• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.311-321
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• 2016

Chronic or acute alcohol abuse often leads to liver injury associated with alcoholic hepatitis, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. In addition to the liver, alcohol abuse also induces a variety of other tissue injuries including pancreatitis, cardiomyopathy, neurotoxicity and muscle loss. Chronic skeletal muscle myopathy, independent of peripheral neuropathy, is well recognised in alcoholic patients. Several mechanisms may be involved in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy. Ethanol is a potent inhibitor of muscle protein synthesis. Gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles are Type II fiber-predominant and usually considered representative of the musculature as a whole. Whereas, soleus muscle is Type I fiber predominant. Shihosogan-san is a traditional Korean medicine that is widely employed to treat indigestion and liver diseases. Muscle diseases are often related to liver diseases and conditions. We therefore tested the hypothesis that treatment with Shihosogan-san could ameliorate the ethanol-induced changes in muscle protein synthesis. Young male Sprague-Dawley rats were orally given 25% ethanol (5ml/kg, body weight) daily with Ethanol for 28 days. Normal group was similarly administrated with saline. In Shihosogan-san treated group, rats were orally administrated Shihosogan-san extract, and rats of EtOH group were given with the vehicle only. After 4 week, the morphology of gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. For comparative purposes, liver function was also investigated. The muscles from rats of EtOH group displayed a significant reduction in average cross section area compared to Normal group. Shihosogan-san treated group had increased fiber compared to the EtOH group. Moreover, Shihosogan-san treated group compared with EtOH group showed significantly decreased pro-apoptotic BAX expression and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, Shihosogan-san extract showed ameliorating effects on chronic alcohol toxicity in skeletal muscle.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.201-204
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• 2002

The rates of the aminolysis of S-phenyl substituted-acetate series $(RC(=O)SC_6H_4Z$, with R=Me, Et, i-Pr, t-Bu and Bn) with benzylamines $(XC_6H_4CH_2NH_2)$ are not correlated simply with the Taft's polar $({\sigma}^{\ast})$ and/or steric effect constants $(E_s)$ of the substituents due to abnormally enhanced rate of the substrate with R=Et. Furthermore, the cross-interaction constant, ${\rho}x_z$ , is the largest with R=Et. These anomalous behaviors can only be explained by invoking the vicinal bond $({\sigma})$-antibond $({\sigma}^{\ast})$ charge transfer interaction between C-$C{\alpha}$ and C-S bonds. In the tetrahedral zwitterionic intermediate, $T^{\pm}$ , formed with R=Et the vicinal ${\sigma}_{c-c}-{\sigma}^{\ast}_{c-s}$ delocalization is the strongest with an optimum antiperiplanar arrangement and a narrow energy gap, ${\Delta}{\varepsilon}={\varepsilon}_{{\sigma}^{\ast}}-{\varepsilon}_{\sigma}$. Due to this charge transfer interaction, the stability of the intermediate increases (with the concomitant increase in the equilibrium constant K (= $k_a/k_{-a}$)) and also the leaving ability of the thiophenolate leaving group increases (and hence $k_b$ increases) so that the overall rate, $k_n\;=\;Kk_b$, is strongly enhanced. Theoretical support is provided by the natural bond orbital (NBO) analyses at the B3LYP/6-31+$G^{\ast}$ level. The anomaly exhibited by R=Et attests to the stepwise reaction mechanism in which the leaving group departure is rate limiting.

• 한방비만학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.74-82
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• 2018

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Silbi-um (SBU) extract on the alcoholic fatty liver induced by EtOH administration for 8 weeks. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were used. All animals were randomly divided into 3 groups; Normal, EtOH and EtOH+SBU. The rats of EtOH group were daily treated with ethanol of 25% (v/v) for 8 weeks (n=10). EtOH+SBU group was orally treated with SBU water extract after ethanol administration (n=10). The rats of Normal group were treated with saline (n=10). After 8 weeks, the mean body weight, liver weight, and liver-body weight ratio were calculated. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) of all groups were measured. The morphological alterations were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Oil Red O staining. Moreover, the alteration of tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) levels were analyzed immunohistochemistrically. Results: The histological data showed that liver sections from EtOH group displayed severe steatosis. SBU extract significantly inhibited the progression of the alcoholic liver injury. The increased serum level of ALT and AST induced by ethanol administration were decreased by SBU extract. Furthermore, SBU extract significantly decreased the liver concentrations of $TNF-{\alpha}$. Conclusions: SBU water extract attenuated the alcohol induced fatty liver by improving hepatic lipid metabolism via suppression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ protein. SBU could be effective in protecting the liver from alcoholic fatty liver.

