• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.99-106
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• 2002

This study was conducted to improve utilization efficiency of slurry and choose a suitable type of tractor power which can be attached by manure spreader in the paddy field. In the paddy field, the pulling force for the spreader was measured by using a measurement system installed between tractors with and without the spreader. The soil moisture contents at the 0${\sim}$10cm and 10${\sim}$20cm depth of test soil(SiCL) were 28.45% d.b. and 23.47% d.b., respectively in average while Cone Index at l0cm and 15cm depth were 14.5kPa and 16.2kPa, respectively. It was impossible to measure the soil moisture contents and Cone Index below 20cm depth of the soil because the hardness of the soil increased greatly. Thereafter, hard pan of the sampled soil was found at 15${\sim}$20cm depth. While the required power only for the dragged tractor was found to be 3.44kW in the test field, the required pulling powers of tractor considering the pumping were 8.48${\sim}$12.48kW, 12.19${\sim}$16.19kW, 16.96${\sim}$20.96kW, respectively for 2 tons, 3 tons, and 4 tons of tank capacity. As the tank capacity increased, the sinkage of soil were also increased to 7cm, l0cm, and 12cm, respectively for the tractors with 2 tons, 3 tons and 4 tons of tank capacity. Considering about 60% of pulling efficiency of tractor, a tractor which had lower than 25.74kW of pulling power was suitable to pull the spreader and spread the slurry simultaneously for manure spreader with 2 tons of tank capacity. 29.42kW${\sim}$36.78kW of pulling power was found to be optimum for the tractor with 3 tons of tank capacity while over 40.45kW for 4 tons of tank capacity.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.928-934
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• 2011

The objective of this study was to characterize the lactate metabolism and lipolysis in Emmental cheese made of Korean raw milk throughout the ripening periods; 14 d at $10^{\circ}C$, 42 d at $23^{\circ}C$, and 30 d at $4^{\circ}C$. Emmental cheese was made using a commercial starter culture with propionic acid bacteria (PAB) and without PAB as a control on the pilot plant scale. Changes in the contents of five organic acids (citric, lactic, formic, acetic, and propionic acid) and individual free fatty acids (FFAs) were measured using HPLC/PDA and GC/FID. As a result of propionic fermentation by PAB, the concentration of acetic acid and propionic acid increased up to 1.5 and 6.1 g/kg, respectively and the most dramatic increased occurred when incubated in the hot room ($23^{\circ}C$). Lactic, citric, and formic acid contents were 2.6, 2.5 and 0.8 g/kg at the end of ripening, respectively. As a result of lipolysis, the amount of total FFAs was 6,628.2 mg/kg. Compared to the control, levels of individual FFAs from butyric (C6:0) to linoleic (C18:2) acids increased significantly (p<0.05) during the ripening period. Especially, 65.1% of total FFAs was released in the $23^{\circ}C$ room and the most abundant FFAs were palmitic (C16:0), stearic (C18:0) and oleic acid (C18:1). These results demonstrated that the lipolysis of Emmental cheese was strongly affected by bacterial lipase from PAB.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.6 s.83
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• pp.713-721
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• 2000

Bone cells produce multiple growth factors and cytokines that have effects on bone metabolism and can be incorporated into the bone matrix. The present study was designed to extend these observations by examining the interactions between transforming growth factor-$\beta$(TGF-$\beta$) or interleukin-$1\beta$(rhIL-$1\beta$) and bone cells in a rat long bone culture model. IL-$1\beta$ regulates several activities of the osteoblast cells derived from rat long bone explants in vitro. IL-$1\beta$ stimulated cellular proliferation as well as the synthesis of prostaglandin $E_2$ and Plasminogen activator activity in the cultured cells in a dose-dependent manner. TGF-$\beta$ is present in the bone matrix and potentially released during bone resorption. TGF-$\beta$ reduced basal bone resorption and inhibited vitamin $D_3[1,25(OH)_2D_3]$-induced bone resorption in rat long bone cells. These results support the role of IL-$1\beta$ in the pathological modulation of bone cell metabolism, with regard to implication in the Pathogenesis of osteoporosis by IL-$1\beta$, and that TGF-$\beta$ positively inhibits the bone resorption.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.154-160
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• 2006

