• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.8
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• pp.83-93
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to present emergency rehabilitation, cause and the countermeasure of reinforcement about reinforced retaining wall and the slope collapse of the phyllite ground. The study area is broken easily because this area has rock mass discontinuity such as stratification, foliation, joint and fold. And this area consists of the ground where it happens easily to the failure of structure like reinforced retaining wall because of the phyllite ground sensitive to weathering. Counterweight fill in front of reinforced retaining wall was performed as emergency rehabilitation about displacement of reinforced retaining wall and the failure at the rear of slope on phyllite ground. After that, additional displacement didn't occur. Boring and geophysical exploration were launched to present emergency rehabilitation and develop the long-term method of reinforcement. This could grasp anticipated range of the failure section and identify internal and external factors of the cause of the slope collapse. Several methods of reinforcement were suggested by conducting the numerical analysis. When conducting design and construction of major structures at the ground which has complex discontinuities, the precise site investigation should be conducted. During construction, immediate action for over-displacement should be taken by performing the periodic measurement.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.163-172
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• 2004

Mast cells (MCs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis. However, the role of MC in the development of liver fibrosis has not been fully elucidated. Stem cell factor (SCF) is known to recruit MCs to the liver following injury as it induces mast cell proliferation, survival and differentiation from resident tissue precursors. This study examines the interaction between activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and MCs in rat fibrotic liver, and SCF production by HSCs during culture in vitro. Rats were studied 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after bile duct ligation (BDL). Fibrogenesis was assessed by a measurement of collagen stained with sirius red F3B. Activated HSCs and MCs were identified by ${\alpha}$-smooth muscle actin (${\alpha}-SMA$) immunohistochemical and alcian blue staining and measured by a computerized image analysis system. SCF production was determined in rat HSC cultures using Western blotting. Mild fibrotic changes were noted in BDL rat livers as early as 4 days after induction of cholestasis. Significant expansion and organization of fibrous tissue has occurred in day 14 BDL rats which progressed to bridging fibrosis by day 21. In BDL rats, both a large number of activated HSCs and MCs were detected in portal tracts and fibrous septa. Both area of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were significantly higher in all BDL group compared with Shams. In BDL rats, both areas of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were no significant difference between day 4 and 7 and were significantly higher in day 14. However, the areas of activated HSCs infiltration were significantly lesser in day 21 and the densities of MCs were significantly higher in day 21 compared with day14 BDL. In BDL rats, both areas of activated HSCs infiltration and density of MCs were highly correlated with areas of fibrosis. Western blotting showed that SCF protein was consistently produced in activated HSCs by culture on plastic and freshly isolated HSCs expressed relatively little 30kD SCF compared to late primary culture activated HSCs (day 14) and passaged HSCs. These results suggest that HSCs activated in vitro produce SCF, and may play an important role in recruiting mast cells to the liver during injury and fibrosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.3 s.70
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• pp.352-358
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of various exercise intensity on Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR), excess post exercise energy expenditure (EPEE), and thyroid hormonal changes in trained (TR) and untrained (UT) people. The subject of the present study were divided into two groups and four periods: trained (TR; n=6) and untrained (UT; n=6) group. And the periods were divided as follows; Resting (R), Maximal (M), High intensity (H), and Low intensity (L). The percent body fat and RMR of all subjects were measured at every periods. The RMR was measured early in the morning following a 12-hour fast using MMX3B gas analyzer and blood sample were collected from the anticubital vein to investigate thyroid hormonal (T3, T4, Free T3, Free T4, & TSH) changes. All the RMR values were expressed as absolute value/BSA $(kcal/d/m^2)$. And We also analyzed mean energy expenditure for 30 minutes during and after different intensity exercise. There was significant difference in RMR among different intensity of exercise. in TR (p < .05) not in the UT group. however, there was no significant different percent body fat in TR and in UT group. In the energy expenditure, there was significant different between TR and UT in HEE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure), LEE (low intensity exercise energy expenditure), HEEPE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure post exercise) & LEEPE (low intensity exercise expenditure post exercise). In the hormonal level, there was significant different in T4 level in the TR group at H period and in T4, Free T3, & Free T4 levels in TR group at L period, however there was no significant different in the UT group. The present cross-sectional study was design to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and RMR. The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (TR) and untrained (VI). The relationship among RMR, exercise intensity and percent body fat would best be investigated using MMX3B and body composition analyzer. Each subject completed measurement of percent body fat, RMR, hormone in the period of maximal oxygen uptake exercise (M), high intensity exercise (H), and low intensity exercise (L). From the results, Low intensity of exercise (L), there was a trend for an increased RMR (kcal/day) in the TR not for the UT. This is best explained not by the reduced percent body fat but by the highly induced energy expenditure (during exercise and post exercise energy expenditure) and increased T4, Free T3, and Free T4 hormonal levels in the low intensity exercise for the TR group.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.688-696
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fluid balance of the patients who were either on soft fluid diet or total parenteral nutrition. We studied 19 patients with neurologic disorders and 22 patients with oromaxillary surgery who were admitted to either D university hospital in Choognam or S general hospital in Seoul between May and November 1995. The mean age for the patients who had oromaxillary surgery was 24 years and their average hospital stay was 9 days. The mean age of the patients with neurologic disorders was 54 years and they were bedridden for average of 71 days. For the maxillary bone surgery patients we did not limit the range of their activities in the ward during data collection period. The patients with neurological disorders were bedridden and did not move around the ward. They were all either on soft fluid diet, or total parenteral nutrition. The findings of this study are as follows ; 1) The difference of the triceps skinfold thickness between the baseline and the final measurement was 0.4cm for neurologic patient group and 0.5cm for oromaxillary surgery patient group. The difference was not statistically significant in each group. 2) In the oromaxillary surgery patient group, the daily intake of fluid in the form of pure water, other beverages, fluid diet as well as IV fluid was 4581m1 while urine output was 2979ml. The difference between fluid intake and output was statistically significant, indicating that fluid intake was far more than urine output. In neurologic patient group, the daily intake of fluid including water from fluid diet and IV fluid was 2701m1 whereas urine output was 2253m1 and they were statistically significant. 3) For a more accurate assessment we adjusted the fluid balance based on weight changes during data collection period. In the oromaxillary surgery patient group. the difference between fluid intake and output was 1238m1 after weight changes being adjusted. The difference was statistically significant, suggesting fluid overload in this patient group. In neurologic patient group, the difference between fluid intake and output considering weight changes was 124ml. The difference was not statistically significant, suggesting that the fluid intake and output was well balanced in this patient group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 2007

