 3.8-fold, respectively, following SA treatment, suggesting that W-boxes and ASF1 motifs may play an important role in the strong induction of these constructs by SA. Using mutation analysis, we also showed that both the W-box and ASF1 motif are necessary for SA-induced expression of OsNPR1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Potoscience Conference
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• spring
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• pp.38-38
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• 1997

• Genes and Genomics
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1237-1248
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• 2018

Introduction Cellulose microfibril is a major cell wall polymer that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. The gene cellulose synthase A (CesA), encoding cellulose synthases, is involved in the synthesis of cellulose microfibrils. However, the regulatory mechanism of CesA gene expression is not well understood, especially during the early developmental stages. Objective To identify factor(s) that regulate the expression of CesA genes and ultimately control seedling growth and development. Methods The presence of cis-elements in the promoter region of the eight CesA genes identified in flax (Linum usitatissimum L. 'Nike') seedlings was verified, and three kinds of ethylene-responsive cis-elements were identified in the promoters. Therefore, the effect of ethylene on the expression of four selected CesA genes classified into Clades 1 and 6 after treatment with $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-3}M$ 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was examined in the hypocotyl of 4-6-day-old flax seedlings. Results ACC-induced ethylene either up- or down-regulated the expression of the CesA genes depending on the clade to which these genes belonged, age of seedlings, part of the hypocotyl, and concentration of ACC. Conclusion Ethylene might be one of the factors regulating the expression of CesA genes in flax seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.298-305
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• 2016

Previously our laboratory showed that Pseudomonas alkylphenolica KL28 possesses two different lap and pcu gene clusters for p-cresol catabolism. In this study, additional gene cluster (pchACXF-pcaHG-orf4-pcaBC) has been identified to encode enzymes necessary for catabolism of p-cresol to ${\beta}$-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate. This gene cluster showed almost identical nucleotide sequence homologies to those in the plasmid of Pseudomonas putida NCIMB 9866 and 9869, British origins, indicating the possibility of a horizontal gene transfer. Through mutagenesis of each gene cluster and gfp-based promoter reporter assays, it has been shown that the three gene clusters are functionally operated and pch genes are induced by p-cresol. Furthermore, the pcu gene cluster of the three was shown to be dominantly expressed in utilization of p-cresol. Mutation of the pcu gene was defective in aerial structure formation under p-cresol vapor, indicating the utilization rate of carbon source is one of key elements for the multicellular development of this strain.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 2010

$CuInSe_2$ (CIS) thin films were electrodeposited on Mo-coated glass substrates in acidic solutions containing $Cu^{2+}$, $In^{3+}$, and $Se^{4+}$ ions, depending on deposition parameters such as deposition potential (-0.4 to -0.8 V[SCE]) and pH (1.7 to 1.9). The influences of PH and deposition potential on the atomic composition of Cu, In, and Se in the deposited films were observed. The best chemical composition, approaching 1:1:2 atomic ratio for the elements, was achieved at -0.5 V (SCE) and pH 1.8. The as-deposited films showed low crystallinity and were annealed at 300 to $500^{\circ}C$ for 30 min to improve crystallization. The surface morphologies, microstructures, and crystallographic structures of the annealed films as well as the as-deposited films were analyzed with AFM, SEM, and XRD. The defects of spherical particles appeared on the surfaces of CIS thin films in the as-deposited state and decreased in size and number with increasing annealing temperatures. Additionally, the crystallization to chalcopyrite structure and surface roughness (Ra) of the as-deposited thin films were improved with the annealing process.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 2016

CCR3 is a chemokine receptor that mediates the accumulation of allergic inflammatory cells, including eosinophils and Th2 cells, at inflamed sites. The regulatory sequence of the CCR3 gene, contains two Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) 1 sites and two PU.1 sites, in addition to a functional GATA site for transactivation of the CCR3 gene. In the present study, we examined the effects of the cis-acting elements of RUNX1 and PU.1 on transcription of the gene in EoL-1 eosinophilic cells and Jurkat T cells, both of which expressed functional surface CCR3 and these two transcription factors. Introduction of RUNX1 siRNA or PU.1 siRNA resulted in a modest decrease in CCR3 reporter activity in both cell types, compared with transfection of GATA-1 siRNA. Cotransfection of the two siRNAs led to inhibition in an additive manner. EMSA analysis showed that RUNX1, in particular, bound to its binding motifs. Mutagenesis analysis revealed that all point mutants lacking RUNX1- and PU.1-binding sites exhibited reduced reporter activities. These results suggest that RUNX1 and PU.1 participate in transcriptional regulation of the CCR3 gene.