• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.9
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• pp.27-36
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• 2022

Purpose: The coronavirus pandemic has affected the tourism industry in a big way. The travel industry suffered intense damage from the pandemic and procedures acquainted to containing its spread because the pandemic outbreak has led to a decline in the number of tourists and a change in their behavior. At this point, this research is to investigate adequate solutions for tourism industry to overcome the crisis in a post-Covid 19 era. Research design, data and methodology: The current author gathered data from each included study to analyze and summarize the evidence when conducting a literature analysis. This stage involves gathering and reviewing intricate texts databases for the meta-analysis. Results: The current author found total five solutions from numerous literature contents, suggesting how to overcome the crisis in a post-Covid era for tourism industry. Solutions as follows, (1) Drawing beginning illustrations, (2) Introducing Government Backing Programs, (3) Increasing Promotion of Tourism Destinations, (4) Enhancing Safety and Security Measures, and (5) Improving Infrastructure and Facilities. Conclusions: This research suggests that although the global economic recession leads to reduced demand and intense competition from other sectors, the tourism industry will be well positioned to weather these challenges if practitioners of tourism organizations follow five solutions of this research.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.1.1-1.6
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• 2018

Background: Maize fodder is being used as staple feed for livestock but it lacks protein and essential amino acids; lysine and tryptophan. Intercropping maize with leguminous soybean crop is promising technique under limited land resources of South Korea but it can only give considerable advantages when adequate distance is provided between corn and soybean rows. Main aim of present study was to find-out adequate distance between corn and soybean seeding rows for optimum growth, yield and nutritive value of intercropped forage. Methods: Different interrow distances between corn and soybean were evaluated under four treatments, viz. 1) Corn sole as positive control treatment 2) Zero cm between corn and soybean (control); 2) Five cm between corn and soybean; 3) 10 cm between corn and soybean, with three replicates under randomized block design. Results: Findings depicted that height and number of corn stalks and ears were similar (P > 0.05) among different treatments. Numerically average corn ear height was decreased at zero cm distance. Dry matter percentage in all components; corn stalk, corn ear and soybean was also found not different (P > 0.05) but dry matter yield in component of corn ear was lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance as compared to that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances. In case of nutritive value, total digestible nutrient yield in intercropped corn was also found lower (P < 0.05) at zero cm distance than that of 5 and 10 cm interrow distances between corn and soybean seeding rows. Substantial decrease in dry matter yield of maize ear at zero cm distance might be attributed to factor of closed interrow spacing which made interplant competition more intensified for light interception, necessary for photosynthetic activity. Lower dry matter yield in ear also reduced total digestible nutrients in intercropped maize because it was determining factor in calculation of digestible nutrients. The optimum yield and nutritive value of forage at wider interrow distance i.e. 5 cm between corn and soybean might be due to adequate interseed distance. Conclusion: Conclusively, pattern of corn and soybean seeding in rows at 5 cm distance was found suitable which provided adequate interrow distance to maintain enough mutual cooperation and decreased competition between both species for optimum production performance and nutritive value of intercropped forage.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 2021

Issues have arisen over the monopoly of housing sales guarantees by the Housing and Urban Guarantee Corporation. If the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport appoints an additional guarantee institution, there is concern that the property protection between the two parties is insufficient due to excessive competition and the weakening of urban regeneration resources. It argues that housing supply policies for stabilization of the housing market can be smoothly implemented through monopoly projects. This is judged to be an abuse of market dominant position under the Fair Trade Act, and excessive restrictions on pre-sale guarantee requirements may cause delays in business and infringement of property rights of members. First, the establishment of a designation system for market dominant operators of the Fair Trade Commission enables new entry of private guarantee institutions. Second, it is necessary to improve regulations under Article 63 of the Fair Trade Act (consultation on the establishment of laws restricting competition, etc.). Third, through the establishment of the 「Rules on Housing Supply」 under Article 15 (2), the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport can additionally designate a guarantee institution, thereby guaranteeing the right to select a pre-sale guarantee for the business entity. In addition, it is expected that at least one of a number of guarantee insurance companies can be designated to improve the efficiency of the distribution of social benefits, thereby lowering the volatility of housing prices. Listen and suggest.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.140-151
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• 2020

