• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.41-45
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• 1981

This study was carried out to observe the changes of Vitamin C content and to preserve the quality for the circulation periods of hot green pepper fruits wrapped with polyethylene film under the indoor temperature, as well as to find the proper time for harvest of hot green pepper fruits as a hot taste food and vegetable. the results obstained were as follows: 1. The consignment rate of hot green pepper fruits was highest, 60.2% on the 25th day after flowering, the nest 25.4% on the 20 th day, 10.3% on the 30th day and 4.1% on the 35th day. 2. the content of Vitamin C I each pepper fruits was highest o the 30th day, considerably high on the 25th day and 20th day. 3. The total content of Vitamin C in each part of hot green pepper fruits; the content in pericarp was much higher than in placenta and seed, and that of hydro type Vitamin C was almost the same. 4. The reduction rate of vitamin C during circulation periods was highest on the 3rd day; 42% in pericarp, 50% in placenta, 65% in seed. But in the package wrapped up with polyethylene film, the reduction rate in the same period was 5% in pericarp, which was very low in reduction, and those in placenta and seed were almost the same as in the unwrapped state.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.281-286
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• 2002

To study of binder and fine aggregate a lot of replacement fly-ash concrete, initial characteristics, standard environment of curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, hot-weather environment of curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$, . Flesh concrete tested slump. air contest and Hardening concrete valuated setting period of form, day of age 1, 3, 5. 7, 10, 28 compression strength in sealing curing. Purpose of study is consultation materials in field that variety of fly-ash replacement concrete mix proportion comparison and valuation. (1) Experiment result age 28day compression strength more higher plan concrete then standard environment in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, , most strength F43 is hot-weather environment in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$, replacement binder 25%, fine aggregate 15%. (2) Hot-weather environment replacement a mount of fly-ash is a same of plan concrete setting period of form. Age 28day compression strength replacement a mount of fly-ash more hot-weather concrete then plan concrete.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.29-40
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• 2013

Objectives The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of hot spring bath in obese children. Methods The study was conducted with 20 obese children whose BMI were over 20 ($kg/m^2$). The hot spring bath program was performed in the hot-spring facilities with temperature of $32{\sim}36^{\circ}C$. The children bathed four times from June to July, 2012. Prior to their bath, their heights, weights, and body compositions were measured every time. They were also confirmed their obesity index and obesity degree during the program. Results After the bathing program, degree of obesity has changed, three obesity judgment index (BMI, RI and OI) of the children have decreased (BMI, RI, OI on the $1^{st}$ day: $25.99{\pm}3.47$, $177.63{\pm}17.43$, $37.74{\pm}13.42$; on the $4^{th}$ day: $25.06{\pm}3.08$, $168.4{\pm}14.8$, $30.60{\pm}12.12$), so have body fat mass and percent body fat (BFM, PBF on the $1^{st}$ day: $21.83{\pm}7.03$, $38.24{\pm}3.36$; on the $4^{th}$ day:$19.55{\pm}6.35$, $34.20{\pm}3.77$), but skeletal muscle mass has increased (SMM on the $1^{st}$ day: $18.37{\pm}4.24$ ; on the $4^{th}$ day: $19.80{\pm}4.44$). Conclusions This study shows that hot spring bath could be an effective way of managing and treating obesity.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.169-176
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• 2002

To study of binder and fine aggregate a lot of replacement fly-ash concrete, initial characteristics, standard environment of curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, hot-weather environment, cold weather environment of curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. Flash concrete tested slump, air contest, setting and Hardening concrete valuated setting period of form, day of age 3, 7, 28 compression strength in sealing curing. Underwater curing specimen compression strength of age 3. 7, 28day used strength change accordingly fly-ash concrete curing temperature. Purpose of study is consultation materials in field that variety of fly-ash replacement concrete mix proportion comparison and valuation. (1) Setting test result, fly-ash ratio of replacement higher delay totting time. Same volume of fly-ash ratio of replacement is lower fly-ash ratio of replacement fine aggregate delay setting time. Setting test in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ over twice fast setting in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$ and all specimen setting delay in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$. F40 specimen end of setting about 30 time. (2) Experiment result age 28day compression strength more fisher plan concrete then standard environment in curing temperature $20^{\circ}C$, cold weather environment in curing temperature $5^{\circ}C$, most strength F43 is hot-weather environment in curing temperature $35^{\circ}C$ replacement binder 25%, fine aggregate 15%. (3) Hot-weather environment replacement a mount of fly-ash is a same of plan concrete setting period of form. Age 28day compression strength replacement a mount of fly-ash more hot-weather concrete then plan concrete.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.155-165
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• 2018

