• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.338-341
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• 2001

Circadian variations of sulfamethoxazole pharmacokinetics were studied after a single oral administration of sulfamethoxazole, 50 mg/kg, to rabbits at 09:00 (a.m.) and 22 :00 (p.m.). The profiles of plasma sulfamethoxazole concentration showed from 6h to 24 h significant statistical difference (p<0.05) between 09:00 and 22:00. The half-life $t_{1/2} was significantly shorter in the morning (11.2 $\pm$3.2 h) when compared to the nighttime (15.4 $\pm$ 3.5h) (7< 0.05). The AUC was significantly decreased in the morning (1325 $\pm$ 264${u}g/ml$.h) than that in the nighttime (2059 $\pm$ 379${u}g/ml$. h) (p<0.05). Tota1 body clearance ($Cl_t$ was significantly higher when sulfamethoxazole was given in the morning (6.65 $\pm$ 0.23 ml/min) versus in the nighttime (4.28 $\pm$ 0.20 ml/min) (p<0.05).

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.61-66
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• 2009

Two species of Batrachospermum, B, Iongiarticulatum Necchi and B. vagum (Roth) C. Agardh are reported from fastrunning streams of Orissa state, in eastern India. B. longiarticulatum, Previously known only from Brazil is a newrecord for lndia. This brings the number of Batrachospemum species known from India to 14.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.237-244
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• 2018

Objective: Piglet pre-weaning mortality is an important variable indicating the efficacy of farrowing management and animal well-being during lactation. The present study determined the association of newborn traits measured soon after birth with piglet pre-weaning mortality and growth. Methods: In total, 805 piglets born from 57 multiparous sows were investigated. Their blood oxygen saturation, blood glucose and rectal temperature at 24 h after birth (RT24h) were monitored. Birth order, sex, skin color, integrity of the umbilical cord, attempts to stand and birth intervention were monitored. Piglets were weighed at day 0, 7, and 21 to evaluate average daily gain (ADG). Results: Piglet pre-weaning mortality for lactation period was 12.6% and cumulative mortality during the first 7 days of age was 8.6%. A higher proportion of piglets with pale skin color died compared to piglets with normal skin color (26.7% vs 7.7%, p<0.001). A higher (p<0.001) proportion of piglets that attempted to stand after 5 min (38.5%) died compared to piglets that attempted to stand within 1 min (6.3%) after birth. Piglet body weight at birth ($BW_B$), blood glucose and the number of piglets born alive (BA) were correlated with ADG (p<0.05). Piglets with $BW_B$ <1.30 kg had higher (p<0.001) mortality rate than piglets with $BW_B{\geq}1.80 kg$ (19.0% vs 3.3%) and piglets with $BW_B$ 1.30 to 1.79 kg (4.0%). Piglet with RT24h <$37.0^{\circ}C$ had higher (p<0.001) mortality rate (86.2%) than piglets with RT24h >$38.5^{\circ}C$ (3.9%). Conclusion: Low $BW_B$ and low RT24h compromise piglet survival during the lactation period in the tropical conditions. Piglets in the litters with a high BA, low $BW_B$ and low blood glucose have reduced ADG.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.16
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• pp.45-54
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• 1998

A thermotolerant bacterium, Streptomyces thermocyaneoviolaceus which produced xylan-degrading enzymes, utilized excellently xylan of wheat bran by producing the enzymes in comparison with that of birchwood or oat spelts. Optimal enzyme production was achieved in WB medium containing 0.8% wheat bran, 0.06% yeast extract, 0.06% bactopeptone, 0.05% $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05% $FeSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.05% $KH_2PO_4$ and, 0.2% $K_2HPO_4$(pH 7.0) at $50^{\circ}C$ for 24 hrs. The optimal pH and temperature for the hydrolysis of xylan were pH 5.5 and $65^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme activity was retained more than 80% at the range from pH 4.5 to pH 9.5 at $4^{\circ}C$ for 12 hrs and 94% on the heat-treatment at $65^{\circ}C$ for 1 hr. Xylobiose, xylotriose, xylose, and other xylooligosaccharides were produced as end products from hydrolysis of birchwood xylan by the xylanase of S. thermocyaneoviolceus.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.294-304
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of taping therapy on the range of motion and pain of shoulders, physical functions and depression among hospitalized patients with stroke a geriatric hospital. Methods: The study design was a none equivalent control group pre-post test quasi-experimental design. The participants were 25 patients for experimental group and 25 patients for the control group. The period of this study was from March to July 2010. The twenty minute taping therapy was performed for twice a week for eight weeks. Results: The results showed that taping therapy was effective in range of motion shoulders (flexion: t=-5.81, p =.001, abduction: t=-3.69, p =.001) and pain of shoulders (rest: t=3.18, p = .003, movement: t=2.97, p =.005), grip (t=-3.22, p =.002) and balance (t=3.20, p =.002), and depression (t=3.24, p =.002). The variable of ADL (t=-1.99, p =.052) was not significant. Conclusion: The results of the taping therapy increased range of motion shoulders and grip and balance of physical functions, and decreased pain in shoulders and depression. The findings support that taping therapy can be used as a nursing intervention for stroke patients in practical nursing and communities.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.301-307
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• 1995

