• The Journal of Dong Guk Oriental Medicine
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• v.4
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• pp.161-187
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• 1995

This study was perfomed to investigate causes of the senile hypotension, pathogenic mechanism, symptoms, and therapies through medical literatures, recent chinese medical literatures and chinese medical journals. The results are as follows ; 1. The senile hypotension has major symptoms of dizziness, weakness, syncope, palpitation, shortness of breath, and deficiency of Qi. Additionally, it has minor symtoms of letharhy, isomnia, tinnitus, amnesia etc... 2. The prodromal symptoms of Kwul and Kwul are relating to the symptoms of tachycardia, facial pallor, sweating, anxietas, ambiguous consciousness, and fainting. Weakness and dizziness due to deficiency make the symptoms of exhaustion, fatigue, vertigo, lethargy, and brachycardia. 3. The most principal cause of the senile hypotension is deficiency of Shen due to aging, congenital deficiency, and chronic illness. The rest of causes are defciency of Qi and blood, phlegm of retention, stagnation of Qi, blood stasis, blood prostration etc... In the view of the occidental meicine, the causes of the senile hypotension came from the reduction of cardiac output, the decretion of cardiovascular system's extention due to aging, hereditary factor, secondary factor due to exsanguination, diabetes mellitus, C.V.A etc..., and factor of neurogenic system's degeneration. 4. The principal pathogenic mechanisms are the insufficiency of Xing-Yang, the deficiency of Qi in middle jiao, and deficiency of Shen-Qi. The rest of mechanisms are the deficiency of both Qi and blood, stagnation of the Gan-Qi, and the deficiency of Gan and Shen. Zang-Pu Organs have something to do with Xing, Bi, and Shen. 5. As principal therapies, there are warming and recuperation the Xing-Yang, strengthing the middle-jiao and replenishing Qi, replenishing vital essence to tonify the Shen, and warming and recuperation the Shen-Yang. Additionally, the therapies of invigorating the Bi and relieving mental stress, strengthning the Bi and tonifing the Shen, invigorating Qi and nourishing Yin, soothing the Gan and regulating the circulation of Qi, and tonifing the Shen and nourishing the Gan help the cure of the senile hypotension. In prescriptions there are Baohe Yuan Tang, Buzhong Yigi Tang, Zuoguei Yin, Yougui Yin, Guipi Tang, Zhu Fu Tang, Shengmai San, Sini San, and Qi Ju Dihuang Wan. The medical herbs of Astragali Radix, Codonopsitis Pilosulae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Aconiti Tuber, Ephedrae Herba, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Cinnamomi Corfex Spissus, Zingiberis Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Liriopis Tuber, Polygonati Sibirici Rhifoma, Lycii Fructus, Schizandrae Fructus, and Glycyrrhizae Radix can be treated. 6. According to the clinical report, the principal causes are the deficiency of Qi, and insufficiency of Yang which symptoms are dizziness, vitality fatigue and acratia, amnesia, body cold and alger of extremity, spontaneous perspiration, and therady and weak pulse. It was improved by taking WenYang YiQi Tang, Zhu Fu Tang about 20-30 days. The improvement was shown on disappearance of subjective symptoms or the ascending of blood pressure to normal figure, and the rate of improvement was over 70%. 7. As regimens, taking warming and recuperating food(a sheep mutton, juglans regia, chiness date, longan aril etc...) and pungent food(chinese green onion, fress ginger, pipers fructns etc...), doing physical training, not being ill in bed at a long time, and preventing descent of blood pressure coming from sudden change of posture are needed. Additionally, the usage of diuretic, abirritant, and depressor needs to be extra cautious.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.619-624
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• 2011