The objective of the research was to evaluate the effect of particle pre-treatment on physical, mechanical, and durability of jatropha fruit hulls (JFH) particleboard. The pre-treatments included were immersing in cold water, hot water, and acetic acid solution. After each treatment, the particles were dried up to 3% moisture content. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin was used to fabricate particleboards with board size, thickness and density target of 25 cm by 25 cm, 0.80 cm, and $0.70g/cm^3$, respectively. Board pressed at $130^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes, and $25kg/cm^2$ pressure. The evaluation of particleboard followed the JIS A 5908-2003. Whilist their resistance to subterranean termite test (mass loss, mortality, antifeedant value and feeding rate) refers to the Indonesian standard (SNI 01.7207-2006). The physical and mechanical properties of particleboards showed that all pre-treatments decreased the pH of particles. Overall, all particle immersing treatments resulted of better physical and mechanical properties of particleboard than those of untreated ones. The acetic acid treatment resulted the best physical and mechanical properties of particleboard. Based on the mass loss of JFH particleboard, hot water and acetic acid treated particleboards were classified into weak resistance to subterranean attack. The other two treatments were classified into very weak resistance. Hot water treated particleboard provided the highest mortality and antifeedant as much as 87.40% and 34.20%, respectively. Based on antifeedant classification, hot water treated particleboards were classified into moderately strong resistance, while other treatments were categorized into weak resistance. The lowest feeding rate value ($45.30{\mu}g/termite/day$) was attained by hot water treatment.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.25-30
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• 2009

Objectives : In order to evaluate the effect of Samguiyong-tang (SGYT) on diabetes, we prepared two types of Samguiyong-tang (Type-I and -II) which was composed of three kinds of oriental drug such as Ginseng, Angelica gigantis radix and Deer antler. Type I was traditional hot-water extract prepared from three kinds of drug, and Type II was the mixture of ethanol-extract of ginseng and hot-water extract prepared from the other two drugs. Methods : We tested the effects of SGYT on the blood glucose levels in normal rats by the method of glucose tolerance test. And also examined the effects of SGYT on the levels in normal rats or diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin during 20 days. Results : 1. In the course of oral glucose tolerance test, the blood glucose level decreased by administration of SGYT I or II in normal rats. 2. In the course administration of SGYT during 20 days in normal rats, the blood glucose levels decreased until day 4 by Type I or Type II, but thereafter the level was recovered to the normal. 3. In the course administration of SGYT during 20 days in the diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin, Type I (SGYT) had some effect on the blood glucose levels only at 12 day, and Type II (SGYT) decreased the levels from 6th day and so on, significantly. Conclusions : The results suggested that SGYT II had some decreasing effects on the blood glucose levels in diabetic rats induced by Streptozotocin.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2009

The effects of hot-air dried tomato powder (HADTP) with 0% (C), 0.25 (T1), 0.50 (T2), 0.75 (T3) and 1.00% (T4) addition to the pork patties on the physicochemical and sensory properties during storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 20 days were studied. Cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) and CIE $L^*$ values of all products were increased (p<0.05) significantly as the storage period increased, while the pH values were decreased (p<0.05). The CIE $a^*$ and $b^*$value of all samples showed a tendency of decreasing value through the storage days. The pH and cooking loss of T4 were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of other treatments. The TBARS values of treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) compared to those of control, but CIE $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of treatments were higher (p<0.05) than those of control at day 20 of storage. VBN values of treatments were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of control at day 20 of storage. In the sensory evaluation, color and overall acceptability in T3 and T4 were higher (p<0.05) than the others until 15 days of storage. In conclusion, pork patties with 0.75~1.00% HADTP had a higher acceptability, redness and lipid oxidative stability during freeze storage than products without HADTP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.832-841
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• 2007