Statement of problem. The effect of gold electroforming on gold alloy was not studied. Purpose. This in vitro study investigate the effect of gold electroforming on gold-silver-palladium alloy. Material and methods. Three pieces of gold strips had undergone the electroforming procedures on one side and then half of the side again electroformed. The set mode for this study was program 1 ($200{\mu}m$). And the processing time was 15min (1/20 time to form $200{\mu}m$ coping). The confocal laser scanning microscope (PASCAL 5, Carl Zeiss, Bernried, Germany) was used to measure the thickness of the pure gold layer electroformed on the gold strips. Half of the gold strip was coated two times with electroformed gold, and the other half one time. The data from the cone focal laser system was processed to get the vertical profile of the strips and the difference of the vertical height between the double coated and single coated layer was regarded as the thickness of the gold coating. The layer thickness value to built 3D image of the cone-focal laser was set $0.5{\mu}m$. Next to the measurement of the thickness of the coating, the Vicker's hardness test was done. It was performed on the double coated surface, single coated surface and non-coated surface (back side) three times each. Results. The mean thickness value gained from gold electroforming technique was measured to be $22{\mu}m$ for sample 1, $23{\mu}m$ for sample 2, $21{\mu}m$ for sample 3. In the same condition of time, power and the amount of electrolyte, the data showed no difference between samples. According to the results of variance analysis, the differences among the variations in number of coating were statistically insignificant (p>0.05), meaning that the two times of gold electroforming coating did not change the hardness of gold-silver-palladium alloy. Conclusion. The test of thickness of gold coating proved the coherency of the gold electroforming procedure, in other words, when the power, the exposed surface area, processing time and the amount of electrolytes were set same, the same thickness of gold would be coated on. The hardness test showed that the electroformed gold coating did not change the hardness of the gold-silver-palladium alloy when it is coated not more than $45{\mu}m$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.139-141
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• 2005

이번 실험에서는 변방전형 교류 PDP에서의 3차원적인 전자온도와 이온밀도의 측정을 마이크로 랑뮈르 탐침법을 통해 실험적으로 연구하였다. 스테핑 모터에 연결된 마이크로 랑뮈르 탐침은 20um씩 움직이며 탐침에 인가하는 플러스와 마이너스의 직류전압을 통해 I-V곡선을 구할 수 있고 이를 통해서 전자온도와 플라스마 밀도를 구할 수 있다. Ne+Xe(4%) 200Torr의 혼합가스에서 전극의 테두리를 따라(X축) 전자온도 및 플라스마 밀도를 측정한 결과 중앙지점에서와 전극의 경계지역에서 이온밀도는 $7.69{\sim}11.1{\times}10^{11}cm^{-3}$ 까지 측정되었다. 또한 전자온도는 플라스마 밀도와 균형적인 관계에 있다는 것은 주목할 만하다. 전자온도는 전극 사이의 중심에서 가장 적게 1.3 ~ 3.15eV까지 측정되었다. Y축으로 측정했을 경우 이온 밀도와 전자온도는 전극 갭 중앙에서부터 약 80um 떨어진 지점에서 서로 교차하며 증가 및 감소였으며 이온밀도는 $8.3{\sim}11.1{\times}10^{11}cm^{-3}$로 측정되었고 전자온도는 이와 균형적인 관계를 가지고 1.2~1.6eV로 측정되었다. 또한 이러한 특성은 AC PDP 에서 나타나는 줄무늬 현상과 관련이 있는 것으로 보인다. Z축으로 측정했을 경우 약 125um높이에서 가장 높게 측정되었으며 $1.1{\times}10^{12}cm^{-3}$정도로 측정되었다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.545-549
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• 2010