Tea extract (TE) has been shown to have anti-tumor properties in a wide variety of experimental systems. We evaluated green tea extract (GTE) as a biochemical modulator for the antitumor activity of cisplatin and doxorubicin in the treatment of human lung cancer A549 cells. Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% (v/v) heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and two antibiotics (100 units/mL penicillin and $100\;{\mu}g$/mL streptomycin). Two types of TE, epigallocatechin galate (EGCG) and GTE, were used in this experiment. The cells were seeded at $1{\times}10^4$ cells/well in the RPMI-1640 media with or without TE ($100\;{\mu}g$/mL) and then treated with different concentrations of doxorubicin ($0{\sim}14\;{\mu}g$/mL) or cisplatin ($0{\sim}35\;{\mu}g$/mL). After incubation in 5% $CO_2$ at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hr, cell viability was determined with a MTT assay. We used a Western blot to detect the influence of EGCG and GTE on the expression of p53 and caspase-3 genes in the A549 cells. A549 cell viability decreased to 15% with a $10\;{\mu}g$/mL concentration of cisplatin, and to 21% with a $8\;{\mu}g$/mL concentration of doxorubicin, as measured with the MTT assay. However, pre-treatment of the cells with EGCG ($100\;{\mu}g$/mL) or GTE ($100\;{\mu}g$/mL) resulted in decreased cell viability with $6\;{\mu}g$/mL of cisplatin and $4\;{\mu}g$/mL of doxorubicin. There was no apparent change in cell viability between EGCG or GTE administration in cisplatin- or doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity in A549 cells. The levels of p53 and caspase-3 in the A549 cells increased with both EGCG and GTE treatment. We found that GTE could potentially affect cisplatin- or doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity of A549 cells, which may be useful in the chemotreatment of cancer.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.149-168
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to verify the effect of PSpice instruction on academic achievement in 'Combination logic circuit' unit of 'Digital Logic Circuit' in industrial high school. Three kinds of null hypotheses were formulated. Two classes of the third grade of C technical high school in Gyeong-buk were divided into experimental group and control group in order to verify null hypotheses. In the experimental design, 'Non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest' model was utilized. This experiment was conducted for six classes, the experimental group was applied to PSpice instruction method before the circuit traning while the control group was applied to traditional lecture oriented method before the circuit traning. Window SPSS 10.0 korean language version program was used for the data analysis and independent sample t-test was used to identify the average of each group. Significance level was set to .05 level. The results obtained in this study were as follows; First, PSpice instruction had not an effect on academic achievement according to a group type. However, these instruction had an effect on the following sub-domains; the psychomotor domain. Second, PSpice instruction had not an effect on academic achievement according to a studies level. However, these instruction for middle and low level students had an effect on the cognitive and psychomotor domain, and for middle level students had an effect on the affective domain. Third, PSpice instruction had not an effect on shortening of a training requirement. However, this instruction for low level students had an effect on shortening of a training requirement. The study results of simulation instruction was chiefly efficient in the psychomotor domain. We could know that simulation instruction is efficient as went to a low level students than an upper level students. Thus, We may make the study effectiveness in various instruction method.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.26 no.2 s.42
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• pp.222-230
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• 1993

Industrial glues, known as 'Bonds' in Korea, contain many kinds of organic solvents, and glue sniffing of youths became one of the social problems in Korea. Mixed exposures to solvents by glue sniffing may induce chronic toxicities different from those by exposures to solvents of single component. To test effects of the glue sniffing on weight gain or central nervous system, two groups of 20 male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to air(control group) or vapors of the glues to narcotic status(exposed group), and weight check, tail flick test, hot plate test, rotarod treadmill test were done on the 14th,24th, 36th, 45th, 53rd, 86th, 102nd, 117th, 134th and 151st days after the first exposure. On the 188th day, their brains were excised and examined by a pathologist. Weight gain, controlled against time change, showed significant difference between the groups, but response times in tail flick test, hot plate tests, and rotarod treadmill test didn't. In pathological examination with blind method, no macroscopic or microscopic differences were found between the two groups. These results suggests that organic lesion in central nervous system may not ensue glue sniffing, but, before firm conclusion, more studies in various exposure conditions should be followed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.52-64
