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Glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes

  • Lee, Seungah;Lee, Dong Yun
    • Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism
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    • v.22 no.1
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    • pp.15-26
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    • 2017
  • The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is increasing worldwide. Patients with T2D suffer from various diabetes-related complications. Since there are many patients with T2D that cannot be controlled by previously developed drugs, it has been necessary to develop new drugs, one of which is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) based therapy. GLP-1 has been shown to ameliorate diabetes-related conditions by augmenting pancreatic ${\beta}-cell$ insulin secretion and having the low risk of causing hypoglycemia. Because of a very short half-life of GLP-1, many researches have been focused on the development of GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists with long half-lives such as exenatide and dulaglutide. Now GLP-1R agonists have a variety of dosing-cycle forms to meet the needs of various patients. In this article, we review the physiological features of GLP-1, the effects of GLP-1 on T2D, the features of several GLP-1R agonists, and the therapeutic effect on T2D.

Nutrient Utilization, Body Composition and Lactation Performance of First Lactation Bali Cows (Bos sondaicus) on Grass-Legume Based Diets

  • Sukarini, I.A.M.;Sastradipradja, D.;Sutardi, T.;Mahardika, IG.;Budiarta, IG.A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.13 no.12
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    • pp.1681-1690
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    • 2000
  • A study on energy and protein utilization, and milk production of Bali cows on grass-legume diets was carried out using 12 first lactation cows (initial BW $263.79{\pm}21.66kg$) during a period of 16 weeks starting immediately post calving. The animals were randomly allotted into 4 dietary treatment groups R1, R2, R3 and R4, receiving from the last 2 months of pregnancy onwards, graded improved rations based on a mixture of locally available grass and legume feed ad libitum. R1 contained on a DM basis 70% elephant grass (PP, Penisetum purpureum) plus 30% Gliricidia sepia leaves (GS), R2 was 30% PP plus 55% GS supplemented with 15% Hibiscus tilliactus leaves (HT, defaunating effect), R3 and R4 were 22.5% PP+41.25% GS+11.25% HT+25% concentrate, where R3 was not and R4 supplemented with zinc di-acetate. TDN, CP and zinc contents of the diets were 58.2%, 12.05% and 18.3 mg/kg respectively for R1, 65.05%, 16.9% and 25.6 mg/kg respectively for R2, 66.03%, 16.71% and 29.02 mg/kg respectively for R3 and 66.03%, 16.71% and 60.47 mg/kg respectively for R4. Milk production and body weight were monitored throughout the experimental period. In vivo body composition by the urea space technique validated by the body density method and supported by carcass data was estimated at the start and termination of the experiment. Nutrient balance and rumen performance characteristics were measured during a balance trial of 7 days during the 3rd and 4th week of the lactation period. Results indicated that quality of ration caused improvement of ruminal total VFA concentration, increments being 52 to 65% for R2, R3 and R4 above R1, with increments of acetate being less (31 to 48%) and propionate being proportionally more in comparison to total VFA increments. Similarly, ammonia concentrations increased to 5.24 to 7.07 mM, equivalent to 7.34 to 9.90 mg $NH_3-N/100ml$ rumen fluid. Results also indicated that feed quality did not affect DE and ME intakes, and heat production (HP), but increased GE, UE, energy in milk and total retained energy (RE total) in body tissues and milk. Intake-, digestible- and catabolized-protein, and retained-protein in body tissues and milk (Rprot) were all elevated increasing the quality of ration. Similar results were obtained for milk yield and components with mean values reaching 2.085 kg/d (R4) versus 0.92 kg/d (R1) for milk yield, and 170.22 g/d (R4) vs 71.69 g/d (R1), 105.74 g/d (R4) vs 45.35 g/d (R1), 101.34 g/d (R4) vs 46.36 g/d (R1) for milk-fat, -protein, and -lactose, respectively. Relatively high yields of milk production was maintained longer for R4 as compared to the other treatment groups. There were no significant effects on body mass and components due to lactation. From the relationship $RE_{total}$ (MJ/d)=12.79-0.373 ME (MJ/d); (r=0.73), it was found that $ME_{m}=0.53MJ/kgW^{0.75}.d$. Requirement of energy to support the production of milk, ranging from 0.5 to 3.0 kg/d, follows the equation: Milk Prod. ($Q_{mp}$, kg/d)=[-2.48+4.31 ME($MJ/kg^{0.75}.d$)]; (r=0.6) or $Q_{mp}$=-3.4+[0.08($ME-RE_{body\;tissue}$)]MJ/d]; (r=0.94). The requirement for protein intake for maintenance ($IP_m$) equals $6.19 g/kg^{0.75}.d$ derived from the relationship RP=-47.4+0.12 IP; (r=0.74, n=9). Equation for protein requirement for lactation is $Q_{nl}$=[($Q_{mp}$)(% protein in milk)($I_{mp}$)]/100, where $Q_{nl}$ is g protein required for lactation, $Q_{mp}$ is daily milk yield, Bali cow's milk-protein content av. 5.04%, and $I_{mp}$ is metabolic increment for milk production ($ME_{lakt}/ME_{m}=1.46$).