Rectal Temperature;Thermoregulation;Sows;Breed;The effects of season (hot vs. warm) in a tropical humid climate, parity (primiparous vs. multiparous) and breed (Creole: CR, Large White: LW) on rectal temperature (RT) were studied for a total of 222 lactations obtained in 85 sows (43 CR and 42 LW; 56 primiparous and 166 multiparous) over a 28-d lactation, between June 2002 and April 2005. Mean daily ambient temperature was higher during the hot season than during the warm season (26.0 vs. $24.1^{\circ}C$) and relative humidity was high and similar in both seasons (89% on average). At farrowing, BW was lower (172 vs. 233 kg) and backfat thickness was higher (37 vs. 21 mm) in CR than in LW sows (p<0.01). During the hot season, the reduction of average daily feed intake (ADFI) was more pronounced in LW than in CR sows (-920 vs. -480 g/d, p<0.05). Rectal temperature was higher at 1200 than at 0700hr, which coincides with the maximum and the minimum values of daily ambient temperature. The daily RT increased ($+0.9^{\circ}C$; p<0.01) between d -3 and d 7 (d 0: farrowing day), remained constant between d 7 and d 25 and decreased (p<0.01) thereafter (i.e. $-0.6^{\circ}C$ between d 25 and d 32). The average daily RT was significantly higher during the hot than during the warm season (38.9 vs. $38.6^{\circ}C$; p<0.01). It was not affected by breed, but the difference in RT between the hot and warm seasons was more pronounced in LW than in CR sows (+0.4 vs. $+0.2^{\circ}C$; p<0.05). Parity influenced the RT response; it was greater in primiparous than in multiparous sows (38.9 vs. $38.7^{\circ}C$; p<0.01). This study suggests that thermoregulatory responses to heat stress can differ between breeds and between parities.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.675-683
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological properties of various parts of skate body after fermentation by measuring compositional properties including pH and $NH_4^+$. Other functional properties, such as antibacterial activities, antioxidative activities and anticancer activities were measured. Effects of fermentation temperature (4, 10, $20^{\circ}C$) did not affect compositional properties of fermented skate. The pH of fermented skate extract at 4$^{\circ}C$ did not increase as much as that at 10 and $20^{\circ}C$, Particularly at $10^{\circ}C$, the pH increased rapidly after Day 1 and remained unchanged until another increase at Day 5. At 2$0^{\circ}C$, the pH increased rather rapidly at early stage of fermentation and reached 8.9 at Day 4. The pattern of $NH_4^+$ concentration of fermented skate extract was similar to that of pH. Particularly at $4^{\circ}C$ fermentation, $NH_4^+$ concentration was not affected by fermentation time. The concentration of $NH_4^+$. reached approximately $10.2\mug/mL$at $10^{\circ}C$ for Day 5 and $20^{\circ}C$ for Day 4-5, indicating the early stage of fermentation. According to physiological activities of hot water extracts of skate fillet and viscera as affected by fermentation time, antibacterial activity of 2% viscera extract concentration was 43.3% at Day 8, while there was no antibacterial activity from fillet extract. As for the antioxidative activity, fillet extract and viscera extract both at 2% concentration at Day 0 showed 61.2% and 54.4%, respectively. Anticancer activities were highest (52.7% for fillet extract and 58.3% for viscera extract) at $1,000 \mug/mL$ concentration at Day 8. Antibacterial activities and anticancer effects were relatively high as fermentation was progressed, while antioxidative activities were highest before fermentation started. As for the physiological activities of hot water extract from brain and cartilage, antibacterial activities were observed at 41.0% when 2% brain extract was added at 4 hours of incubation, while 35.8% with 2% cartilage extract at 14 hours of incubation. Antioxidative activities were not found in brain extract, but cartilage extract at 2% showed 25.0% of antioxidative activity, which was lower than fillet and viscera extract.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.213-219
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• 2009

An understanding of anthracnose (Colletotrichum acutatum) infections, including the infection of flowers and latent infection early in the season, is necessary to achieve successful control by means of properly timed spraying with a curative fungicide. In the present study, latent anthracnose infection of chili was investigated under greenhouse and field conditions in 2007-2008. Flowers on greenhouse-grown seedlings were infected and 11% of the young fruits subsequently showed symptoms of anthracnose. Apparently healthy-looking green peppers obtained from unsprayed fields or an organic market also exhibited symptoms of anthracnose after 4 days of incubation under high moisture conditions at $25^{\circ}C$; less than 1% of the peppers were found to be latently infected. To determine the natural timing of infection in the field, 3,200 fruits were wrapped in paper bags and then selectively unwrapped and examined for signs of infection. Field experiments were conducted at Suwon (cvs. Yokkang, Manitta, Olympic) and Asan (cv. Chunhasangsa) in 2008. The 7- to 10-day wrapping periods were July 25-31, July 31-August 7, August 7-15, August 15-24, and August 24-September 3. The 1-to 2-month wrapping periods were from July 4, July 31, and August 15 until harvest (Sept. 3). The controls consisted of 1,712 field-grown non-wrapped fruits. The rates of infection on the various cultivars were Yokkang 55%, Manitta 37%, Olympic 55%, and Chunhasangsa 20%. A distinct period in which anthracnose infection suddenly increased could not be identified; however, attempts to guess the approximate timing of field infection showed that 0-39% of the plants had latent infections, while depending on the cultivar, 8-14% of the plants examined in August and 4-13.5% of the those examined during May-July showed symptoms of infection. Delaying fungicide spraying by 24 and 48 h after artificial infection decreased the rates of infection by 10% and 25-30%, respectively. Chemical control of anthracnose based on a forecasting model should be considered starting from the transplanting stage, with spraying within a day after warning and care being taken not to latently infect apparently healthy pepper fruits.