• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 1995

Karyotypic analysis was performed for Labridae fishes, Pseudolabrus japonicus, Halicho eres tenuispinis, H. poecilopterus and Pteragogus flagellifera from coastal area of Cheju Island in Korea. The chromosome numbers(Karyotypes) were 42(4M+24SM+14ST, A), 48(2M+2SM+44ST, A), 48(2M+46ST, A) and 42(4M+24SM+14ST, A) in P. japonicus, H. tenuispinis, H. poecilopterus and P. flagellifera, respectively. Heteromorphic sex chromosome was not found in both sexes of each Labridae fishes. However, large satellites were located on the largest subtelocentrics in P. japonicus and P. flagellifera.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 1970

Radioactive Phosphorus $(^{32}P)$ was administered intramuscularlly to the newly hatched chicken in the purpose of determination of the uptake and the distribution, as related to sex and hour differences of the several organs of the bodies. $2\;{\mu}\;of\;^{32}P$ was administered to each chick, and the distribution of 32P was observed in 1 hour and 24 hours after administration. In this experiment 80 heads of chicken were used(40 chicken were one day and 40 chicken were 7 days old) and the results obtained as follows: 1. The tissue showed an uptake rate of $^{32}P$ dose per 100 milligram of tissue in one day old chicken, with the following sequence: Males (1 hour): Femur. Liver. G., Muscle. Testis. Brain (24 hour): Femur, Testis, Gastrocnemius Muscle, Liver, Brain. Female(1 hour): Femur, Liver, Gastronemius Muscle, Ovary, Brain. (24 hour): Femur, Liver, Gastrocnemius Muscle, Ovary, Brain. 2. In 1 hour, the uptake rate of $^{32}P$ of the tissues showed significant difference between the male and the female except the gastrocnemius muscle and the brain in one day old group, but they were no significance except the testis and ovary after 24 hours. 3. The distribution of $^{32}P$ of the tissues exhibited higher in 1 hour than in 24 hours except the femur, the brain of the male and female, the brain and gastrocnemius muscle of the female in one day old group. 4. The tissue showed an uptake rate of $^{32}P$ dose per 100 miligram of tissue in 7days old chicken, with the following sequence: Male (1 hour): femur, liver, gastrocmenius muscle, testis, brain. (24 hour): femur, testis, gastrocmenius muscle, liver, brain. Female(1 hour): femur, liver, gastrocmenius muscle, ovary, brain. (24 hour): femur, ovary, liver, gastrocmenius muscle, brain. 5. The distribution of $^{32}P$ of the tissues showed no significant difference between the male and the female except the testis and ovary after 24 hours in 7 days old chicken group. 6. The distribution of $^{32}P$ the tissues exhibited higher in 1 hour in 24 hours except the femur, the brain of the male and the female, the brain and the ovary of the female in 7 days old chicken group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was to determine whether the Sun-style 24 forms of Tai Chi exercise improve pain, stiffness, disability, knee joint motion, mobility, balance or falling. Method: Forty-six community-dwelling elderly subjects (mean age, $75.46{\pm}6.28$) voluntarily participated in an intervention group of either 24 forms of Sun-style T ai Chi for 60 min, 2 times per week for 12 weeks or a control group. A non-equivalent pretest-posttest design was used. Independent t-test and ANCOVA were used to examine group differences by using SPSS12.0. Result: The experimental group had significantly less pain (F=7.60, p=.008) and stiffness (t=-3.19, p=.003) than the control group. Also there were significant improvements in knee joint motion on the right knee (t=2.44, p=.019), left knee (t=2.30, p=.026), rising time (F=8.03, p=.07), balance on the left single leg test (t=2.20, p=.033), and fear of falling (t=-2.33, p=.024) in the Tai Chi exercise group. No significant group differences were found in disability and falls efficacy. Conclusion: The Sun-style 24 forms Tai Chi exercise is effective in decreasing pain, stiffness, fear of falling and it improves balance, rising time, and knee joint motion. We suggest a continuing long term intervention to decrease disability and increase efficacy concerning falls.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.210-216
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• 2015