In the particulate fraction obtained from PKC-down regulated K562 cells by treatment for 24 h with 200nM TPA, phosphorylation of two proteins with molecular weight, 100 kDa and 23 kDa (designated p100 and p23, respectvely) was depleted and addition of exogenous purified PKC to this fraction failed to testore their phosphorylation. However, in the soluble fraction, all of phosphoproteins abolished by long-term treatment with TPA were restored by exogenously added PKC. Phosphorylation of two proteins was increased by short-term tretment (20 min), and diminished with the persistant exposure to TPA as well as at a concentration as low as 1nM. When K562 cells were treated with 1 nM and 200 nM TPA for 24 h, phosphorylation of p100 was restored with or without exogenous PKC on 2-3day and 6day after removal of treated TPA, respectively. Two-dimensional electrophoresis of phosphoproteins revealed that phosphorylated p100 (pl=5.9) and p66 species were completely absent from the particulate fraction of K562 cells treated with 200nM TPA for 24 h. These results suggest that the interaction of sensitive endogenous substrates, p100 and p23 with the plasma membrane might be regulated by PKC-down regulation without displacement to the cytosol and the interaction of p100 with the membrane might be reveersible.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.79-89
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• 2009

Naphthalene is a volatile, hydrophobic, and possibly carcinogenic compound that is known to have a severe detrimental effect to aquatic ecosystem. Our research examined the effects of various operating conditions (temperature, pH, initial concentration, and frequency and type of ultrasound) on the sonochemical degradation of naphthalene and OH radical production. The MDL (Method detection limit) determined by LC/FLD (1200 series, Agilient) using C-18 reversed column is measured up to 0.01 ppm. Naphthalene vapor produced from ultrasound irradiation was detected under 0.05 ppm. Comparison of naphthalene sonodegradion efficiency tested under open and closed reactor cover fell within less than 1% of difference. Increasing the reaction temperature from $15^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ resulted in reduction of naphthalene degradation efficiency ($15^{\circ}C$: 95% ${\rightarrow}$ $40^{\circ}C$: 85%), and altering pH from 12 to 3 increased the effect (pH 12: 84% ${\rightarrow}$pH 3: 95.6%). Pseudo first-order constants ($k_1$) of sonodegradation of naphthalene decreased as initial concentration of naphthalene increased (2.5 ppm: $27.3{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-3}\;{\rightarrow}$ 10 ppm : $19.3{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-3}$). Degradation efficiency of 2.5 ppm of naphthalene subjected to 28 kHz of ultrasonic irradiation was found to be 1.46 times as much as when exposed under 132 kHz (132 kHz: 56%, 28 kHz: 82.7%). Additionally, its $k_1$ constant was increased by 2.3 times (132 kHz: $2.4{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$, 28 kHz: $5.0{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$). $H_2O_2$ concentration measured 10 minutes after the exposure to 132 kHz of ultrasound, when compared with the measurement under frequency of 28 kHz, was 7.2 times as much. The concentration measured after 90 minutes, however, showed the difference of only 10%. (concentration of $H_2O_2$ under 28 kHz being 1.1 times greater than that under 132 kHz.) The $H_2O_2$ concentration resulting from 2.5 ppm naphthalene after 90 minutes of sonication at 24 kHz and 132 kHz were lower by 0.05 and 0.1 ppm, respectively, than the concentration measured from the irradiated M.Q. water (no naphthalene added.) Degradation efficiency of horn type (24 kHz) and bath type (28 kHz) ultrasound was found to be 87% and 82.7%, respectively, and $k_1$ was calculated into $22.8{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$ and $18.7{\times}10^{-3}\;min^{-1}$ respectively. Using the multi- frequency and mixed type of ultrasound system (28 kHz bath type + 24 kHz horn type) simultaneously resulted in combined efficiency of 88.1%, while $H_2O_2$ concentration increased 3.5 times (28 kHz + 24 kHz: 2.37 ppm, 24 kHz: 0.7 ppm.) Therefore, the multi-frequency and mixed type of ultrasound system procedure might be most effectively used for removing the substances that are easily oxidized by the OH radical.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.233-240
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• 2003