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• 2015

This research traced the characteristics of the semantic landscape, construction intent, landscape composition, and geomantic conditions of the area subject to the research based on the research methods of 'field investigation, document studies, and interviews,' centering around the entire area of Gokseong Hamheo-pavilion (Jeonnam Tangible Cultural Assets No. 160). The result of the research, specifically revealing the forms and methods by which the reciprocal view of nature and landscape composition appearing in the landscape of the entire area of Hamheo-pavilion, as part of the analysis and interpretation over the view-based construction characteristics and position of the entire area of Gokseong Hamheo-pavilion, can be summarized as follows. First, Hamheo-pavilion is a pavilion built as a resting area and as a venue for educational activities in 1543 in the nearby areas after Gwang-hyeon Sim founded Gunjichon-jeongsa for educational activities and dwelling purposes at Gunchon at the 30th year of King Jungjong. Gunchon, where Hamheo-pavilion and Gunjichon-jeongsa is located, exhibits the typical form having water in the front, facing Sunja-river(present Seomjin-river), and a mountain in the back side. Dongak-mountain, which is a guardian mountain, is in a snail-type form where cows leisurely ruminate and lie on the riverside, and the Hamheo-pavilion area is said to be an area bordering on one's way of enjoying peace and richness as it is a place with plentiful grass bushes available for cows to ruminate and lie down while sheppards may leisurely play their flutes at the riverside. The back hill of Hamheo-pavilion is a blood vessel that enters the water into the underwater palace of the turtle, and the building sitting on the turtle's back is Hamheo-pavilion, and the Guam-jodae(龜巖釣臺) and lava on the southern side below the cliff can be interpreted to be the underwater fairly land wanted by the turtle.6) Second, Hamheo-pavilion is the scenery viewpoint of Sungang-Cheongpung (3rd Scenery) and Seolsan-Nakjo(雪山落照, 9th Scenery) among the eight sceneries of Gokseong, while also the scenery viewpoint of Hamheo-Sunja(2nd Scenery) and Cheonma-Gwiam(天馬歸岩, 3rd Scenery) among the eight sceneries of Ipmyeon. On the other hand, the pavilion is reproduced through the aesthetics of bends through sensible penetration and transcendental landscape viewed based on the Confucian-topos and ethics as the four bends among the five bends of Sunja-river arranged in the 'Santaegeuk(山太極) and Sutaeguek(水太極, formation of the yin-yang symbol by the mountain and water)' form, which is alike the connection of yin and yang. In particular, when based on the description over Mujinjeong (3rd Bend), Hoyeonjeong(4th Bend), andHapgangjeong(2nd Bend) among the five bends of Sunja-river in the records of Bibyeonsainbangan-jido(duringthe 18th century) and Okgwahyeonji(1788), the scenery of the five bends of Sunja-river allow to glimpse into its reputation as an attraction-type connected scenery in the latter period of the Joseon era, instead of only being perceived of its place identity embracing the fairyland world by crossing in and out of the world of this world and nirvana. Third, Hamheo-pavilion, which exhibits exquisite aesthetics of vacancy, is where the 'forest landscape composed of old big trees such as oak trees, oriental oak trees, and pine trees,' 'rock landscape such as Guam-jodae, lava, and layered rocks' and 'cultural landscape of Gunchon village' is spread close by. In the middle, it has a mountain scenery composed of Sunja-river, Masan-peak, and Gori-peak, and it is a place where the scenery by Gori-peak, Masan-peak, Mudeung-mountain, and Seol-mountain is spread and open in $180^{\circ}$ from the east to west. Mangseo-jae, the sarangchae (men's room)of Gunjichon-jeongsa, means a 'house observing Seoseok-mountain,' which has realized the diverse view-oriented intent, such as by allowing to look up Seol-mountain or Mudeung-mountain, which