Low-frequency noise (1/f noise) has been measured in order to analyze the Vth instability of ZnO TFTs having two different active layer thicknesses of 40 nm and 80 nm. Under electrical stress, it was found that the TFTs with the active layer thickness of 80 nm shows smaller threshold voltage shift (${\Delta}V_{th}$) than those with thickness of 40 nm. However the ${\Delta}V_{th}$ is completely relaxed after the removal of DC stress. In order to investigate the cause of this threshold voltage instability, we accomplished the 1/f noise measurement and found that ZnO TFTs exposed the mobility fluctuation properties, in which the noise level increases as the gate bias rises and the normalized drain current noise level($S_{ID}/{I_D}^2$) of the active layer of thickness 80 nm is smaller than that of active layer thickness of thickness 40 nm. This result means that the 80 nm thickness TFTs have a smaller density of traps. This result correlated with the physical characteristics analysis performmed using XRD, which indicated that the grain size increases when the active layer thickness is made thicker. Consequently, the number of preexisting traps in the device increases with decreasing thickness of the active layer and are related closely to the $V_{th}$ instability under electrical stress.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.594-601
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• 2011

Purpose: The frontal sinuses are a pair of triangularly shaped, air-filled chambers lined by mucoperiosteum and located between the inner and outer tables of the frontal bone. Until recently, our understanding of gender variations in craniofacial anatomy has been chiefly built upon anthropometric studies, which typically employ facial surface measurements or plain film radiography. The aim of this study i to determine the sizes of the frontal sinus in both sexes in Koreans. Methods: 95 Korean subjects who underwent maxillofacial 3-Dimensional computed tomography (CT) between January 2009 and December 2009 were enrolled. Frontal sinus dimensions and forehead measurements were taken at midline and at 10, 20, and 30 mm to the left and right of midline using sagittal, coronal, and axial images. The data was analyzed for significant differences between measurements made at the selected points in the frontal sinus, for left to right variations, for gender variations, and for racial differences. Results: The mean thickness of the anterior table ranged from 2.31 to 3.23 mm. Mean anteroposterior depth of the frontal sinus ranged from 7.38 to 9.45 mm and did not vary significantly at any distance from midline. Frontal sinus height was greatest at midline (mean=29.24 mm) and progressively lessened at lateral distances. Mean total width at the level of the supraorbital ridge was 53.66 mm. For all measurements, no significant left to right variation was noted. Comparing the sexes, males were found to have greater dimensions in most frontal sinus measurements, though these differences were only found to be significant at or close to midline. The male forehead was marked by more acute nasofrontal angle ($133.3^{\circ}$ versus $141.6^{\circ}$) and a steeper posterior forehead inclination ($14.9^{\circ}$ versus $7.7^{\circ}$). Conclusion: Using CT imaging, forehead and frontal sinus dimensions have been described. Generally, males had larger overall frontal sinus dimensions. And Korean had similar sized frontal sinus to Caucasian in height and width. But in AP distance Korean had lesser measurement. The result of this study may be helpful in the comprehension of normal size of frontal sinus in Korean.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.139-146
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the necessity of safety awareness and education regarding the use of laboratories, and to foster safety awareness during intramural and extracurricular activities in high schools. The study conducted a questionnaire to 290 eleventh grade students of three high schools located in Seoul. The collected data were statistically analyzed. The result illustrates that 64.8% of students have experienced safety education during a regular class, 6.6% have experienced accidents, and 68.0% have experienced safety education during field activities. The result concludes that there is a lack of prior safety education as well as overall low awareness on the necessity of safety education. In particular, students who have experienced safety education recognizes the necessity of emergency education regarding laboratory accident more than those who did not receive such education. Thus, a systematic management of laboratory safety education and multilateral management measures for students' safety are required. There is a relatively high correlation between safety intention of R&D and Education factors and Community and Laboratory Safety Education. As much as there is a high safety demand regarding the laboratory instruments and experiment, it shows high intention of safety lab operation as well as count measurement of lab accident. This study recommends developing a laboratory safety education program and management methods appropriate for high school students.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.617-623
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• 2012

This study was performed to measure the accuracy of different gypsum materials by a white light dental scanner. A master model with the prepared lower full arch tooth was used. The type IV and scannable stone were used for 20 stone casts (10 casts each) duplicated a master model of mandible. The distance between the reference points were measured and analyzed by the Delcam $Copycad^{(R)}$ (Delcam Plc, UK) 3D graphic software. The t-student test for paired samples were used for statistical analysis. The mean differences to master model for type IV stone and scannable stone model were 0.29~0.56 mm, and 0.17~0.35 mm, respectively. There were statistical differences in dimensional accuracy for full arch impression between the master model and type IV/scannable stone (p<0.05). Two different gypsum materials showed clinically acceptable accuracies of full arch digital impression produced by them. Besides, in both gypsum materials, the differences to the master model detected appear to provide enough accuracy for clinical application.