• 한국실천공학교육학회논문지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.42-48
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• 2010

이 연구에서는 PBL교육방법 및 교수법의 기초공학에 적용 예제로써 그 핵심 요구사항들인 높은 전공지식(the learner acquisition of critical knowledge), 고도의 문제해결 능력(problem solving proficiency), 학습자 중심의 학습전략 (self-directed learning strategies), 및 집단참여 기술(team participation skills)을 구현하기 위해 ET 헬스기구를 활용하여 물성과 생체 사이의 물리변수의 단위 통일, 실험 데이터의 오차범위 계산, 시스템이 물성과 생체를 포함하는 에너지보존법칙과 운동방정식 유도, 및 데이터의 패턴 해석 능력을 기르도록 하였다. 이 연구에서는 ET 기구가 PBL 교육방법과 교수법을 채택하는 좋은 예제가 될 수 있음을 보여준다. 수업계획은 한 학기용으로 준비되었으며 학습자가 주도적으로 그리고 창의적으로 실험수행을 하고 그 결과를 분석을 하도록 주어진 세 가지 PBL 프로젝트에 대해 얻어진 최종결과는 (1) 집단 A의 문제에 대해 얻어진 운동속도(km/s) 대 에너지 소비량(Cal) 도표의 기울기는 23.5o였으며, (2) 집단 B의 문제에 대해 얻어진 체중감량(kg) 대 에너지 소비량(Cal)의 도표의 각도범위는 15.0o ~ 26.5o 이었고, 마지막으로, (3) 집단 C의 문제에 대해서 운동 거리(km) 대 체중감량(kg) 도표의 각도변화는 51.0o 이였다.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.657-665
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• 2016

A general notion of ${\chi}$-transitive groups was introduced by C. Delizia et al. in [6], where ${\chi}$ is a class of groups. In [5], Ciobanu, Fine and Rosenberger studied the relationship among the notions of conjugately separated abelian, commutative transitive and fully residually ${\chi}$-groups. In this article we study the concept of 2-Engel transitive groups and among other results, its relationship with conjugately separated 2-Engel and fully residually ${\chi}$-groups are established. We also introduce the notion of 2-Engelizer of the element x in G and denote the set of all 2-Engelizers in G by $E^2(G)$. Then we construct the possible values of ${\mid}E^2(G){\mid}$.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2011

Objectives : The present study investigated effects of Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg ethanol extract(EtOH ext). on lowering lipid, anti-oxidation and concentration of plasma inflammatory mediators using rat fed on high oxidized fat. Methods : We divided fat sprague-dawley rats fed on high oxidized into 4 groups. They were normal group, feed with 100 mg/kg Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg group, feed with 200 mg/kg Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg group and feed with 300 mg/kg Artemisia capilaris Thunberg group. They were administered for 4 weeks. We measured concentration of plasma free fatty acid(FFA), plasma triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol, and plasma low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-cholesterol), plasma high density lipoprotein-cholesterol(HDL-cholesterol), concentration of liver total cholesterol and liver triglyceride (TG), concentration of plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS) and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substance(TBARS), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity and catalase(CAT) activity, plasma nitric oxide(NO), ceruloplasmin and ${\alpha}-glycoprotein$. Results : 1. The Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups showed low concentration of plasma FFA, plasma triglyceride, plasma total cholesterol and plasma LDL-cholesterol compared to control group. However, concentration of plasma HDL-cholesterol was increased in the Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups. 2. Concentration of liver total cholesterol and liver TG showed a significantly decrement in all Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups than that of control group. 3. The Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups showed lower values in concentration of plasma TBARS and liver TBARS than that of control group. The values of GSH-Px activity, SOD activity and CAT activity were increased in the Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups. 4. The values of plasma NO, ceruloplasmin and ${\alpha}-glycoprotein$ were decreased in Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. groups. Conclusions : Based on the results in this study, the Artemisia Capillaris Thunberg EtOH ext. showed a positive effect in lowering lipid, anti-oxidation and decrement of plasma inflammatory mediators.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.213-217
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• 1997