This study was investigated about the antibacterial effects of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) against Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7), Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE against E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus was 24, 48 and 24 mg/mL, respectively. In addition, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AGE against E. coli O157:H7, S. typhimurium, and S. aureus was all of 96 mg/mL. The growth of E. coli O157:H7 was significantly inhibited at the concentration of AGE 24 mg/mL at 24 hr post-incubation (p < 0.01), but that of S. aureus was not significantly inhibited at the same concentration. However, the growth of S. aureus at the concentration of AGE 96 mg/mL was significantly inhibited at 24 hr post-incubation compared to that of untreated bacteria (p < 0.01). At the concentration of AGE 48 (p < 0.05) and 96 mg/mL (p < 0.001), the growth of S. typhimurim was significantly inhibited at 24 hr after incubation compared to that of untreated bacteria. With the results of this study, AGE can be used as alternative to antibiotics and chemical food preservatives.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.607-613
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to predict the exact time of parturition from analysis and classification of preliminary behavior based on parturition signals in sows. This study was conducted with 12 crossbred sows (with an average of 3.5 parities). Behavioral characteristics were analyzed for duration and the frequency of different behaviors on a checklist, which includes the duration of the basic behaviors (feeding, standing, lying down, and sitting). The frequency of specific behaviors (investigatory behavior, shame-chewing, scratching, and bar-biting) was also recorded. Image information was collected every two minutes for 24 hours before the first piglets were born. As a result, the basic behavior of a sows' standing time (22.6% of the time after 24 h, 24.9% after 12 h) and time lying down (55.9% after 24 h, 66.3% after 12 h) increased over the 12 h period before parturition, compared with the 24 h period before parturition (p<0.01). Feeding (13.42% after 24 h, 4.38% after 12 h) and sitting (8.2% after 24 h, 4.5% after 12 h) tended to decrease during the 12 h before parturition (p>0.05). The sows' investigatory behavior ($11.44{\pm}1.80$ after 24 h, $55.97{\pm}6.13$ after 12 h), scratching ($3.75{\pm}1.92$ after 24 h, $20.99{\pm}5.81$ after 12 h), and bar-biting ($0.69{\pm}0.15$ after 24 h, $3.71{\pm}1.53$ after 12 h) increased in the 12-hour period before parturition, compared with the 24-hour period before parturition (p<0.01). On the other hand, shame-chewing ($2.20{\pm}1.67$ after 24 h, $0.07{\pm}0.01$ after 12 h) decreased compared to the 12-hour period before parturition (p>0.05). Thus, standing, investigatory behavior, scratching, and bar-biting could be used as behaviors indicative of parturition in sows.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.775-787
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• 2018

This study was conducted to investigate for the natural methane emission inhibitor as a feed additive no adversely effect on rumen fermentation. Five different Control (Wheat barn (0.05 g), MRA(Methane Reduction Additive)-1 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.05 g)), MRA-2 (Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), MRA-3 (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate (0.025 g) + Wheat barn (0.025 g) mixed), and MRA-4 (Allium fistulosum L. (0.02 g) + Tannic acid (0.02 g) + Wheat barn (0.01 g) mixed) contents were used to perform 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 and 48 h incubation for in vitro fermentation. Ruminal pH values were ranged within normal ruminal microbial fermentation. Dry matter digestibility was not significantly different across the treatments during the whole fermentation time. Also, the result of microbial growth had no adversely effect on during the whole fermentation time. At 24 h, methane emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than all treatments except to MRA-1. Especially, MRA-4 carbon dioxide emission was significantly lower (P<0.05) than control at 9, 24 and 48 h incubation. In addition MRA-4 propionate concentration was significantly higher (P<0.05) than control at 24 h incubation. The result of RT-PCR Ciliate-associated methanogens were significantly lower (P<0.05) at MRA-1, MRA-3 and MRA-4 than control at 24 h incubation. Based on the present results, MRA-4 could be suggestible methane emission inhibitor as a natural feed additive.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.129-147
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of deep breathing exercise with Incentive Spirometer on the pulmonary ventilatory function of postoperative patients. This experiment was operated by quasi-experimental design which was compared pre-experimental measures with post-experimental ones. The subject of this study was 46 inpatients who were scheduled for elective upper abdominal surgery under the general anesthesia in P National University Hospital in Pusan and classified into the experimental group(23 patients) and control group(23 patients) by using Incentive Spirometer or unusing one. The data were collected from November, 1, 1993, to December, 31, 1993. The effects of the deep breathing exercise on the pulmonary ventilatory function were compared between experimental group who were recieved deep breathing exercise with Incentive Spirometer and control group who were recieved same method without Incentive Spirometer. The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and the First Second Forced Expiratory Volume ($FEV_1$) were represented as index of the pulmonary ventilatory function and those were measured by Vitalograph Compact. The collected data were analysed by SPSS/PC+ (percentage, average, standard deviation, chi-square test, t-test, and ANOVA). The results were as follow : (1) The $FVC_s$ of the experimental group were significantly increased in course of time, 24, 48, 72 hours after surgery(F=3.530, P=0.035). (2) The $FVC_s$ and $FEV_{1S}$ of the control group were significantly increased in course of time, 24, 48, 72 hours after surgery ($FVC_s$ : F=3.480, P=0.037, $FEV_{1S}$ : F=6. 153, P=0.004). (3) The FVC which was measured at 72 hours after surgery was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group(t=2.620, P=0.013). (4) The $FEV_{1s}$ which were measured at 24 and 72 hours after surgery were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group(24hr. : t=2.530, P=0.017, 72hr. : t=2.540, P=0.016). (5) Among general characteristics, sex was significant variable which influenced to effect of pulmonary ventilatory function. In conclusion, this study showed that the deep breathing exercise with Incentive Spirometer was more effective to recover the pulmonary ventilatory function after surgery than the deep breathing exercise without Incentive Spirometer.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.37-52
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the differences of attitude to death and perception on HPC between nursing and medical students. The data was collected by questionnaires and the period of data collection was from September 17 to October 12, 2012. The results were as followings. Statistically significant differences were found course of knowing HPC(${\chi}^2$=24.29, p<.001), reason of unactive introduction(${\chi}^2$=15.92, p=.003), having to CPR in irresponsive terminal situation to you(${\chi}^2$=4.62, p=.032) and to your family(${\chi}^2$=5.64, p=.018), decision-making about DNR(${\chi}^2$=12.28, p=.002), awareness to medical authority legal representative(${\chi}^2$=14.75, p<.001), awareness (${\chi}^2$=11.01, p=.001) and subject(${\chi}^2$=24.73, p<.001) of AD, addiction(p<.001), tolerance(p<.001), taking a point(${\chi}^2$=23.28, p<.001) of narcotic analgesics and control of pain(p=.532). The findings of the study provides the basis for expanding practice and education to hospice-palliative care for nursing and medical students.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.58-67
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• 2018

