• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.168-172
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• 2016

The effect of different exposed length of M.9 rootstock on growth and yield was tested in the new apple cultivars. The 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream', and 'Hongguem' grafted on M.9 rootstock were planted in March 2010. The trees were planted in such a way that the exposed length of the rootstock to be 10, 20 and 30 cm. The result showed that as decreasing exposure length, TCA of 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream', and 'Hongguem' was increased between $3^{rd}$ and $6^{th}$ year after planting. The TCA of 20 cm and 30 cm exposure length showed respectively 70% and 60% in 'Seohong', 88% and 66% in 'Summer Dream', and 55% and 41% in 'Hongguem' of the TCA with 10 cm exposure length on 6-year-old trees. Tree height, canopy width, shoot length and terminal shoot length were also increased according to decreased exposure length in 6-year-old trees. The cumulative yield of three cultivars was higher in the tree with a lower exposure length between $4^{th}$ and $6^{th}$ year after planting. The cumulative yield of 20 cm and 30 cm exposure length showed respectively 77% and 63% in 'Seohong', 85% and 76% in 'Summer Dream', and 73% and 58% in 'Hongguem' of the cumulative yield with 10 cm exposure length in 6-year-old trees. Considering tree growth and yield, the optimum exposure length of M.9 was 10 cm for 'Seohong', 'Summer Dream' and 'Hongguem'.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.533-540
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• 1997

To elucidate the effects of purinergic nerve on relaxation of pig coronary artery, the effects of ATP, 2-methylthio ATP and electrical perivascular nerve stimulation were investigated from physiograph on the isolated coronary artery of pig. The results btained were as follows; 1. The relaxative responses induced by perivascular nerve stimulation(20V, 0.5msec, 10sec) were the frequency(1~8Hz) dependent manner with phentolamine($10^{-5}M$) and atropine($10^{-6}M$) on isolated coronary artery of pig. 2. The relaxative responses induced. by adenosine($10^{-7}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-3}M$) or ATP($10^{-7}{\sim}5{\times}10^{-5}M$) on precontraction with histamine($10^{-5}M$) were the dose-dependent manner, but the contractile responses were often induced by ATP($10^{-4}M$ and $10^{-3}M$). 3. The relaxative responses induced by 2-methylthio ATP($2.5{\times}10^{-8}{\sim}2.5{\times}10^{-6}M$) on precontraction with histamine($10^{-5}M$) were the dose-dependent manner. 4. The relaxative response induced by 2-methylthio ATP($10^{-7}M$) on precontraction with histamine($10^{-5}M$) was completely blocked by the pretreatment with $P_{2Y}$-purinoceptor blocker, reactive blue 2($10^{-4}M$). 5. The neurogenic relaxative response induced by perivascular nerve stimulation(20V, 8Hz, 0.5msec, 10sec) was weakly inhibited by the pretreatment with ${\beta}$-adrenoceptor blocker, propranolol($10^{-5}M$) and blocked by the addition with $P_{2Y}$-purinoceptor blocker, reactive blue 2($10^{-4}M$). The results suggest that the purinergic nerve is innervated, and its relaxative response was mediated by $P_{2Y}$-purinoceptor on isolated coronary artery in pig.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2003

A Pseudomonas sp. strain NGK1 (NCIM 5120) capable of utilizing salicylate was immobilized in alginate and polyurethane foam (PUF). The degradation rate of salicylate by freely suspended cells was compared with the degradation rate by immobilized cells. In an initial 20 and 40 mM salicylate, free cells ($2{\times}10^{11}\;cfu\;ml^{-1}$) degraded to 16 and 14 mM, alginate-entrapped cells degraded to 18 and 26 mM, and PUF-entrapped cells degraded to 20 and 32 mM salicylate, respectively, in batch cultures. The alginate-and PUF-entrapped cells were used in repeated batch and continuous culture systems. The efficiency of both the immobilized systems f3r the degradation of salicylate was compared. It has been observed that the PUF-entrapped cells could be reused for more than 20 cycles whereas alginate-entrapped cells could be reused for a maximum of only 12 cycles, after which a decrease in degradation rat was observed with the initial 20 and 40 mM salicylate. The continuous degradation of sallcylate by freely suspended cells showed a negligible degradation rate of salicylate when compared with immobilized cells. With the immobilized cells in both alginate and polyurethane foam, the degradation rate increased with an increase in the dilution rate up to $2\;h^{-1}$ for 20 mM, and $1.5\;h^{-1}$ for 40 mM salicylate. The results revealed that PUF-entrapped cells were more efficient for the degradation of salicylate than alginate-entrapped cells and freely suspended cells.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1996