Cerebrosides and Terpene Glycosides from the Root of Aster scaber

  • Kwon, Hak-Cheol;Cho, Ock-Ryun;Lee, Kang-Choon;Lee, Kang-Ro
    • Archives of Pharmacal Research
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    • v.26 no.2
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    • pp.132-137
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    • 2003
  • Three cerebrosides 2, 3, and 5 and two terpene glycosides 1 and 4 have been isolated from the methanol extract of the root of Aster scaber. Their structures were determined as 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranosyl-oleanolic acid methyl ester (1), (2S, 3S, 4R, 2 R, 8Z, 15 Z)-N-2 -hydroxy-15 -tetracosenoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (2), (2S, 3S, 4R, 8Z)-N-octadecanoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (3), 1$\alpha$-hydroxy-6$\beta$-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucosyl-eudesm-3-ene (4), and (2S, 3S, 4R, 2 R, 8Z)-N-2 -hydroxy-hexadecanoyl-1-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine (5) on the basis of spectroscopic methods.

An Analysis on the Effect of the Government R&D Subsidies on the Private R&D Investments : in the Case of the Pharmaceutical Industry (정부 R&D 지원의 기업 R&D 투자에 대한 효과 분석 -제약산업을 중심으로-)

  • SaKong, Jin;Shin, You-Won
    • Health Policy and Management
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.183-203
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    • 2010
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the R&D subsidies by the government on the private firms' R&D investments in the Korean pharmaceutical industry, which are supposed to have positive effects on their economic performance. We also estimate the relationship between the private firms' R&D investments and firms' economic outcome. Empirical analysis is done by Error Component 2 Stage Least Squares(EC2SLS) estimation using 43 pharmaceutical firms' 8 years' panel data. The elasticity of the government R&D subsidies on the private R&D investments is 0.021%, which we cannot say 'efficient'. Also R&D investments have positive effects on the economic outcome of the pharmaceutical firms, as we expected. We propose several suggestions in the conclusion for the efficient way of government R&D subsidies to induce more private R&D investments.

Analysis of Economic Effectiveness in the Results of Construction R&D (건설R&D성과의 경제적 파급효과 분석)

  • Park, Hwan-Pyo
    • Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.71-81
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    • 2010
  • In 1994, Korean construction research and development (R&D) projects received investments amounting to 1.2 billion KRW, an amount that rose to 164.8 billion KRW in 2007. Under the current system, construction researchers submit the application records of Construction Research and Development (R&D) in construction projects to the Korea Institute of Construction & Transportation Technology Evaluation and Planning. The performance of Construction R&D projects has thus been dependent on the subjective reporting of the results by the researchers themselves. For this reason, it is difficult to secure confidence in the records of Construction Research and Development. Therefore, this research suggested measures for revitalizing Construction Research and Development, analyzed approaches to cost-saving in Construction Research and Development, and analyzed economic effectiveness in the results of construction R&D.

