• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.10 no.4 s.31
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• pp.51-58
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• 2005

The unsteady supersonic flow over two- and three-dimensional cavities has been analyzed by the integration of unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) with the k-$\omega$ turbulence model. The unsteady flow is characterized by the periodicity due to the mutual relation between the shear layer and the internal flow in the cavity. An explicit 4th order Runge-Kutta scheme and an upwind TVD scheme based on the flux vector split with the van Leer limiters are used for time and space discritizations, respectively. The cavity has a L/D ratio of 3 for two-dimensional case, and same L/D and W/D ratio of I for three-dimensional case. The Mach and Reynolds numbers are 1.5 and 450000 respectively. In the three-dimensional flow, the field is observed to oscillate in the 'shear layer mode' with a feedback mechanism that follows Rossiter's formula. In the two-dimensional simulation, the self-sustained oscillating flow has more violent fluctuation inside the cavity. The primary fluctuating frequencies of two- and three- dimensional flow agree very well with the 2nd mode of Rossiter's frequency. In the three-dimensional flow, the 1st mode of frequency could be seen.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.413-423
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to clarify the spatial relationship in presurgical examination and to aid surgical planning and postoperative evaluation of patients with facial bone injury. For this study, three-dimensional images of facial bone fracture were reconstructed by computed image analysis system and three-dimensional reconstructive program integrated in computed tomography. The obtained results were as follows: 1. Serial conventional computed tomograms were value in accurately depicting the facial bone injuries and three-dimensional reconstructive images demonstrated an overall look. 2. The degree of deterioration of spatial resolution was proportional to the thickness of the slice. 3. Facial bone fractures were the most distinctly demonstrated on inferoanterior views of three-dimensional reconstructive images. 4. Although three-dimensional reconstructive images made diagnosis of fracture lines, it was difficult to identify maxillary fractures. 5. The diagnosis of zygomatic fractures could be made equally well with computed image analysis system and three-dimensional reconstructive program integrated in computed tomography. 6. The diagnosis of mandibular fractures could be made equally well with computed image analysis system and three-dimensional reconstructive program integrated in computed tomography.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2003

This purpose of this study was to investigate learning effects of Web-based 3-dimensional VR(Virtual Reality) program and a 2-dimensional HTML program, and to find out interaction effects between the types of web-based instruction program(3-dimensional VR program and 2-dimensional HTML program) and the levels of spatial perception of the learners on learning achievement and satisfaction in an educational aspect. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in learning achievement and general satisfaction of the learners between the group providing 3-dimensional VR program and the group 2-dimensional HTML program(F=4.85, p<.05). The 3-dimensional VR program was found to be more effective. And, there was a significant interaction effect in learning achievement effects between the types of web-based instruction program and the level of spatial perception of the learners(F=32.48, p<.05).

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2009

We propose a method to convert a two-dimensional movie to a three-dimensional movie using normalized cut and optical flow. In this paper, we segment an image of a two-dimensional movie to objects first, and then estimate the depth of each object. Normalized cut is one of the image segmentation algorithms. For improving speed and accuracy of normalized cut, we used a watershed algorithm and a weight function using optical flow. We estimate the depth of objects which are segmented by improved normalized cut using optical flow. Ordinal depth is estimated by the change of the segmented object label in an occluded region which is the difference of absolute values of optical flow. For compensating ordinal depth, we generate the relational depth which is the absolute value of optical flow as motion parallax. A final depth map is determined by multiplying ordinal depth by relational depth, then dividing by average optical flow. In this research, we propose the two-dimensional/three-dimensional movie conversion method which is applicable to all three-dimensional display devices and all two-dimensional movie formats. We present experimental results using sample two-dimensional movies.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

