• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2018

Marine casualties of small fishing vessels (SFV) of less than 20 tons are frequent in Korea. The analysis was conducted to identify the cause and then prepared reduction plan using the marine casualty statistics of fishing vessels for the last five years from 2012 to 2016 by the Korean Maritime Safety Tribunal to reduce the marine casualties of SFV. According to the analysis of the type of whole vessels occurring marine casualty, fishing vessels accounted for an average 68.0 %; moreover, except for 2014 when M/V SEWOL ferry capsizing occurred, the rate of death and missing due to marine casualties occurred from 68.3 % to 91.2 % in fishing vessels, and an average 79.5 % was found to be urgent need of a measure. Marine casualties occurrence depending on the gross tonnage of fishing vessel was found that the most occurred at less than 5 tons, followed by the order of 5 to 10 tons or less. However, crews who boarded on SFV do not have any training program for them, except for the fishing safety training of fisher who carry out fishing for shipowners and crew of the coastal and offshore fishing vessel in accordance with the safety regulations for fishing vessels in the Fisheries Cooperative Association. Therefore, it is necessary to revise the training program so as to improve the preventive action and then emergency response including the fishing safety compliance with each fishery, safe navigation, machinery inspection and emergency response. Also, an SFV of less than 5 tons of 56,000 vessels is boarded by unqualified fishers. It would also be possible to consider subdividing small boat operator's certificate to enhance their qualifications. It is expected that marine casualties of SFV will be reduced if active efforts are made to improve the safety consciousness of fisher and shipowners as well as the reorganization of fishing safety training and the small boat operator's certificate system.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.625-632
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• 2009

This study determined the effects of added buckwheat extract on the rate of corn starch hydrolysis in vitro as well as blood glucose responses through its supplementation in healthy subjects. The rate of corn starch hydrolysis in the presence or absence of various buckwheat extracts was determined in an in vitro enzyme/dialysis system for 2 hr. The buckwheat was extracted by water, ethanol(40%, 70%, 100%) and methanol(40%, 70%, 100%), respectively. Twenty percent(w/w) additions of the ethanol, methanol and water buckwheat extract to corn starch solution significantly reduced the starch hydrolysis at every minute for 2 hr(p<0.05). The calculated hydrolysis indices of the buckwheat extracts were in the order of 100% ethanol extract(50), 100% methanol(54), 40% ethanol(58), 40% methanol(62), 70% methanol(64), 70% ethanol(68), water (82). For the blood glucose response study, groups of 12 volunteers were given 50 g of boiled rice with or without buckwheat extract(10% and 20% of starch weight) using the 100%, 70%, and 40% ethanol extracts, respectively. The addition of each buckwheat ethanol extract significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations at three or more points during 2 hr and also reduced the mean peak rise and area under the blood glucose curve(p<0.05). The calculated glycemic index(GI) values for all ethanol buckwheat extract groups were significantly decreased compared to the control(rice). At the concentrations of 20%, the buckwheat 100% ethanol extracts lowered the GI by 68%. The 100% ethanol extract was more effective than the 70% and 40% extracts for reducing GI. Therefore, the 100% ethanol buckwheat extract would be the most therapeutically useful in modifying postprandial hyperglycemia.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.791-798
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• 1994

Ohmic heating is a food processing operation in which heat is internally generated within foods by the passage of alternating electric current. The process enables highly viscous paste foods such as Kochujang, and fermented soybean paste to be heated very fast. In order to develope the novel pasteurization process of paste foods, static Ohmic heating system was built, and heating characteristic during Ohmic heating under various conditions were studied. Electric conductivities of Kochujang and fermented soybean paste at room temperature were 1.865 S/m and 2.510 S/m, respectively and increased linearly with increasing temperature. Specific heating rate was highly dependent on the frequency. The highest heating rate was achieved at 5 KHz for Kochujang and 20 KHz for fermented soybean paste. Uniform heating throughout the sample was achieved during Ohmic heating with low frequency electrical currents, however above 5 KHz frequency, surface temperature was several degrees higher than the bulk.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1984