are back mountains behind the front mountain, through landscape configuration. Fourth, the private home, place for educational activities, pavilion, memorial room, and graveyard of Gunji-village, where the existence and ideal is connected, is a semantic connected scenery relating to the life cycle of the gentry linking 'formation - abundance - transcendence - regression.' In particular, based on the fact that the descriptions over reciprocal views of nature regarding an easy and comfortable life and appreciations for a picturesque scene of the areas nearby Sunja-river composes most of the poetic phrases relating to Hamheo-pavilion, it can be known that Hamheo-pavilion is expressed as the key to the idea of 'understanding how to be satisfied while maintaining one's positon with a comfortable mind' and 'returning to nature,' while also being expressed of its pedantic character as a place for reclusion for training one's mind and training others through metaphysical semantic scenery.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.23
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• pp.10061-10066
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• 2015

Background: The aetiological relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer (CC) is widely accepted. Our goal was to determine the prevalence of HPV types in Mexican women attending at the Mexican Institute for Social Security from different areas of Mexico. Materials and Methods: DNAs from 2,956 cervical samples were subjected to HPV genotyping: 1,020 samples with normal cytology, 931 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LGSIL), 481 with high grade HGSIL and 524 CC. Results: Overall HPV prevalence was 67.1%. A total of 40 HPV types were found; HPV16 was detected in 39.4% of the HPV-positive samples followed by HPV18 at 7.5%, HPV31 at 7.1%, HPV59 at 4.9%, and HPV58 at 3.2%. HPV16 presented the highest prevalence both in women with altered or normal cytology and HPV 18 presented a minor prevalence as reported worldwide. The prevalence ratio (PR) was calculated for the HPV types. The analysis of PR showed that HPV16 presents the highest association with CC, HPV 31, -33, -45, -52 and -58 also demonstrating a high association. Conclusions: The most prevalent HPV types in cervical cancer samples were -16, -18, -31, but it is important to note that we obtained a minor prevalence of HPV18 as reported worldwide, and that HPV58 and -52 also were genotypes with an important prevalence in CC samples. Determination of HPV genotypes is very important in order to evaluate the impact of vaccine introduction and future cervical cancer prevention strategies.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.67-92
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• 2008

The purpose of this paper is to research the requirements and effect of the document of carriage in respect of the carriage of cargo by air under the Montreal Convention of 1999, IATA Conditions of Carriage for Cargo, and the judicial precedents of Korea and foreign countries. Under the Article 4 of Montreal Convention, in respect of the carriage of cargo, an air waybill shall be delivered. If any other means which preserves a record of the carriage are used, the carrier shall, if so requested by the consignor, deliver to the consignor a cargo receipt. Under the Article 7 of Montreal convention, the air waybill shall be made out by the consignor. If, at the request of the consignor, the carrier makes it out, the carrier shall be deemed to have done so on behalf of the consignor. The air waybill shall be made out in three original parts. The first part shall be marked "for the carrier", and shall be signed by the consignor. The second part shall be marked "for the consignee", and shall be signed by the consignor and by the carrier. The third part shall be signed by the carrier who shall hand it to the consignor after the goods have been accepted. Under the Article 5 of Montreal Convention, the air waybill or the cargo receipt shall include (a) an indication of the places of departure and destination, (b) an indication of at least one agreed stopping place, (c) an indication of the weight of the consignment. Under the Article 10 of Montreal Convention, the consignor shall indemnify the carrier against all damages suffered by the carrier or any other person to whom the carrier is liable, by reason of the irregularity, incorrectness or incompleteness of the particulars and statement