It is important to identify the location of ship hull blocks with exact block identification number when scheduling the shipbuilding process. The wrong information on the location and identification number of some hull block can cause low productivity by spending time to find where the exact hull block is. In order to solve this problem, it is necessary to equip the system to track the location of the blocks and to identify the identification numbers of the blocks automatically. There were a lot of researches of location tracking system for the hull blocks on the stockyard. However there has been no research to identify the hull blocks on the stockyard. This study compares the performance of 5 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models with multi-view image set on the classification of the hull blocks to identify the blocks on the stockyard. The CNN models are open algorithms of ImageNet Large-Scale Visual Recognition Competition (ILSVRC). Four scaled hull block models are used to acquire the images of ship hull blocks. Learning and transfer learning of the CNN models with original training data and augmented data of the original training data were done. 20 tests and predictions in consideration of five CNN models and four cases of training conditions are performed. In order to compare the classification performance of the CNN models, accuracy and average F1-Score from confusion matrix are adopted as the performance measures. As a result of the comparison, Resnet-152v2 model shows the highest accuracy and average F1-Score with full block prediction image set and with cropped block prediction image set.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.580-589
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• 2015

The artificially grown forests of larch, planted in accordance with the nationwide afforestation policy in the 1970s, are located inside national parks. This study intended to induce a forestation system by which the forests develop into an ecologically healthy and broadleaved ecosystem with broad species diversity. For this, the aspects of natural regeneration of broadleaves from 2010 to 2013 after thinning by density (30%, 50%, and 70%) in 2009 were surveyed using the larch forest in the Woljeong Temple region inside Odaesan National Park. There were no trees that were larger than 2 cm in in diameter at breast height among the trees recently introduced between 2012 and 2013. A significant number of herbs have been introduced to the subsurface alongside young arboreal trees species such as Bumalda bladdernut, Acer triflorum, Cornus controversa etc and shrubs. However, many woody species did not survive the competition with herbs and repeated withering and regeneration. The number of woody species generated within the 30% cutting area was 440 species in 2013 and this figure has been increasing twofold each year. The number of woody plants within the 50% cutting area also showed an upward tendency and most plants did not survive in the competition with herbs and Sasa borealis and withered in only 1 ~ 2 years after generation. Unlike other thinning areas, the 70% cutting area showed 608 broadleaved trees, reflecting a decrease from 748 trees in 2012. This appeared to be attributed to the luxuriance of S. borealis and the sharp increase of fatsia following the inflow of total sunlight to the forest floor. Herbs were hardly generated due to the influence of S. borealis. Regarding the density for thinning at 50% or upper height, the forest treatment division shall maintain a proper density in the course of inducing artificial forestation of larch into natural broadleaved forests considering the luxuriance of sasa borealis and herbs due to the inflow of total sunlight to the forest floor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2022

This study has been conducted to investigate the appropriate mixed sowing rates with white clover (Trifolium repens) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) by evaluating initial growth. Six different mixed sowing rates (CT, Control Trifolium repens; CP, Control Poa pratensis; T1P3, Trifolium repens 1 : Poa pratensis 3; T1P2, Trifolium repens 1 : Poa pratensis 2; T1P1, Trifolium repens 1 : Poa pratensis 1; T2P1, Trifolium repens 2 : Poa pratensis 1; T3P1, Trifolium repens 3 : Poa pratensis 1) with three repetitions were implemented in greenhouse experiment plastic pots (50.5 length × 35.0 width × 8.5 cm height). Plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of leaves, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight were measured after a week from the germination for three months. Initial growth of Kentucky bluegrass significantly increased as mixed sowing rates with increasing, while that of white clover kept relatively decreasing than that in Control. Initial growth strongly affected sowing mixed rates by Kentucky bluegrass and not by white clover in this experiment, indicating that grasses played a dominant role during initial growth period. However, seeding rates with white clover will be dependent on the use of a turf and the desired green cover. There remains a need to further study of the mechanisms and dynamics of legume and grass competition to underpin sustainable management practices.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2_spc
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• pp.337-345
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• 2024

