• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.5111-5116
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• 2013

Background: Early in the 21st century, cancers are the second cause of death worldwide. Colon cancer is third most common cancer and one of the few amenable to early diagnosis and treatment. Evaluation of factors affecting this cancer is important to increase survival time. Some of these factors affecting all diseases including cancer are social determinants of health. According to the importance of this disease and relation with these factors, this study was conducted to assess the relationship between social determinants of health and colon cancer survival. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study for patients with colon cancer registered in the Cancer Research Center of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, from April 2005 to November 2006, performed using questionnaires filled by telephone interview with patients (if patients had died, with family members). Data was analyzed with SPSS software (version 19) for descriptive analysis and STATA software for survival analysis including log rank test and three step Cox Proportional Hazard regression. Results: Five hundred fifty nine patients with ages ranging from 23 to 88 years with mean${\pm}$standard deviation of $63{\pm}11.8$ years were included in the study. The five year survival was 68.3%( 387 patients were alive and 172 patients were dead by the end of the study). The Cox proportional hazard regression showed 5-year survival was related to age (HR=0.53, p=0.042 for>50 years versus<50 years old) in first step, gender (HR=0.60, p=0.006 for female versus male) in second step, job (HR=1.7, p=0.001 for manual versus non manual jobs), region of residency (HR=3.49, p=0.018 for west versus south regions), parents in childhood (HR=2.87, p=0.012 for having both parents versus not having), anatomical cancer location (HR=2.16, p<0.033 for colon versus rectal cancer) and complete treatment (HR=5.96, p<0.001 for incomplete versus complete treatment). Conclusions: Social determinants of health such as job, city region residency and having parents during childhood have significant effects in 5-year survival of colon cancer and it may be better to consider these factors in addition to developing cancer treatment and to focus on these determinants of health in long-time planning.

• Informatization Policy
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.59-84
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• 2011

In the 21st century, Internet information has a huge impact on citizens' participation in public policy process and trust in government. If the quality of Internet information is more positively perceived, the impact will be greater. In order to identify that causal relation, we construct the elements which make up the quality of Internet information and then analyze the impact of that quality on citizens' participation in public policy process and trust in government. First, positive perception about the quality of Internet information increases online participation and decreases offline participation in public policy process. Second, online participation activates offline participation significantly. Third, offline participation has a negative impact on trust in government. In sum, the quality of Internet information activates online participation, which, in turn, contributes a lot to an increase in offline participation and eventually weakens trust in government. On the other hand, the improved quality of Internet information weakens offline participation in public policy process and could contribute to the improvement of trust in government.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.113-123
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• 2014

Purpose - After Korea's Free Economic Zone (FEZ) system was launched in 2003, there have been many debates about upgrading it and its support systems. However, as of 2013, there were insufficient results. Further, upon the designation of the East Coast and Chungbuk as official FEZs from February 4, 2013 by the 56th the Commission, there is a concern that many people are in the area designated as FEZ 8. This study investigates Korea's new FEZ system as part of Korea's primary new economic development policy in the 21st century. Therefore, this study examines views on the weaknesses of the past ten years of FEZs so that Korea can expand its FEZ system. Research design, data, and methodology -Many countries have considered the FEZ as an economic special zone. By reviewing previous research models, this study provides an update using recent data and materials, until 2013, from the Center of Free Economic Zones. In previous studies, the lack of support systems was attributed to proposals to ensure operational autonomy and differentiation of each FEZ; however, the main cause cannot be solved through regulatory issues, as difficulties caused by the operational system are responsible for the problems. We wish to analyze the FEZ, specifically the operational system; this is the main issue of this study. Results - After the first FEZs were established, it became necessary to have basic plans, as investment results in 2013 compared to the same period this year led to lower earnings in the first half of 2014. We propose an improvement of the operational system because in the free economic zones, the operational system is the root cause of the underlying problem. The results of this research are as follows. The weak management of the FEZ system is influenced by weak investment, delayed development, foreigners' living facilities, benefits of foreign investments, the control tower's policy making decision process, quickness of the process of satisfying legal requirements, and support For the independence of FEZs. Conclusion - Local governments do not have legal rights over FEZ deregulation and investment industries. This study suggests that the local government should have more independence from the central government. Moreover, independent management committees are more effective for ensuring public rights, better employee responsibilities, and better-qualified personnel. The FEZ committee struggles to effectively manage the locations of FEZs, foreign investments, and related facilities under the control of the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy. Thus, the FEZ committee should be under either the Prime Minister's office or the Presidential committee, to control and effectively coordinate between the local and central governments. If the problem clearly applies to the operational system in 2013, it is necessary to provide materials and methods so that the results of the first half of 2014 can be computed despite the data limits and lack of resources, and the data can be analyzed in a more diachronic thesis.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.12 no.12
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• pp.55-63
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• 2014