The Role of Cooperative R&D and Intangible Assets in Innovation and Corporate Performance of R&D Investment in Manufacturing Sectors (제조업종 연구개발투자의 혁신 및 기업성과에서 공동연구개발과 무형자산의 역할)

  • Koo, Hoonyoung
    • Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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    • v.43 no.1
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    • pp.79-86
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    • 2020
  • The effects of R&D investment on innovation such as patents and intangible assets, and the effect on the corporate performance such as revenue and profit growth, were analyzed using path analysis. In particular, this study compared and analyzed the performances of non-cooperative R&D and cooperative R&D. The results of this study are summarized as follows. First, R&D investment has a significant impact on innovation performance. This supports the existing research results. Second, patents have a significant impact on intangible asset growth. Third, in the case of corporate groups carrying out cooperative R&D, intangible asset growth forms a significant causal relationship with revenue growth. Fourth, in case of cooperative R&D, intangible asset growth has a significant mediating effect between patent and revenue growth. Like the existing research, the results of this research support the innovation performance of R&D investment. It also supports the existing argument that the results of cooperative R&D are more favorable to increase corporate value. However, unlike the existing research, we found a path leading to increased revenue through patents and intangible assets, and confirmed that such a path is likely to be achieved through cooperative R & D rather than internal R&D.

VOLUME MEAN OPERATOR AND DIFFERENTIATION RESULTS ASSOCIATED TO ROOT SYSTEMS

  • Rejeb, Chaabane
    • Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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    • v.54 no.6
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    • pp.1981-1990
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    • 2017
  • Let R be a root system in $\mathbb{R}^d$ with Coxeter-Weyl group W and let k be a nonnegative multiplicity function on R. The generalized volume mean of a function $f{\in}L^1_{loc}(\mathbb{R}^d,m_k)$, with $m_k$ the measure given by $dmk(x):={\omega}_k(x)dx:=\prod_{{\alpha}{\in}R}{\mid}{\langle}{\alpha},x{\rangle}{\mid}^{k({\alpha})}dx$, is defined by: ${\forall}x{\in}\mathbb{R}^d$, ${\forall}r$ > 0, $M^r_B(f)(x):=\frac{1}{m_k[B(0,r)]}\int_{\mathbb{R}^d}f(y)h_k(r,x,y){\omega}_k(y)dy$, where $h_k(r,x,{\cdot})$ is a compactly supported nonnegative explicit measurable function depending on R and k. In this paper, we prove that for almost every $x{\in}\mathbb{R}^d$, $lim_{r{\rightarrow}0}M^r_B(f)(x)= f(x)$.

Prioritization of National R&D Investment Using Estimation Results by CGE Model (CGE모형 추정결과를 이용한 국가 R&D 투자 우선순위 설정)

  • Lim, Byung-In;Ahn, Seung-Ku
    • Journal of Technology Innovation
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.57-83
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    • 2011
  • We suggested industry-specific priorities of R&D investment with R&D investment elasticity to GDP calculated from the ripple effect of 28 large-sized industry R&D investment, using a Computable General Equilibrium(CGE) Model. Priority orders apply to only 12 industries, because 16 industries with less than 1% of total investment have been excluded. First, R&D investment elasticity to GDP says that priorities are ordered as Basic metal products, Chemicals, drugs and medicines, Food, beverages and tobacco products, Electronic and electrical equipment, Transportation equipment, Precision instruments, Electrictity, gas, steam and water supply, General machinery and equipment, Communications and broadcasting, Construction, Other services, and Real estate and business services. These priorities show the status quo of Korean industry structures well. The GDP growth rate to 2030 year reference equilibrium, which is an auxiliary index, says a similar priority to results from R&D investment elasticity to GDP. In the end, two criteria of priority order can be functioned as a good index for National Science and Technology Commission deciding what industry to invest and what budget to allocate.

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Antibacterial and Radical Scavenging Activities of 1-C-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-Glycerol from Trichosanthes kirilowii

  • Jang, Ki-Chang;Lee, Jin-Hwan;Kim, Seong-Cheol;Song, Eun-Young;Ro, Na-Young;Moon, Doo-Young;Um, Yeong-Cheol;Park, Ki-Hun
    • Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.50 no.1
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    • pp.17-21
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    • 2007
  • 1-C-(p-Hydroxyphenyl)-glycerol (1) was isolated and purified by column chromatography and recrystallization from the rhizome of Trichosanthes kirilowii, firstly in this species. Isolated compound showed inhibitory effects on the growth of five bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, etc) completely at the concentration higher than 10 ppm as well as delayed the growth of three bacteria (Bacillus substilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa) at the concentration of 25 ppm for 60 h. Moreover, this compound showed potent antioxidant activity against DPPH radical ($IC_{50}$ = 56.0 ppm)