The major findings of this investigation on radiographic works in 125 medical institutions around Seoul and Kyung-Ki area, from March 1983 to February 1984, are summarized as follows. 1. The number of references provided on radiographic techniques were 3 to 5 in general hospitals (52.1%), in hospitals (58.5%), and clinics (44.5%), and only the 10.4% of general hospitals had 11 or more. 2. The relatively high percentages of 75.0% of general hospitals and 68.3% of hospitals have established the standardized radiographic methods for regions examined, but most clinics (61.1%) have not. 3. As a log system for the radiographic request, the method of "routine study, or all the x-ray examinations are marked as 0 on a printed form" was most commonly used by general hospitals (62.5%) and hospitals (51.2%), and "the doctors employ their own methods" in most clinics (44.6%). 4. In the 85.4% of general hospitals, the 68.3% of hospitals and the 38.9% of clinics, the data such as diagnosis, clinic history, purpose of x-ray examination were recorded on a radiographic request at all times, or at least in part. 5. On a scale of hardness and easiness of order of doctors, the greatest response was "fairly easy to understand", and the 37.5% of general hospitals responded as "sometimes hard". 6. In determining the standards for radiographic factors, the general hospitals (62.5%) and hospitals (65.9%) adapted mostly "a departmental check list", and the clinics (61.1%) used mainly "a personal decision". 7. In using the immobilizing devices, angligner, and radiographic accessories, the Percentages were high in general hospitals and hospitals on the one hand, and were low in clinics on the other. 8. A consideration with regard to the devices for an improvement of examination of the same patients was totally ignored by the 50.0% of clinics, the 26.8% of hospitals and the 20.8% of general hospitals. 9. The causes of re-examination were due largely to patients (33.6%), and followed proportionately by incorrect exposure (22.8%), errors in positioning (22.0%), film processing faults (9.2%), conditions of x-ray equipments (8.8%), and quality of x-ray films (3.6%). 10. The conference on radiography was conducted regularly or irregularly by the 87.5% of general hospitals, the 56.1% of hospitals, and the 27.7% of clinics, and the meeting was proceeded only by radiologic technologists.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2009

The occurrence of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), chemicals that interfere with human hormone system, are increasing in the freshwater, waste water and subsurface as well. In this study, we determined the reactivity of three EDCs in the presence of birnessite. In aqueous phase, bisphenol A, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 17${\beta}$-estradiol, which possesses phenoxy-OH, were very rapidly transformed by birnessite: up to 99% of initial concentrations (50 mg/L for bisphenol A, 100mg/L for 2,4-dichlorophenol, and 1.5mg/L for 17${\beta}$-estradiol) were destroyed within 60 minutes. Especially, bisphenol A was the most reactive chemical, disappearing by 99% in a few minutes. The reaction occurred on the surface of birnessite, showing a linear increase of first-order kinetic constants with the increase of the surface area of birnessite. In soil slurry phase, the reactivity of birnessiteto EDCs was faster than in aqueous phase probably due to the cross coupling reaction of phenoxy radicals with soil organic matter. Considering the rapid transformation of the EDCs in the both phases, this oxidative cross coupling reaction mediated by birnessite would be an effective solution for the remediation of EDCs in environmental media, especially in soil.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.112-127
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• 1987