This study was conducted to examine the effects of oocyte maturation period, phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P) treatment and activation agent on the enucleation, fusion, activation or in vitro development of bovine nuclear transfer embryos. Bovine oocytes were enucleated at 16∼24 h of in vitro maturation (IVM). Adult ear skin cells treated or non-treated with PHA-P were transferred into enucleated oocytes. Reconstituted oocytes treated or non-treated with PHA-P were fused by a pulse of 1.5 kV/cm for 30 $\mu$sec. Fused oocytes were activated with a combination of calcium ionophore (A23187) and cycloheximide (CHXM) or dimethylaminopurine (DMAP), and cultured in vitro for 7∼9 days. Enucleation rate was significantly increased when oocytes were matured for 16∼18 h (70.2∼92.3%, P<0.05) compared to that of oocytes were matured for 20∼24 h (44.3∼53.4%). The location of metaphase-II plate was far off from the 1st polar body as maturation time was increased. PHA-P treatment of donor cells or reconstituted oocytes significantly improved fusion rate (P<0.05). Cleavage and blastocyst formation rates were significantly increased after activation with a combination of A23187 and DMAP (78.6% and 32.9%, respectively) compared to those of embryos activated with a combination of A23l87 and CHXM (48.5 and 15.2%, respectively). From the present result, it is suggested that high enucleation efficiency can obtained by using oocytes matured for 18 h. It also shows that PHA-P treatment can improve the fusion rate, and activation with a combination of A23187 and DMAP can enhance the embryo development.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.701-710
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• 2019

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different acute heat stress (HS) levels on chicken meat quality and ultra-structure. Methods: Chickens were randomly divided into 7 groups to receive different HS treatments: i) $36^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, ii) $36^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, iii) $38^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, iv) $38^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, v) $40^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, vi) $40^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, and vii) un-stressed control group ($25^{\circ}C$). Blood cortisol level, breasts initial temperature, color, pH, water holding capacity (WHC), protein solubility and ultra-structure were analyzed. Results: HS temperatures had significant effects on breast meat temperature, lightness ($L^*$), redness ($a^*$), cooking loss and protein solubility (p<0.05). The HS at $36^{\circ}C$ increased $L^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.01) and increased the cooking loss (p<0.05), but decreased $a^*{_{24h}}$ value (p<0.05). However, as the temperature increased to $38^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$, all the values of $L^*{_{24h}}$, cooking loss and protein denaturation level decreased, and the differences disappeared compared to control group (p>0.05). Only the ultimate $pH_{24h}$ at $40^{\circ}C$ decreased compared to the control group (p<0.01). The pH in $36^{\circ}C$ group declined greater than other heat-stressed group in the first hour postmortem, which contributed breast muscle protein degeneration combining with high body temperature, and these variations reflected on poor meat quality parameters. The muscle fiber integrity level in group $40^{\circ}C$ was much better than those in $36^{\circ}C$ with the denatured position mainly focused on the interval of muscle fibers which probably contributes WHC and light reflection. Conclusion: HS at higher temperature (above $38^{\circ}C$) before slaughter did not always lead to more pale and lower WHC breast meat. Breast meat quality parameters had a regression trend as HS temperature raised from $36^{\circ}C$. The interval of muscle fibers at 24 h postmortem and greater pH decline rate with high body temperature in early postmortem period could be a reasonable explanation for the variation of meat quality parameters.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.251-263
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• 2019

Recently the huge demand for Internet media streaming has dramatically increased the cost of the CDN (Content Delivery Network) and the need for a means to reduce it is increasing day by day. In this situation, a P2P-assisted DASH technology has recently emerged, which uses P2P (Peer-to-Peer) communications based on WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) standards to reduce the CDN cost. This paper proposes an algorithm that can significantly improve CDN cost savings in this technology by selecting peers based on the transport history. Also we implemented this algorithm in an experimental system and, after setting experimental conditions that emulate the actual mobile network environment, we measured the performance of the experimental system. As a result, we demonstrated that the proposed algorithm can achieve higher CDN cost savings compared to the conventional algorithm where peers are selected at random.