Ruminants possess a specialized four-compartment forestomach, consisting of the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and abomasum. The rumen, the primary fermentative chamber, harbours a dynamic ecosystem comprising bacteria, protozoa, fungi, archaea, and bacteriophages. These microorganisms engage in diverse ecological interactions within the rumen microbiome, primarily benefiting the host animal by deriving energy from plant material breakdown. These interactions encompass symbiosis, such as mutualism and commensalism, as well as parasitism, predation, and competition. These ecological interactions are dependent on many factors, including the production of diverse molecules, such as those involved in quorum sensing (QS). QS is a density-dependent signalling mechanism involving the release of autoinducer (AIs) compounds, when cell density increases AIs bind to receptors causing the altered expression of certain genes. These AIs are classified as mainly being N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHL; commonly used by Gram-negative bacteria) or autoinducer-2 based systems (AI-2; used by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria); although other less common AI systems exist. Most of our understanding of QS at a gene-level comes from pure culture in vitro studies using bacterial pathogens, with much being unknown on a commensal bacterial and ecosystem level, especially in the context of the rumen microbiome. A small number of studies have explored QS in the rumen using 'omic' technologies, revealing a prevalence of AI-2 QS systems among rumen bacteria. Nevertheless, the implications of these signalling systems on gene regulation, rumen ecology, and ruminant characteristics are largely uncharted territory. Metatranscriptome data tracking the colonization of perennial ryegrass by rumen microbes suggest that these chemicals may influence transitions in bacterial diversity during colonization. The likelihood of undiscovered chemicals within the rumen microbial arsenal is high, with the identified chemicals representing only the tip of the iceberg. A comprehensive grasp of rumen microbial chemical signalling is crucial for addressing the challenges of food security and climate targets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.35-65
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• 1995

The development of Korean shipping industry is maybe defined into three development stages-industry fixing stage, industry coordinating stage, industry development stage-. The development of shipping industry has been depended on the geovernment/authority role such as shipping policy, system, law, rules and regulations. In 1983, Korean shipping industry reorganization and coordination by shipping authority have made our shipping industry on the stable condition together with each company's efforts. Today's world economic environment such WTO/UR negotiation results get this government role limited. According to the being reduced government role, each company's competitive advantage power becomes more important. Besides, korean shipping industry is exposed into the entire and bitter world competition. In order to win and prevent the world shipping competition, it is necessary to look out the competitive advantage power of Korean shipping industry. The first purpose of this study is the situation analysis for competitive advantage power of Korean shipping industry. The second is to compare with our shipping policies with foreign ones concerned with ship, cargo, crew, tax and others. But in order to compare with foreign shipping, this study need their shipping statistics data, this study has some limit of the foreign data. This study has been carried on the basis of the following items. 1. Shipping environment, 2. Ships and ship acquirement(shipbuilding/purchasing), 3. Oceangoing cargo and ship's stowage rate, 4. Human factor in shipping-crew, 5. The incomes and costs in finacial statements. We have some conclusions as following through the this study. First, Korean shipping industry environment-competitive disadvantage situation- has changed rapidly due to the shipping market opening, free market entering of foreign shipping. Second, Korean shipping is disadvantageous due to the high tax rate and financing conditions in connection with ship acquirement. In order to improve the competitive advantage power, the shipping tax system and ship financing conditions should be reviewed to profitable for owners. Third, but both world and Korean oceangoing cargoes quantity have been increased annualy, Korean ship's cargo stowage rate is being decreased. This is serious situation but Korean shipping take well use of foreign vessel with hire. It is recommended to take use of owner's vessel and hired ones in the long range view, considering the world shipping management. But the number of crew has been decreased by 2, 000~3, 000 annualy, it is desirable that the long sea-experienced crew have been increased. Almost of owners usauly complain the crew cost is the main obstacles to competitive advantage power. Human factor is the most important firm's asset. All owners should pay attention to this though, and invest the proper budget to training, education, welfare as much as possible. In the long run this effects could be feedback to owners. Fifth, We must improve the financial statements structure, that is, the first step is to increase income, the second is to decrease cost, the third is to increase income on the same cost, the fourth is to decrease cost on the same income. It is essential to find out what the urgent investment is and what unnecessary cost is. At last, in order to competite world shipping race, each shipping firm must try for himself to retain the power. The government/authority is no longer dependable. I believe that each firm's power will be the industry's power, the industry's power will be the nations's power.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.528-541
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• 1999