To investigate the properties of cromakalim-opened $K^{+}\;channels$ in aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the effect of cromakalim on tension was compared in endothelium-rubbed aortic rings from SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). 1. Cromakalim relaxed the aortic ring contracted by $10^{-7}$ M norepinephrine (NE) dose-dependently, and this relaxant response to cromakalim was blocked by $10^{-5}$ M glybenclamide. 2. Cromakalim also relaxed the contraction induced by high $K^{+}$-solution or 10 mM tetraethylammonium dose-dependently. However, the relaxant response to cromakalim was decreased by raising the $K^{+}$ concentration. 3. SHR aorta exhibited myogenic tone in resting state which was inhibited by cromakalim, verapamil or $Ca^{2+}-free\;PSS.$ Whereas, WKY aorta did not exhibit any myogenic tone in resting state. 4. When aortic rings from both strains were contracted by $20\;mM\;K^{+}\;or\;NE$, relaxant responses to low concentration of cromakalim $(below\;10^{-7}\;M)$ were not different between WKY and SHR, but maximum relaxant response to cromakalim $(above\;3{\times}10^{-7} \;M)$ was greater in SHR than in WKY. 5. When the relaxant response to cromakalim was expressed as percent of maximum relaxation induced by $Ca^{2+}-free\;PSS$, relaxant response to cromakalim in 20 mM $K^{+}-induced$ contraction was not different between WKY and SHR. From the above result, it is suggested that relaxant responses to cromakalim are greater in SHR than WKY, and this may be due to the myogenic tone of aortic rings from SHR.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 2011

Simulations were performed using Crystal TRIM software under the same conditions used by previous researchers in order to clarify the mechanism that determines sheet resistance various doses, energies and beam currents. The results showed that the peak of the depth profile (Rp) in the same sample gradually shifts inward and damage increases near the surface as the energy increases for $As^+$ equal dose of $1{\times}10^{15}/cm^2$ implanted into Si(100) energies of 5, 10, and 15 keV. From a theoretical calculation of B+ ion implantation processes at energy of 20 keV using parameters that correspond to 1 mA and 7 mA beam currents with the same dose of $5{\times}10^{15}/cm^2$, it was found that the higher beam currents resulted in more damage near the surface (<100 nm). Likewise, In the simulations employing sets of doses ($1{\times}10^{15}$, $3{\times}10^{15}/cm^2$) and beam currents (0.8 mA, 8 mA), more damage was produced at larger doses and higher current. Thus, sheet resistance at the surface was reduced by the intensified damage from increases in beam energy, dose and beam currents.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.366-372
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• 1984

Unstabilized Zirconia was added to basic composition under 44$mu extrm{m}$ of 57.80wt% Clay-22.20wt% Chamotte-20.00wt% Agalmatolite system. Here the amount and the particle size of Zirconia were 5-25wt% and -20${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ respectively and the body of these composition was first at 135$0^{\circ}C$. The results obtained from examining the properties of sintered body were as follows. 1. Firing linear shrinkage apparent density and bulk density apparent porosity and water absorption of the samples had the tend to increase according as the particle size of zirconia became larger and the amount of zirconia increased. 2. Modulus of rupture was inversely proportional to the particle size and the additive amount of zirconia, . Especially in case that the particle size of zirconia over 5${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and the additive amount of zirconia was 25wt% the modulus of rupture had shrunk drastically. 3. The maximum value of KIC was obtained at 20wt% additive amount of zirconia according to the each particle size of zirconia. Especially the highest value of KIC is 2, 173 M. Pa. M1/2 when the particle size of zirconia is 5~10${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ and the additive amount is 20wt%.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2009