Purpose: According to the 2nd English Edition of the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA) in 1998, in case of distal gastric cancer, the 14v (superior mesenteric vein) lymph node (LN) is included in the N2 group. However, in Korea, a modified radical gastrectomy is performed, and a 14v LN dissection is not done as a routine procedure. Thus, we investigated the rate of metastatic 14v LNs, evaluated the necessity of dissection of the 14v LN, and searched for indications of 14v LN dissection. Materials and Methods: From April 2004 to August 2005, we enrolled the patients who were diagnosed as having advanced gastric cancer in the distal third portion of the stomach. We peformed a distal gastrectomy with D2 lymph node dissection as defined in the 2nd English edition of the JGCA classification. We calculated the positive rate of metastatic LNs of each station and analyzed the relationship between the positive rates of No.6 LNs and 14v LNs. We also compared the positive 14v LN group with the negative 14v LN group. Results: The total number of patients was 50, the mean age was 56 (range $30{\sim}80$) years, and sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.63 : 1. In 47 (94%) cases, distal a gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy was done, and in the remaining 3 (6%) cases, a distal gastrectomy with gastrojejunostomy was done. The most frequently metastatic LNs were nos. 3 and 6 (54%). The metastatic rate of the f4v LN was 10%, which was similar to that of LN no. 9. In the comparison of the 14v positive group with the 14v negative group, there were significant differences in the numbers of metastatic LNs (mean 25.4 vs 4.91, P<0.001) and the numbers of metastatic no. 6 LNs, (mean 6.8 vs 1.42, P<0.001), and if no. 6 LNs were metastatic, the possibility of metastasis to the 14v LN was 19.2%. In the 14v positive group, all cases were more than stage 3 by the UICC 6th edition. Conclusion: In cases of advanced cancer with metastasis to the no. 6 IN, there was a good chance of metastasis to the 14v LN. Thus, in the operative field, if the tumor is advanced to more than stage 3 by the UICC classification and the no. 6 LN is metastatic, a 14v LN dissection is necessary. However, the usefulness of a 14v LN dissection should be evaluated prospectively through an analysis of tumor recurrence and long-term survival.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.563-569
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• 2001

In order to utilize the processing wastes of squid, chitosan was prepared by intermittent deacetylation treaoent of $\beta-chitin$ contained richly in the pen of squid. Acetylchitosan also was synthesized from squid pen chitosan with anhydrous acetic acid and their characteristics were investigated. The amounts of nitrogen and ash of squid pen chitosan were $5.80.2\% and 0.2\pm0.03\%$ respectively, the yield of squid pen chitosan was $25\pm3\%$, the degree of deacetylation was $92\%$, and the molecular weight was $1.15\times10^6$, Acetyl contents of N-acetylchitosan powder, acetylchitosan bead, N-ACF-1 (N-acetylchitosan film-1) and N-ACF-2 (N-acetylchitosan film-2) were $55.9\%, 63.2\%, 56\% and 58.7\%$ respectively. Two major peaks, amide I ($1,653 cm^{-1}$) and II ($1,558 cm^{-1}$) bent, on FT-IR spectra of the N-acetylchitosan from squid pen were almost similar to these of $\beta-chitin$, While there was a broad single peak at $1,601 cm^{-1}$assigned to be an amide I bend in squid pen chitosan. The CP/MAS NMR spectra of $\beta-chitin$, squid pen chitosan and N-acetylchitosan from squid pen showed a relative broad and single peak at 74 ppm assigned to fifth carbon (C-5) and third carbon (C-3). In case of $\beta-chitin$ and N-acetylchitosan from squid pen, single peak at 74 ppm was showed as the same of $\beta-chitin$ type.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2011

Present experiment was carried out to determine maintenance energy requirements for growing Hanwoo steers. Six Hanwoo steers (BW = $180.6{\pm}3.1$ kg) were used in two 3 ${\times}$ 3 latin square design with three different energy intake levels; TDN 1.70 kg (Low), 2.05 kg (Medium), 2.80 kg (High), respectively, based on the Korean Feeding Standards. Each period lasted 18 days including a 14-day adaptation and a 4-day measuring period. The steers were in the head hood chamber system (one cattle per chamber) during each measuring time to measure heat and methane production for 1 day. Dry matter intake was 2,058, 3,256 and 3,881 g/day for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Increase in energy intake did not affect digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, NDF, ADF and nitrogen-free extract. Gross energy intake averaged 180.21, 292.74 and 337.15 kcal/$BW^{0.75}$ for Low, Medium and High TDN, respectively. Energy loss was 28.7% in feces and 2.1% in urine of gross energy intake. Further, energy loss from methane produced during rumen fermentation was 6~8.3%, while body heat loss averaged 34~60%. Intercept of regression equation between ME intake and retained energy indicated that the energy requirement was 109.84 kcal ME/$BW^{0.75}$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.346-359
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• 2012