Purpose - In urban regeneration projects, considerations for rejuvenating traditional public markets are becoming increasingly important. That is because the traditional market is not just a commercial space but also a living center for local people's existence. Cultural contents like these are invaluable assets in the contemporary economy. However, traditional markets are gradually declining because of changes in distribution systems and consumer lifestyles. New distribution systems such as modern distribution markets, home shopping, and online shopping malls made traditional markets less competitive. Further, traditional markets have not been able to adapt to the changing consumption styles of younger generations. Some say that it is a natural phenomenon that cannot be stopped. However, traditional markets are not just another distribution system but also a valuable resource that encapsulates the local people's tradition and history. Thus, a revitalization strategy for traditional public markets has become an urgent task in contemporary urban regeneration projects. This study aimed to find ways to activate traditional public markets by making it a community landmark based on visual merchandising perspectives. Research design and methodology - This study focused on analyzing Granville Island (Vancouver, Canada) as a role-model project for rejuvenating the traditional market. It investigated Granville Island both with walk-through evaluation and literature reviews. Results - We found that it has been developed not only to improve visual aspects, but also to promote cultural contents with high value added. For example, the developers maintained the visual elements that tell the original history of the site as an industrial factory. The renewal project had a balance between improving the outer look and creating attractive contents. The following are the merits of Granville Island that Korean traditional markets should note. First, they kept the whole area clean and hygienic. Second, merchants are well educated, business-savvy, and consumer-oriented. Third, the area's total environmental designs were done by professionals of a high caliber. Fourth, the city government and the merchants'association were collaborating well in their efforts to accommodate the changing needs of consumers. Conclusions - This study made the following suggestions as a conclusion. First, it will be a very powerful tool to rejuvenate the traditional market if we can discover unique cultural resources and develop them as cultural products, experiences, and events. Consumers of the 21st century have a strong tendency to consume not only material products, but also the experiences and memories attached to them. Second, in order to maintain the unique characteristics of traditional markets, fostering the viability of the merchants' association and local residents' society would be essential. Third, it is necessary to make the traditional market into a cultural place not only for the shopping patronage of local residents, but also for attracting tourists to increase sales. Finally, professional management and design approaches are needed in order to make the traditional market a pleasant space from a visual merchandising standpoint.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.155-187
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• 1999

The East Asian Region has experienced remarkable economic growth and transformation of interurban networking over the past three decades, and urban competiti veness for a networking hub in this region has become a critical issue confronting cities. Competitiveness of the Seoul capital region for a networking hub in Northeast Asia is outstripped by other competing cities in East Asia, notwithstanding its geo-politically and geo-economically advantageous location in this region. In this paper, we aim to appraise the Seoul capital region's competitiveness in terms of logistics distribution, financial function and logistics distribution, financial function and agglomeration of transnational corporations (especially of RHOs and other managerial functions), and to advance the networking strategies of the region for a Northeast Asia hyb. As a result of analysis, we suggest that the Seoul capital region be developed as a Northeast Asian center for regional headquarters or leading global corporations and financial services for being a strategic nodal point in Northeast Asia in the 21st century. A recent survey shows that where to locate an RHQ is influenced by various factors, such as potential market and manufacturing site in the city's hinterland, quality of life, such things as culture, health, safety, education, a well-educated, English-speaking population, reliable air transport, state-of-the-art communications, and an active policy to offer foreign companies generous incentives. The Seoul capital region, which is located at a strategic nodal point advantageous as a springboard for its Northeast Asian hinterland, cannot meet the other conditions mentioned above. To overcome these drawbacks in attracting transnational capital and to create competitiveness as a strategic hub of RHQs in Northeast Asia, it is urgent to initiate a structural reform of the Korean economy, politics, and overall society, to minimize the regulation of FDI, and to provide various incentives for foreign investment. Moreover, we propose the construction of an 'International Business Town' in the Seoul capital region, as a medium to intermediate these strategies and to shape them in a spatial scale. The projected 'International Business Town(IBT)' will be a 'free city' open to international business in which liberal economic activities are guaranteed by special legislation and administration, infrastructures needed for international and improved accessibility to the airport are furnished, and the preference of foreign high-income investors for cultural and living environment are satisfactorily met. IBT is conspicuously differentiated from a raft of other cities' incentives in that it combines deregulation and incentive programs to attract the investment of transnational capital, with a spatial program of offering an urban environment preferred by the high-income investors for cultural and living environment are satisfactorily met. IBT is conspicuously differentiated from a raft of other cities' incentives in that it combines deregulation and incentive programs to attract the investment of transnational capita, with a spatial program of offering an urban environment preferred by the high-income and managerial class. Furthermore, it can be an excellent way of overcoming the xenophobia that has spread among the Korean population by concentrating foreign businesses and their lifestyles in a specific foreign businesses and their lifestyles in a specific zone. In conclusion, 'International Business Town', in line with other legislative and administrative incentive programs, will function as a driving force to make the Seoul capital regional more competitive as a regional business hub in Northeast Asia.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.8
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• pp.241-266
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• 2005