In order to obtain data for developing an ideal science curriculum. four kinds of General Science textbooks based on the 6th curriculum were analyzed. Particularly inquiry activities were analyzed by Scientific Inquiry Evaluation Inventory(SIEI). The results are as follows: 1) The average number of inquiry activities in four kinds of textbooks is 115.5. And the number in each textbook is very diverse: textbook A contains 94 inquiry activities, textbook B 147. textbook C 100 and textbook D 121. 2) As for the number of inquiry activity scopes in four kinds of textbook. observation comes to 22, experiment 117, interpreting data 196, investigation 64, discussion 51, classification 4 and prediction 8. And then the conceptional inquiry activity is about 2.3 times as many as the inquiry experiment. 3) According to the analysis of each inquiry task by SIEI. textbook A has 268, textbook B 328, textbook C 207 and textbook D 304. 4) In the analysis of the structure of inquiry activity, the evaluation of the competition and cooperation scale shows more emphasis on common tasks. no pooled results(87.1 %). The discussion scale mostly consists of activities without discussion required among students(83.5%). The evaluation of openness scale shows more emphasis on activities with problems, procedures and answers presented(58.3%). In the evaluation of inquiry scope scale, the inquiry scope scale mostly has the activities to demonstrate or verify the contents of the text(66.9%). 5) As for the analysis of inquiry activities as a whole. The inquiry pyramid in four kinds of General Science textbooks shows the type I that emphasizes the inquiry activities in low level such as gathering and organizing data. The inquiry index in four kinds of textbooks is average 47.8, shows very high level (above 35).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.178-186
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• 1991

This study was conducted to evaluate the major weeds occurred in direct seeded rice and their compition with rice, and to establish the effective weed control method. The important weeds occurring in dry direct seeded rice were Echinochloa crusgalli, Cyperus amuricus, Rorippa islandica, etc. Among them, Echinochloa crusgalli was the most dominant weed species. In view of the Simpson's dominance index, the maximum number of the weeds was observed at 30 days after seeding, showing 0.26, but decreased as the time passed. In other hand, Simpson's dominance index of weed dry weight increased from 0.09 at 15DAS(days after seeding) to 0.28 at 60DAS indicating that particular weed such as barnyardgrass was dominating the fields. The plant height and the tiller number of rice in the dry direct seeded rice were not greatly affected by the time and duration of competition with weeds, but rice yield was greatly influenced by them. The yield reduction was observed when compition between rice and weeds were initiated at 20 to 40 DAS till the harvesting time. The highest weed control efficacy was observed at the treatment of systematic herbicide application such as soil applied Butachlor followed by Mefenacet/Bensulfuron-methyl/Dymron at 30 DAS after seeding, and soil applied Dimepiperate/Bensulfuron-methyl mixture as a preemergence type gave also an excellent control.