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission function disorder characterized by fatigue and weakness of voluntary muscles. This muscular weakness is intensified by activity and stress, and improved by the use of anticholinesterase compounds. It was initially described by Erb in 1879 and later named myasthenia gravis by Jolly in 1895. Although the pathogenesis is Known to be an autoimmune related reduction in the number of available acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions, the role of thymus in myasthenia gravis is still unclear and under investigation. Thymectomy in the management of myasthenia gravis has become increasingly important since Dr. Blalock observed in 1939 that some patients with thymic tumors and myasthenia gravis improved following thymectomy. A clinical study of 102 cases of myasthenia gravis was performed at Yonsei University College of Medicine. Seoul, Korea from Jan. 1976 to Jun. 1986. In order to determine which factors are of prognostic significance, attention is focused upon pre-operative patient evaluation, problems in operative and post-operative care, and long-term follow-up observations. The results were as follows: 1. The sex distribution was 67 females and 35 males, the mean age of onset was 28.95*1.69 years, and the maximal incidence occurred between 21 and 40 years of age [56 cases: 54.9%]. 2. Clinical manifestations of ocular symptoms were seen to 70 patients [68.6%] extremities weakness in 33 [32.3%], bulbar weakness in 29 [28.4%], and dyspnea in 13 [12.7%]. 3. Study cases more than two thirds were classified as mild types [MG 1 and MG 11A] and 6 cases as grave [MG 1V] based on the modified Osserman`s classification system, 4. Thymectomy was performed in 19 cases which presented in severe myasthenia symptoms and showed no improvement with cholinergic drugs. Histologic examination of the excised thymus glands revealed no abnormalities in 4 cases, thymic hyperplasia in 5, benign thymoma in 5, and malignant thymoma in 5. 5. Immediate post-operative complications included 2 cases of pneumothorax which were treated by tube thoracostomies, there was no operative mortality. 6. The response to cholinergic drugs in 36 cases younger than 20 years old and in 27 cases older than 40 years was relatively poor, while that in 35 cases between the ages of 21 and 40 years old was good. 7. Thirty of 39 cases in groups IIB, III & IV improved markedly with medical or surgical management while only 16 of 59 cases in the mild groups [I and IIA] improved, almost all surgical cases improved in all categories. 8. There were 5 deaths. occurring between 7 months and 3 years 3 months of treatment of myasthenia gravis. The causes of death were myasthenic crisis in 2 cases, respiratory failure due to candidiasis & radiation pneumonitis in one case, cerebral hemorrhage due to high blood pressure in two case.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.35-69
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• 1995

The managerial environment of hospitals in Korea characterized by low levels of medical insurance fees is worsening by increasing government regulations as to the utilization of medical services, rising costs of labor, material, and medical equipments, growing patient expectations concerning the quality of services, and escalating competitions among large hospitals in the market. Hospitals should seek for their survival strategies in this harsh environment and they should have information about costs of their products in doing so. However, it has not been available due to the complexity of the production process of hospital services. The objectives of this study were to develop a service-based cost accounting model and to apply the developed model to a study hospital to obtain cost information of hospital services. A model commonly used for the job-order product cost accounting in the manufacturing industry was modified for the use in hospitals in Korea. Actual costs, instead of standard costs, incurred to produce a unit of services during a given period of time were estimated in the model. Data required to implement the model included financial information, statistics for the allocation of supportive cost center costs to final cost centers, statistics for the allocation of final cost center costs to services, and the volume of each services charged to patients during a study period. The model was executed using data of a university teaching hospital located in Seoul for the fiscal year 1992. Data for financial information, allocation statistics fo supportive service costs, and the volume of services, most of them in electronic form, were available to the study. Data for allocation statistics of final cost center costs were collected in the study. There were 15 types of evaluation and management service, 2, 923 types of technical service, and 2, 608 types of drug and material service charged to patients in the study hospital during the fiscal year 1992. Labor costs of each of seven types of pesonnel, material costs of 611 types of drugs and materials, and depreciation costs of 212 types of medical equipments, miscellaneous costs, and indirect costs incurred in producing a unit of each services were estimated. Medical insurance fees for basic services such as evaluation and management of inpatients and outpatients, injection, and filling prescriptions, and for operating procedures were found to be set lower than costs. Infrequent services which use expensive medical equipments showed negative revenuse as well. On the other hand, fees for services not covered by the insurance such as CT, MRI and Sonogram, and for laboratory tests were higher than costs. This study has a significance in making it possible for a hospital to obtain cost information for all types of services which produced income based on all types of expenses incurred during a given period of time. This information can assist the management of a hospital in finding an effective cost reduction strategy, an efficient service-mix strategy under a given fee structure, and an optimum strategy for within-hospital resource allocations.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.656-663
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• 2010