If an active displacement occurs on a wall with finite size, the ground behind the wall forms shapes of 3-dimensional wedges and 3-dimensional active earth pressure are applied on the wall. In the previous studies, shapes of 3-dimensional wedges were measured and the resultant of 3-dimensional active earth pressure has been calculated. In this study, the magnitude and the distribution of 3-dimensional active earth pressure depending on the size of a rectangular wall, which was defined by the aspect ratio (h/w), that is, the ratio between the height and the width of wall, were measured and compared with previous 3-dimensional models. The result shows that, the horizontal displacement (S) of the wall is approx 0.12% of the height of wall (h). The resultant 3-dimensional active earth pressure is similar to that of Karstedt (1982). The distributions of earth pressures on the wall are parabolic shape. The peak earth pressure was measured at the 0.5~0.55 depth from the ground surface. The reduction factor of 3-dimensional active earth pressure against the 2-dimensional earth pressure (${\alpha}$) depending the aspect ratio (h/w) is presented by the diagram.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6B
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• pp.641-649
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• 2006

The behavior of a three-dimensional pure rectangular water jet with aspect ratio of 10 was experimentally investigated based on the results of the mean velocity field obtained by PIV. The saddle back distribution was observed in the lateral distribution along the major axis. The theoretical centerline velocity equation derived from the point source concept using the spreading rate for the axisymmetric jet was in good agreement with the measured centerline velocity and gave the division of the potential core region, two-dimensional region, and axisymmetric region. The range of the two-dimensional region divided by the criterion of the theoretical centerline velocity decay for the aspect ratio of 10 was observed to be smaller than that of the transition region. The applicability of the two-dimensional model to the behavior of the rectangular jet with low aspect ratio or the wastewater discharged from a multiport diffuser in the deep water of real ocean may result in significant error in the transition and axisymmetric regions after the two-dimensional region. In the two-dimensional region, the Gaussian constant tended to be conserved, and the spreading rate slightly decreased at the end of the two-dimensional region. The normalized turbulent intensity along the centerline of the jet initially abruptly increased and showed relatively higher intensity for higher Reynolds number.

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.847-863
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• 2020

The aim of the present paper is to study some solitons on three dimensional generalized (𝜅, 𝜇)-contact metric manifolds. We study gradient Yamabe solitons on three dimensional generalized (𝜅, 𝜇)-contact metric manifolds. It is proved that if the metric of a three dimensional generalized (𝜅, 𝜇)-contact metric manifold is gradient Einstein soliton then ${\mu}={\frac{2{\kappa}}{{\kappa}-2}}$. It is shown that if the metric of a three dimensional generalized (𝜅, 𝜇)-contact metric manifold is closed m-quasi Einstein metric then ${\kappa}={\frac{\lambda}{m+2}}$ and 𝜇 = 0. We also study conformal gradient Ricci solitons on three dimensional generalized (𝜅, 𝜇)-contact metric manifolds.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.15 no.8
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• pp.659-666
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• 1990

Curing recent years, several state-space models describing discrete two dimensional systems are proposed. In this paper, we consider the problem of pole assignment of two dimensional systems using state feedback, based on state-space model proposed by Roessser. The design procedure is seperated into two steps. in thie first step, the sufficient condition for off diagonal matrix of the input transformed system to be zero is derived and in the second step, it is shown that the pole assignment problem of two dimensional systems is divided into the one of two 1-dimensional systems. Finally, a numerical example for illustrating the technique is given.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.379-386
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• 2018

We generalized the quadratic fuzzy numbers on ${\mathbb{R}}$ to ${\mathbb{R}}_2$. By defining parametric operations between two regions valued ${\alpha}-cuts$, we got the parametric operations for two triangular fuzzy numbers defined on ${\mathbb{R}}_2$. The results for the parametric operations are the generalization of Zadeh's extended algebraic operations. We generalize the 2-dimensional quadratic fuzzy numbers on ${\mathbb{R}}_2$ that may have maximum value h < 1. We calculate the algebraic operations for two generalized 2-dimensional quadratic fuzzy sets.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.703-707
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• 2000

We give some equivalent conditions about 0-dimensional differentiable level 0-sequencces.