Purpose: This prospective study aimed to examine the development of premature infants at 12 and 24 months and to explore the factors related to their development. Methods: Of the 80 premature infants who were recruited, 52 participants at 12 months and 31 participants at 24 months were included in this study. The development of the infants was examined using the Korean Bayley scale of infant development-II. Postnatal depression, husband's support, social support, mother-infant attachment, and the home environment were assessed using self-report questionnaires completed by the mothers and through the researcher's observations. Results: There was significant difference between normal and delay group at psychomotor development at 12 months depending on social support at 6 months (t=2.03, p=.049). Mother-infant attachment at 6 months (r=.71, p<.001), 12 months (r=.37, p=.043), and 24 months (r=.40, p=.026), as well as social support (r=.38, p=.034) and the home environment (r=.41, p=.022) at 24 months, were correlated to mental development at 24 months. There was a significant positive correlation between mother-infant attachment at 6 months and psychomotor development at 24 months (r=.40, p=.046). Conclusion: To reduce the risk of developmental delay and to promote healthy development in premature infants, early nursing interventions targeting mother-infant attachment, the home environment, and the mother's social support structure are needed.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1989

Anaethetics are needed for handling fish, especially for transportation, tagging and grading. Among them, MS-222 has been popular in aquaculture since it has an excellent anaesthetic effect. However, MS-222 is more expensive than other chemicals. Benzocaine (Ethyl-p-aminobenzoate) has a similar molecular formula and equivalent anaesthetic effect to MS-222, and is cheaper. The purpose of this study was first to compare anaesthetic effects (Benzocaine) under various conditions : temperature, concentration, pH and body weight. Second purpose was to compare actual anaesthetic effects at 50 ppm benzocaine at ambient temperature and pH for the grading of tilapia. The results of this study are as follows : 1. The effect of anaesthesia at $24^{\circ}C$ was better with low pH, that is 5.6 than high pH 6.6 and 7.6. 2. The anaesthetic effect was not different at different body weight form 11g to 1,350g. 3. The fish were anaesthetized in 4~10 minutes at 50 ppm benzocaine at temperature. $20{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.8~7.3 and recovered in 4~6 minutes when they were put back in the fresh water after 30 minutes anaesthesia. 4. Benzocaine was more sensitive at pH fluctuation than temperature. 5. Twenty four hour-TLm of Benzocaine was 50 ppm at $24^{\circ}C$, pH 6.8 when the fish were put back in the fresh water after 120 minutes.