In order to improve the consumer acceptance of fragrant yellow hybrids of $Phalaenopsis$ ($Phal.$), crosses between yellow hybrid varieties were made and the obtained hybrids were investigated for horticultural characteristics as well as difference in fragrance patterns. Cross combination of $Phal.$ Brother lawrence and $Phal.$ Brother saragold yielded good seedling population of 500 plants. Segregation was noticed in color density, spot and stripe patterns on yellow color base of petal and also in fragrance. Six lines with multi-branch on flower stalk and strong fragrance flower were finally selected. Volatile fragrance components were compared among $Phal.$ Brother lawrence, $Phal.$ Brother saragold and their hybrids by GC/SAW electronic nose. In the derivative pattern of chromatogram and polar derivative pattern of fragrance, similar dominant peaks appeared on retention time 7-9 s and some hybrid lines had two strong peaks on retention time 20-25 s, respectively. Also in polar frequency pattern of fragrance obtained by $VaporPrint^{TM}$ image analysis among parent flowers and hybrids, an identical strong peak near 8 s of retention time was shown. This single fragrance component is considered a key element of fragrance in $Phal.$ Brother lawrence, $Phal.$ Brother saragold and their hybrids. This peak could be used as a marker for the breeding of fragrance in $Phalaenopsis$.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.173-180
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• 2017

In this study, air sampling locations in the stack of the Advanced Fuel Science Building (AFSB) at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) were assessed according to the ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 specification. The velocity profile, flow angle and $10{\mu}m$ aerosol particle profile at the cross-section as functions of stack height L and stack diameter D (L/D) were assessed according to the sampling location criteria using COMSOL. The criteria for the velocity profile were found to be met at 5 L/D or more for the height, and the criteria for the average flow angle were met at all locations through this assessment. The criteria for the particle profile were met at 5 L/D and 9 L/D. However, the particle profile at the cross-section of each sampling location was found to be non-uniform. In order to establish uniformity of the particle profile, a static mixer and a perimeter ring were modeled, after which the degrees of effectiveness of these components were compared. Modeling using the static mixer indicated that the sampling locations that met the criteria for the particle profile were 5-10 L/D. When modeling using the perimeter ring, the sampling locations that met the criteria for particle profile were 5 L/D and 7-10 L/D. The criteria for the velocity profile and the average flow angle were also met at the sampling locations that met the criteria for the particle profile. The methodologies used in this study can also be applied during assessments of air sampling locations when monitoring stacks at new nuclear facilities as well as existing nuclear facilities.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.175-183
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• 2013

For the optimal design of the vehicle electric system, it is important to have a reliable modeling tool to predict the dynamic behavior of the automotive battery. In this work, a one-dimensional modeling was carried-out to predict the dynamic behaviors of a 12-V automotive lead-acid battery. The model accounted for electrochemical kinetics and ionic mass transfer in a battery cell. In order to validate the modeling, modeling results were compared with the experiment data of the dynamic behaviors of the lead-acid batteries of two different capacities that were mounted on the automobiles manufactured by Hyundai Motor Company. The discharge behaviors were measured with various discharge rates of C/3, C/5, C/10, C/20 and combination. And dynamic behaviors of charge and discharge were measured. The voltage curves from the experiment and simulation were in good agreement. Based on the modeling, the distributions of the electrical potentials of the solid and solution phases, and the current density within the electrodes could be predicted as a function of charge and discharge time.