furnished by the consignor or on its behalf. Under the Article 9 of Montreal Convention, non-compliance with the Article 4 to 8 of Montreal Convention shall not affect the existence of the validity of the contract, which shall be subject to the rules of Montreal Convention including those relating to limitation of liability. The air waybill is not a document of title or negotiable instrument. Under the Article 11 of Montreal Convention, the air waybill or cargo receipt is prima facie evidence of the conclusion of the contract, of the acceptance of the cargo and of the conditions of carriage. Under the Article 12 of Montreal Convention, if the carrier carries out the instructions of the consignor for the disposition of the cargo without requiring the production of the part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt, the carrier will be liable, for any damage which may be accused thereby to any person who is lawfully in possession of that part of the air waybill or the cargo receipt. According to the precedent of Korea Supreme Court sentenced on 22 July 2004, the freight forwarder as carrier was not liable for the illegal delivery of cargo to the notify party (actual importer) on the air waybill by the operator of the bonded warehouse because the freighter did not designate the boned warehouse and did not hold the position of employer to the operator of the bonded warehouse. In conclusion, as the Korea Customs Authorities will drive the e-Freight project for the carriage of cargo by air, the carrier and freight forwarder should pay attention to the requirements and legal effect of the electronic documentation of the carriage of cargo by air.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness of postoperative radiotherapy for patients with low-grade astrocytomas and to define an optimal radiotherapeutic regimen and prognostic factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 69 patients with low-grade astrocytomas underwent surgery and postoperative radiotherapy immediately following surgery at our institution between October 1989 and September 2006. The median patient age was 36 years. Forty-one patients were 40 years or younger and 28 patients were 41 years or older. Fourteen patients underwent a biopsy alone and the remaining 55 patients underwent a subtotal resection. Thirty-nine patients had a Karnofsky performance status of less than 80% and 30 patients had a Karnofsky performance status greater than 80%. Two patients were treated with whole brain irradiation followed by a coned down boost field to the localized area. The remaining 67 patients were treated with a localized field with an appropriate margin. Most of the patients received a dose of $50\sim55$ Gy and majority of the patients were treated with a dose of 54 Gy. Results: The overall 5-year and 7-year survival rates for all of the 69 patients were 49% and 44%, respectively. Corresponding disease free survival rates were 45% and 40%, respectively. Patients who underwent a subtotal resection showed better survival than patients who underwent a biopsy alone. The overall 5-year survival rates for patients who underwent a subtotal resection and patients who underwent a biopsy alone were 57% and 38%, respectively (p<0.05). Forty-one patients who were 40 years or younger showed a better overall 5-year survival rate as compared with 28 patients who were 41 years or older (56% versus 40%, p<0.05). The overall 5-year survival rates for 30 patients with a Karnofsky performance status greater than 80% and 39 patients with a Karnofsky performance status less than 80% were 51% and 47%, respectively. This finding was not statistically significant. Although one patient was not able to complete the treatment because of neurological deterioration, there were no significant treatment related toxicities. Conclusion: Postoperative radiotherapy following surgery is a safe and effective treatment for patients with low-grade astrocytomas. The extent of surgery and age were noted as significant prognostic factors in this study. However, further effective treatment might be necessary in the future to improve long-term survival rates.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.133-139
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• 2009