Current information-oriented society is expanding rapidly with the huge change to our society from the information revolution emerged in mid '50s. Information technique such as computer, communication satellite and cable technology play their in this information-oriented society, and in 1980s, digital technique was adopted to media, inviting new phenomenon in communication of overall society. Expectations and hope for new trends and changes from digital era flourished when we entered into new Millenium, the 21st century. Since then we have gone through changes in years from analogue to digital. Now the word 'digital' is conceived in unified manner in almost every fields and influences overall society, changing our life pattern rapidly. Modern society had demanded some speedy and bidirectional communication tool in shifting digital era, and resulted from that was a new culture, Now the society changes more and more quickly under the speedy information sharing. From that perspective we need to establish the aspects of sensibility expression, which is one feature of the communication. The sensibility-oriented digital was originated from the human nature, which counts emotion and composure much. To satisfy the human nature a new cultural value which transcend a traditional one is needed. And the sensitivity expression to meet the need is one communication tendency in digital era. Digital era has totally different social qualities from that of analogue era. In digital era, prompt respond to rapid change and creativity combined with sensitivity are needed. Therefore a man with sensitivity would be more outstanding than a man of intelligence. The picture of digital and analogue in our society consists of two axis one is analogue axis like retrospective trend, admiration for nature , oriental thought etc. , and the other is the digital axis of internet and information technology. Sensibility can be widely interpreted as analogue thinking. It is surely different from the plain retrospective trend or nostalgia for past. It is a tendency that digital technology is used and cooperated with the emotion in human nature, In this paper we suggest the sensitivity expressions in detail through the study cases including both sides of digital and sensitivity expressions such as 'Bravo your life' advertising campaign of Samsung Insurance, MP3 advertising campaign, and 'Mini-homepage' of Cyworld. Under the circumstances the main direction of communication is oriented to human. This study's purpose is to think the true meaning of this digital era, to overcoming its weaknesses, such as over-dependency on technique and selfish individualism and to harmonize digital and sensitivity expression. The sensitivity-oriented expression than the reason-oriented one is expected to be put forth in whole media, and this is a more efficient tendency under the shifting digital era.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 2005

Injury caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS), known as oxidative stress, is one of the major damaging factors in plants exposed to environmental stress. Chloroplasts are specially sensitive to damage by ROS because electrons that escape from the photosynthetic electron transfer system are able to react with relatively high concentration of $O_2$ in chloroplasts. To cope with oxidative stress, plants have evolved an efficient ROS-scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and low molecular weight antioxidants including ascorbate, glutathione and phenolic compounds. To maintain the productivity of plants under the stress condition, it is possible to fortify the antioxidative mechanisms in the chloroplasts by manipulating the antioxidation genes. A powerful gene expression system with an appropriate promoter is key requisite for excellent stress-tolerant plants. We developed a strong oxidative stress-inducible peroxidase (SWPA2) promoter from cultured cells of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) as an industrial platform technology to develop transgenic plants with enhanced tolerance to environmental stress. Recently, in order to develop transgenic sweetpotato (tv. Yulmi) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Atlantic and Superior) plants with enhanced tolerance to multiple stress, the genes of both CuZnSOD and APX were expressed in chloroplasts under the control of an SWPA2 promoter (referred to SSA plants). As expected, SSA sweetpotato and potato plants showed enhanced tolerance to methyl viologen-mediated oxidative stress. In addition, SSA plants showed enhanced tolerance to multiple stresses such as temperature stress, drought and sulphur dioxide. Our results strongly suggested that the rational manipulation of antioxidative mechanism in chloroplasts will be applicable to the development of all plant species with enhanced tolerance to multiple environmental stresses to contribute in solving the global food and environmental problems in the 21st century.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.32
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• pp.95-122
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• 2012