Magnesium reduction of Mo(N-C6H3-2,6-i-Pr2)2Cl2(DME) in the presence of trimethylphosphine led to a mixture of Mo(N-C6H3-2,6-i-Pr2)(PMe3)2Cl3, 1, and Mo2(PMe3)4Cl4, 2. In solution 1 is slowly air-oxidized to Mo(N-2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3)(OPMe3)(PMe3)Cl3, 3. 1 is chemically inert to carbon nucleophiles (ZnMe2, ZnEt2, AlMe3, AlEt3, LiCp, NaCp, TlCp, NaCp*, MeMgBr, EtMgBr), oxygen nucleophiles (LiOEt, LiO-i-Pr, LiOPh, LiOSPh), and hydrides (LiBEt3H, LiBEt3D). Crystal data for 1: orthorhombic space group P212121, a=11.312(3) Å, b=11.908(3) Å, c=19.381(6) Å, Z=4, R(wR2)=0.0463 (0.1067). Crystal data for 2: monoclinic space group Cc, a=18.384(3) Å, b=9.181(2) Å, c=19.118(3) Å, b=124.98(1)°, Z=4, R(wR2)=0.0228 (0.0568). Crystal data for 3: orthorhombic space group P212121, a=11.464(1) Å, b=14.081(2) Å, c=16.614(3) Å, Z=4, R(wR2)=0.0394 (0.0923).

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제63권4호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2020

Oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known as an etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Populus tomentiglandulosa (PT), a member of the Salicaceae family, is widely grown in Korea and has been reported to exert protective effects on cerebral ischemia by attenuating of oxidative stress and neuronal damage. In the present study, we investigated the antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects of an ethanol extract and four fractions [n-butanol, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), chloroform, and n-hexane] of PT under in vitro and cellular systems. The extract and four fractions of PT showed 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), •OH, and O2- radical scavenging activities in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, the EtOAc fraction of PT had the strongest DPPH, •OH, and O2- radical scavenging activities among the extract and other fractions. Therefore, we further investigated the neuroprotective effect of the EtOAc fraction of PT against oxidative stress in H2O2-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Treatment with H2O2 significantly decreased cell viability and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and it also increased the ROS levels compared to the normal group. However, treatment with the EtOAc fraction of PT significantly increased cell viability. Moreover, the EtOAc fraction of PT-treated group significantly suppressed ROS production and LDH release compared to the H2O2-induced control group. In conclusion, our findings indicated that PT had in vitro antioxidant activity and neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress. Therefore, PT could be used as a natural agent for protection against oxidative stress.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 2010