Purpose: In spite of many reports about Helicobacter pylori infection in children with functional gastrointestinal disorders, there are few reports about the influence of H. pylori infection to functional dyspepsia and gastric motility. Therefore, we studied the influence of H. pylori infection on gastric myoelectrical activity in children with functional dyspepsia. Methods: Between August 2006 and December 2008 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies with biopsies, the rapid urease test and/or $^{13}C$ urea breath test, and electrogastrography (EGG) were performed on 63 patients with histologic chronic gastritis; patients with chronic disorders were excluded. Comparisons about gastric myoelectrical activities were made between H. pylori-positive children (n=25) and H. pylorinegative children (n=38). Results: The percentage of pre- and post-prandial normogastria was relatively lower in H. pylori-positive children than H. pylori-negative children (80% vs. 65%, and 80% vs. 68%, respectively). Compared to H. pylori-negative children, H. pylori-positive children had lower postprandial predominant power (8.18${\pm}$22.36 dB and 32.20${\pm}$24.18 dB, respectively; p<0.01) and a lower power ratio (${\delta}P$; -1.28${\pm}$6.18 vs. +4.62${\pm}$5.93, respectively; p<0.01). Conclusion: It was suggested that the gastric myoelectrical activity in children with chronic gastritis can be influenced by H. pylori infection. Thus, this study indicates that H. pylori infection may be predictable in children with functional dyspepsia through analyzing the EGG parameters, and treatment may be considered in H. pylori-positive children with impaired gastric activity, especially in the lower prevalence area.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-20
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• 1985

The author obtained the oblique lateral trans cranial radiograms from 376 patients (114 of male, and 262 of female) with temporomandibular joint arthrosis. After tracing each film, the author analyzed the dimensional changes of the condylar heads with pain, clicking, mouth opening limitation, and masticatory difficulty respectively, which were the chief complaints of the TMJ arthrosis and compared these data with control group. The results were as follows; 1. There was a great predilection for occurrence of the TMJ arthrosis in female (262 cases) over male (114 cases). But there was no significant difference in ratio between the sexes on each symptom. In male, 60 patients (52.6%) had pain, 28 patients (24.6%) had clicking, 21 patients (18.4%) had mouth opening limitation, and 5 patients (4.4%) had masticatory difficulty. In female, 148 parients (56.5%) had pain, 57 patients (21.8%) had clicking, 47 patients (17.9%) had mouth opening limitation, and 10 patients (3.8%) had masticatory difficulty. 2. Examined controlled group, the author analyzed the dimension of W-W', 0-H, 0-A, 0-B on the right side first, and left side second. In male, the dimension of W-W' was 14.52㎜, 14.13㎜; 0-H was 13.92㎜, 13. 71㎜' 0-A was 8.91㎜, 9.0㎜ and 0-B was 8.67㎜, 8.78㎜. In female, W-W' was 13.77㎜, 13.51㎜; 0-H was 13.42㎜, 13.35㎜; 0-A was 8.92㎜, 9.01㎜; and 0-B was 8.59㎜, 8.80㎜. 3. W-W' and 0-H of the experimental group were distinctly lesser than the controlled group. Male with mouth opening limitation show the least (12.70㎜, 13.00㎜) on W-W', but both sexes with pain show the least on 0-H. There was no significant difference between experimental group with Clicking and controlled group on 0-H, 0-A, and 0-B. And also there was no difference on 0-B in patients with every symptom except masticatory difficulty. The dimensional changes of the condylar heads with those symptoms were as follows; a) In male patients, complaing of pain, W-W' of the right and left was 13.80㎜, 12.80㎜; 0-H was 13.10㎜, 12.90㎜; 0-A was 8.69㎜, 8.18㎜; 0-B was 8.33㎜, 8.42㎜. In female, W-W' was 13.01㎜, 12.90㎜; 0-H was 12.48㎜, 12.80㎜; 0-A was 8.60㎜, 8.49㎜; 0-B was 8.48㎜, 8.50㎜. b) In male patients with clicking, W-W' was 13.70㎜, 13.10㎜; 0-H was 13.90㎜, 13.10㎜; 0-A was 8.81㎜, 8.16㎜ 0-B was 8.34㎜, 8.25㎜. In female, W-W' was 13.10㎜, 13.50㎜; 0-H was 13.30㎜, 12.91㎜; 0-A was 8.95㎜, 8.49㎜; 0-B was 8.23㎜, 8.70㎜. c) In male patients with mouth opening limitation, W-W' was 12.70㎜, 13.00㎜; 0-H was 13.40㎜, 13.40㎜; 0-A was 8.37㎜, 8.48㎜; 0-B was 8.33㎜, 8.62㎜. In female, W-W' was 13.00㎜, 12.50㎜ 0-H was 12.90㎜, 13.10㎜; 0-A was 8.49㎜, 8.09㎜; 0-B was 8.77㎜, 8.01㎜. d) In male patients with masticatory difficulty, W-W' was 13.30㎜, 13.20㎜; 0-H was 13.40㎜, 12.60㎜; 0-A was 8.26㎜, 8.32㎜; 0-B was 7.80㎜, 8.20㎜. In female, W-W' was 12.30㎜, 12.00㎜; 0-H was 13.10㎜, 13.20㎜; 0-A was 8.68㎜, 7.95㎜; 0-B was 7.46㎜, 7.87㎜.