Based on the constituent analysis of sediments near Dok Island, the origin and sedimentary facies were Investigated. The sediments are mainly from originated from volcanic and volcaniclastic rock fragments derived from Dok Island and carbonate sediments formed by a variety of shallow-dwelling organisms that secreted calcareous skeletons. Carbonate producers include mollusks (bivalves and gastropods), encrusting & branching bryozoans, encrusting & segmented red algae, worm tubes, barnacles, diatoms, sponge spicules and echinoderm fragments. The distribution and relative amount of these constituents are basically dependent upon water depth and grain size even though local variations can be observed within the same depth interval. Five sedimentary facies can be divided: nearshore facies (<20 m), neritic facies ($20{\sim}100m$), upper transitional facies ($100{\sim}200m$), lower transitional facies ($200{\sim}700m$), and hemipelagic facies (>700 m). The sediments that were sampled below the water depth of 2,000 m still contain a significant amount of carbonates (ca. $10{\sim}20%$), implying that the carbonate compensation depth in the East Sea may well exceed this water depth.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.299-304
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• 2005

Laboratory culture of the native kelp Kjelimaniella crassifolia and the introduced species Laminaria japonica in east coast of Korea were compared at each stage of their life cycles. In the zoospore stage, L. japonica grows optimally at a water temperature of $15{\~}20^{\circ}C$ achieving $95\%$ spore release in 24 hours, whereas K. crassifolia requires 48 hours to achieve $90\%$ spore release in these conditions. Good growth of gametophytes occurred at $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$ in both species. L. japonica grows optimally under high light intensity ($80{\~}120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$) while K. crassifolia grows best under low light intensity ($40{\~}60{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$). Growth of juvenile sporophytes of L. japonica was good in various water temperatures ($10{\~}20^{\circ}C$) and light levels ($40{\~}120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$) while K. crassifolia grew to optimal blade length only under specific conditions ($10{\~}40{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}s^{-1}$). While the optimal culture conditions for K. crassifolia were more constrained than those of L. japonica which tolerated a wide range of water temperatures and light intensities, the laboratory culture conditions for both of these species reflect the natural environment in which these species are found.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2007

The woody tissue respiration rates in stems ($R_{stem}$) of red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) forest in Higashi-Hiroshima, west Japan, were measured using an open flow measurement system with several chambers in two seasons (the winter and summer in 2002). $R_{stem}$ ranged from 0.25 to $0.55{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in winter, and from 1.25 to $1.63{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ in summer. The variability of $R_{stem}$ among the sampled trees (n=15) was similar between the two seasons, with the coefficient variation of about 23%. The numbers of sampling points required to estimate the stem respiration rate within 10 to 20% of its actual value were 24 and 6, respectively in both seasons (probability level is 95%). Based on the relationship between stem temperature and average $R_{stem}$ the $Q_{10}$ values of the winter and summer seasons were 1.49 and 1.45, respectively. The $R_{20}$($R_{stem}$ at $20^{\circ}C$ of stem temperature) was higher in summer ($1.23{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$) than winter ($0.61{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$). The woody tissue respiration in stems of red pine trees during the summer season amounted about 50% of the total respiration rates.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.523-532
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• 2010

The proposed method is simple, sensitive and specific Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCESI-MS/MS) method for the quantification of Entacapone (EA) in human plasma using Entacapone-d10 (EAD10) as an internal standard (IS). Chromatographic separation was performed on Zorbax SB-C18, $2.1{\times}50\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$ column, mobile phase composed of 10 mM Ammonium formate (pH 3.0): Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v), with a flow-rate of 0.7 mL/min, followed by Liquid-liquid extraction. EA and EAD10 were detected with proton adducts at m/z $306.1{\rightarrow}233.1$ and $316.3{\rightarrow}233.0$ in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode respectively. The method was validated over a linear concentration range of 1.00 - 2000.00 ng/mL with correlation coefficient ($r^2$) $\geq$ 0.9993. Intra and inter-day Precision within 3.60 to 7.30 and 4.20 to 5.50% and Accuracy within 97.30 to 104.20 and 98.30 to 105.80% proved for EA. This method is successfully applied in the bioequivalence study of healthy Indian human volunteers.