목적: 본 연구에서는 10개 이하의 2PN 접합자를 얻은 환자군에서 전핵 단계 배아의 동결보관이 누적 분만율을 증가시키는 지를 살펴보고자 하였다. 연구방법: 2003년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 제일병원 아이소망센터를 내원하여 과배란 유도에 의해 체외수정 및 배아이식술을 시행한 주기를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 일반적 체외수정법 또는 세포질내 정자주입술을 이용하여 수정을 시도한 후 20~22시간에 8개의 수정란을 확인하거나, 또는 전핵이 1개만 보이는 접합자와 발달지연 배아를 포함하여 수정란이 10개 미만인 138주기의 체외수정 및 배아이식 주기를 대상으로 분석하였다. 분석대상을 두 군으로 나누었으며 그룹 I (n=86)은 배아의 동결 없이 모든 수정란을 배양하여 3일째 이식한 군으로 하였으며, 그룹 II (n=52)는 전핵 시기에 일부 수정란을 동결하고 나머지를 배양하여 3일째 이식한 군으로 분류하였다. 두 군간 신선배아 이식주기와 그 다음 동결-해동 이식주기 후의 임상적 임신율과 누적 임신율을 각각 비교하였다. 결과: 비교 대상군 사이에 여성의 평균 나이, 획득 난자의 수 및 수정란의 수에서는 통계적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 배양된 배아의 수는 그룹 II ($5.2{\pm}0.5$)가 그룹 I $8.4{\pm}0.7$)에 비하여 유의하게 적었다 (p<0.01). 또한 이식한 배아의 수 역시 그룹 II ($3.3{\pm}0.6$)가 그룹 I ($3.6{\pm}0.6$)에 비하여 통계적으로 유의하게 적었다 (p<0.01). 신선주기 배아이식에서 ${\beta}$-hCG 양성을 보인 환자 수와 분만을 한 환자의 수는 그룹 I이 그룹 II에 비하여 약간 높은 양상을 보였다 (51.2 vs. 46.2% and 41.9 vs. 34.6%). 동결-해동 배아이식 후 누적 분만율을 비교하였을 때 그룹 I (48.8%)과 그룹 II (50.0%)에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 관찰할 수 없었다. 결론: 적은 수의 수정란을 얻은 환자군에서 일부 전핵 단계에서의 동결보관이 누적 분만율을 향상 시키는 효과를 확인할 수 없었다. 그러나 일부 수정란의 동결보관은 해당 신선주기에서 임신에 실패하였을 경우 환자에게 추가적인 배아이식 기회를 제공해 줄 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.182-195
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• 2001

연구배경 : IPF에 의한 유병률과 사망률은 점차 증가하는 추세이나 좋은 치료는 없는 상태이다. 폐 섬유화 과정에서 TGF-${\beta}_1$, TNF-$\alpha$, ET-1, IFN-$\gamma$등의 사이토카인이 중요한 역할을 함이 알려져 있다. 본 실험은 파라콰트를 기관지 내로 주입하여 섬유화가 유발되는 과정의 백서의 폐 조직 내에서 ET-1과 TGF-${\beta}_1$의 발현을 살펴보고, 또한 비선택적 ET-1 receptor blocker인 Bosentan이 폐 섬유화의 치료에 효과가 있는지를 보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 웅성 7-8 주령의 백서 120 마리를 세 그룹으로 나누고 제 1그룹은 대조군으로 하여 기관지 내로 생리 식염수를 투여하였고, 제2그룹은 파라콰트를 투여하였으며, 제3그룹은 첫날 파라콰트를 투여한 후 매일 gastric gavage 방법으로 보센탄을 투여하였다. 파라콰트 혹은 생리식염수를 투여한 지 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14일째 각각 세 그룹의 일정 수를 희생하여 폐의 병리조직을 보고 면역세포화학염색으로 ET-1과 TGF-${\beta}_1$의 발현 율을 조사하여 분석하였다. 폐 섬유화의 정도는 H&E 염색과 Masson trichrome 염색을 하여 컴퓨터 영상분석을 시행하였고, 면역세포화학염색은 염색정도에 따라 반정량화하여 분석하였다. 결 과 : 파라콰트를 투여한 군이 대조군에 비해 콜라겐의 침착이 실험 3일째부터 현저히 증가하였고, ET-1과 TGF-${\beta}_1$의 발현이 주로 실험 초기에 증가하였다. 그러나 보센탄을 투여한 경우 콜라겐이 침착된 양에는 유의한 변화가 없었고 파라콰트군과 비교해서 ET-1과 TGF-${\beta}_1$의 발현에 뚜렷한 변화는 없었다. 결 론: 파라콰트를 투여한 경우 폐 섬유화가 증가하였다. 그리고 ET-1과 TGF-${\beta}_1$의 발현이 증가하였다. 그러나 ET-1 에 대한 receptor blocker인 보센탄이 폐 섬유화를 막지는 못하였다. 파라콰트에 의한 폐 섬유화에 ET-1이 연관성이 있으나 그 역할에 대해서는 추후 더 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.