This study provides basic guidelines to enrich lecture content and teaching methods for university lecturers about basic clothing construction (flat pattern making). The survey was conducted from October $13^{th}$ to December $20^{th}$ 2010 by mail and e-mail on 96 selected clothing departments in Korean universities to investigate the content, method and condition of the course of basic pattern making. A total of 63.3% of survey respondents were PhD graduates, 80 percent majored 'Apparel Science and Technology', average of total teaching experience was 12.84 years and 40 percent had studied abroad. The surveyed universities were 4 year universities (70%), 2-3 year tenure colleges (27%), and Cyber Universities (3%). The average number of students in a class was 28.08 and the lab space and equipment was evaluated positively only when the number of students was 20 or less. The type of measurements for basic pattern drafting were 'individual student's sizes' (62%), 'ready-made clothes sizing system' (25%), 'professor's experiential sizes' (5%), 'dress form sizes' (3%). In addition, the percentage of using 'ready-made clothes sizing system' increased 13% over the previous study (Lee, 2000). At a basic pattern drafting stage, 'the error of body measurements' in the case of using individual student's sizes, 'the poor results of fitting for students who deviate from standard body size' in the case of using ready-made clothes sizing system, 'the lack of education about fitting' in the case of using dress form sizes had been pointed out as shortcomings. A total of 66% of survey respondents carried out muslin fitting; however, a lack of students and teacher feedback about fitting & alteration of paper patterns remained a problem.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.459-471
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a smartphone application and evaluate it's effectiveness and usability for promoting bone health in Korean young adult women. Methods: A smartphone application was developed covering exercise, nutrition, and health habits related to bone health. A pilot testing was conducted using a one-group pre/posttest design. A total of 22 female college students with low bone mass participated in the 8-week use of a pilot testing. Results: The "Strong bone Fit body (SbFb)" application was developed using Android platform. In the pilot testing, bone mineral density, serum CTX, and 25 (OH)Vit.D were significantly decreased. There is no significant change in serum osteocalcin and calcium. Serum phosphorus concentration, nutrient intakes (fiber, VitB6, and pantotenic acid), and all bone composition profiles were significantly increased. Bone-health knowledge was significantly increased but no change in health belief and self-efficacy. Conclusion: The results of this pilot testing suggest the effectiveness of the SbFb application to enhance and promote self-managing abilities for bone health. It can provide continuous feedback and high-quality bone health information. However, some contents and working methods of the application need to be modified and its effectiveness on bone health requires further investigations.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.303-308
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• 2010

Pseudo-first-order rate constants ($k_{obsd}$) have been measured spectrophotometrically for nucleophilic substitution reactions of 4-nitrophenyl benzoate (5a), 4-nitrophenyl 4-methoxybenzoate (5b), and 4-nitrophenyl 4-hydroxybenzoate (5c) with alkali metal ethoxides, $EtO^-M^+$ ($M^+=Li^+$, $Na^+$ and $K^+$) in anhydrous ethanol (EtOH) at $25.0{\pm}0.1^{\circ}C$. The plots of $k_{obsd}$ vs. [$EtO^-M^+$] exhibit upward curvatures in all cases, indicating that $M^+$ ions catalyze the reactions and ionpaired $EtO^-M^+$ species are more reactive than dissociated $EtO^-$. Second-order rate constants for reactions with dissociated $EtO^-$ and ion-paired $EtO^-M^+$ (i.e., $k_{EtO^-}$ and $k_{EtO^-M^+}$, respectively) have been calculated from ion-pair treatment for the reactions of 5a and 5b. However, such ion-pair treatment has failed to determine $k_{EtO^-}$ and $k_{EtO^-M^+}$ values for the reactions of 5c. It has been concluded that reactions of 5a and 5b are catalyzed by one metal ion, which increases electrophilicity of the reaction center through coordination on the carbonyl oxygen. In contrast, reactions of 5c have been suggested to involve two metal ions, i.e., the one coordinated on the carbonyl oxygen increases the electrophilicity of the reaction center while the other one associated on the phenoxy oxygen decreases the charge repulsion between the anionic reagents (i.e., $EtO^-$ and deprotonated 5c). It has been found that the rate equation derived from the mechanism involving two metal ions fits nicely to the kinetic results obtained for the reactions of 5c.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1311-1316
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of herbal medicine extract granules for the comparison of commercial powder products such as adlay tea powder and roasted grain powder. The antioxidant activities of samples were estimated using reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activities, and total polyphenolic contents. Herbal extract granules contained $126.44{\pm}7.26mg/100g$ of total polyphenolic contents. Interestingly, the highest antioxidant activity was found in 5.5% herbal extract granules, which showed DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of 71.82% and 85.28%, respectively, at 100 mg/mL and reducing power of O.D 1.25. These results suggested that addition of herbal medicine extract had beneficial effects on the functionality of granules without any affecting on its sensory characteristics.