The ocean in the 21st century is getting emphasized as a treasury of natural resources and a growth engine for the nation. And nations around the world have entered into the hyper-competition to take the initiative for those marine resources. Under the situation, the Korea Coast Guard is devoting itself with full force to protecting maritime sovereignty, ensuring maritime safety and security and preserving the marine environment. Purpose of this study is to analyze Maritime Policing Act of 2012 and their problems and to suggest improvement measures. Objectives of Maritime Policing Act of 2012 is national Defence, policing for maritime security, protection of marine natural resources and marine facility in territorial waters and exclusive economic zone(EEZ) of Korea. Limits of Maritime Policing Act of 2012 are as follows. First, As organization related rules in Maritime Policing Act of 2012 are not enough, Maritime police agency Act should be revised and enacted in order to cope with future administrative demands and legal ground. Second, Article 22 penal regulation is more severe than regulations of another Act. Third, Article 14 should be made improvement for pre-prevention through the pre-report and the establishment of prohibition boundary in maritime demonstration.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-144
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• 1998

The lack of characteristical understanding of the Home Economics Education will have difficulty in achieving the goal of the Home Economics Education. To allow the Home Economics Education class in school contribute toward the enhancement of the quality of life, it is inevitable to reinforce the recognition of the importance and necessity of the Home Economics Education and to newly propose a directional guidance forward the coming 21st century. The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for planners of the future Home Economics Education by surveying research administrators in charge of programming the overall school curriculum. This study was conducted under the following procedure to have the outcome as follows ; 1. Answers from respondents of age over 50 or careers over 16 years tended to grasp the goal of Home Economics Education in relation to the enhancement of quality of life rather than to the accumulation of knowledge, skill or capacity. 2. Of all the surveyed, 9.64% regarded Home Economics Education as an essential part of school education and the positive ratio was higher with younger respondents. 3. To the question asking if the high school Home Economics Education could have influence on one's capacity, 97.2% of the answerers said yes. The respondents with career under 15 year showed 100% of positive agreement in this matter and of age under 40 marked much higher ratio of 98.84% than the elders. 4. The overall recognition of the necessity for separate sections in Home Economics Education programmed in accordance with the 6th Revision of High School Curriculum displayed a considerably high ratio, with a little differences among age and job groups. The purpose of this study is to analyze and understand adolescents'culture, thereby to provide fundamental information for Preventive Education for Adolescents'Problems in Home Economic Education. 745 articles collected in computer communication service were used for the analysis. The data were analyzed by frequency and percentage using the SPSS/PC+computer program. The most important results of this study were as follows ; 1) Concerning 'Adolescent's Problems's, problems such as violence, homicide and robbery were treated with the greatest frequency. It was also analyzed that the older generations are highly inclined to understand adolescents'culture as a negative one, for example, 'delinquency'or 'immaturity'. 2) Although the area of 'Adolescents'Education'was treated most frequently reflecting the high educational concern in our society, the significant part of those articles were on wrongful educational administration. As much as 70.6% of the articles analyzed were on 'Education'and 'Problems'. Thereby it may be concluded that the other areas such as health, activities, worries, values and harmful environments ere treated respectively as only a 'subculture'or'fragmentary culture'. The articles containing correlations and interactions among them and certain alternative proposals were very rare. 3) The areas such as 'Worries and Counselling'and 'Health'were occupying only a small portion of the articles. The articles which were treating the practical worries and their resolutions were even rarer. 4) 'Values'of the adolescents tended to be viewed by the older generations very negatively. It was also found that the older generations gave the tendency to see the 'consumption culture'of the adolescents as a kind of 'counter culture'or'subculture'.

• Archives of design research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1999

The history of the Korean textile industry is not very long. Its growth only began from the early 1960's. Since then, its production scale and export volume have enpanded enormosly. The textile industry made a great contribution to Korea's sustained economic growth over the past three decades. While expanding rapidly, however, the Korean textile industry went through many difficulties and problems. To survive through interational competition, the textile produce were manufactured on a subcontract basis and prices were set at too low levels. Consequently the profit margins were very small. To meet international competition for the 21st century, the textile industry requires restructuring and a drastic progress has to be made in textile design and technology. To become internationally competitive, the education system for textile design must be improved. The textile schools must be equipped with better technology and facilities so that students may have a hands-on experience and acquire application skills quickly and effectively. Also students should be given an opportunity to work in the industry as an intern. In order to make all these possible, both the government and the industry must be fully supportive. Textile designing can be considered a cultural reflection. This implies that to develop the textile industry requires the elevation of the people's mind and culture. To improve textile technology and to elevate the standard of textile design, the government and the textile schools must make continued effort together.