• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.149-158
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• 2006

This study analyzes the seasonality precipitation using precipitation data from 1973 to 2001 over South Korea. The Seasonality Index and Annual variation of the Seasonality Precipitation were investigated from sixty-three observation stations. The Seasonality Precipitation means the degree of the precipitation falling intensively for some specific months. Spatially, precipitation that has a strong characteristic of regional shower is defined as seasonal precipitation. Precipitation forms are changed with various reasons and mainly the sporadic and local shower precipitation after rain spell in summer. Especially there appears a tendency that this kind of precipitation is sharply increasing in 1990's. Seasonality Index is used as a method to understand seasonal precipitation. If the yearly rainfall is concentrated for some specific months, Seasonality Index is growing gradually. It is confirmed that there is a tendency that all the from sixty-two observation stations Seasonality Index. While Seasonality Index over South of Korea concentrated from June to August because of the summer rain spell in the past ($1973{\sim}1982$), there appears to be a tendency that it concentrated from August and September since the mid 1990's. From the analysis of seasonal precipitation intensity distribution, most of southern Korea is under seasonality precipitation intensity 4. The seasonality precipitation intensity classification results are as follow: most of the observation stations were on a scale intensity of 3 and 4 in the past but currently reads seasonality precipitation intensities of 5 and 6.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.4 no.3 s.14
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• pp.33-41
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between El Nino phenomena and the monthly rainfall variations of Seoul city which is composed of 30 year data during $1967{\sim}1996$. In this study, the monthly rainfall data at Seoul city is analyzed by applying an intervention model. As it is unavailable to get the data of El Nino phenomena, the point of intervention have been decided from the literature survey of the data observed to be the years of 1972, 1976, 1979, 1982, 1986 and 1991. As a results the El Nino was revealed more significant to the monthly rainfall at Seoul. In addition, monthly rainfall varied between the maximum 53.41mm and the minimum 2.50mm. To prevented future natural disaster, long term water planning and management is requied in consideration El $Nin\tilde{o}$.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.156-165
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• 2018

Long-term trend analysis on air pollutant concentrations is very important to diagnose the present status and plan for the future. In this study, the long-term trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were estimated based on the relationship between the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration regarding the effects of relative humidity in Seoul and Chuncheon. The relationships between the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration were derived from the measurement data in 2015 and 2016. Then, the annual trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration from 1982 to 2014 were estimated and compared to those of $PM_{10}$ concentration available in Seoul and Chuncheon. During the estimation process, four ranges of relative humidity were considered such as less than 30%, 31~50%, 51~70%, and 71~90%. In Seoul and Chuncheon, the visibility and $PM_{2.5}$ concentration generally have the inverse relationship while the visibility decreases as the relative humidity increases. The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations similarly showed the decreasing tendencies from 2006 to 2012 in Seoul and Chuncheon. However, the estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations showed the increasing tendency before 2005 in Chuncheon in contrast to the decreasing tendency in Seoul. This implies that the long-term trends of $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in different cities in South Korea reflect the local influencing factors. For example, 'Special Act on the Improvement of Atmospheric Environment in the Seoul Metropolitan Area' can affect the different long-term trends in Seoul and Chuncheon. The estimated $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were validated with the measured ones in Seoul and Chuncheon. While the general tendencies were well matched between the estimated and measured concentrations, the $PM_{2.5}$ concentration trends in 1990s and their monthly variations are needed to be improved quantitatively using more reference data for longer years.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.2-15
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• 1982

In this report, a total domestic demand for major commercial fertilizer for crop production in Korea up to 1996 was estimated. The agricultural products and area for demand for both 1982 and 1986 was quoted from the estimate of the 5th Five-year Economic plan. And the demands estimated for 1991 and 1996 reflected possible changes of diet from cereal to meat and their indirect effects on the increase of cereal consumption. As the advanced countries followed, consequently, the demands for soybean, corn and other feed grains were expected to be increased as well as the land for growing those crops. 1. Total annual demands for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers were estimated 1,050,000M/T, 1,110,000M/T, 1,280,000M/T and 1,010,000M/T for the year 1982, 1986, 1991, and 1996 respectively. 2. It was assumed that there would be difficulties in self-sufficiency of grains at the cost of the maximum utilization of land and fertilizers in 1996. 3. It was clear that the increase of the productivity per unit area is possible by improving the conditions of arable land which could resulted a self-sufficiency of food in Korea. As a consequence, the demand for fertilizers at that time would exceed the level of estimates. 4. The recent decrease in demand for commercial fertilizers (currently estimated 850,000M/T) was due to an inadequate application of fertilizers for respective crop reqirement. This inadequacy should be checked and encouraged the consumptions of fertilizers to be increased by supporting the price of grain.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.23 no.1 s.124
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• pp.13-16
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• 1984

본조사는 1983년 10월부터 11월까지 전국 50개교 간호교육기관을 대상으로 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 전국 간호교육기관수는 대학과정 17개교, 전문대학과정 33개교로 총 50개교이다. 2. 1983년도 재학생 수는 14,699명으로 대학과정 3,133명, 전문대학과정 11,566명이다. 3. 1983년도 졸업생 수는 3,143명으로 대학과정 626명, 전문대학과정 2,517명이다. 4. 1983년도 졸업생의 취업율은 92.3$\%$, 미취업율은 7.7$\%$이고, 임상분야(89.9$\%$)에 가장 많이 취업하고 있으며, 지역사회분야(4.6$\%$), 교육분야(3.0$\%$), 기타(1.4$\%$), 진학(1.1$\%$) 순으로 취업하고 있다. 5. 전국 간호교육자 수는 779명이고, 1982년 3월부터 1983년 2월까지 출판된 저서는 15권, 논문 294편이다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.250-255
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• 1983

Newly manufactured compound fertilizers for chestnut trees developed by Chosun Fertilizer Inc. were tested to evaluate their effectiveness. An experiment was carried out in chestnut farm with 4 years old Eungi Var. from 1981 to 1982. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The growth of chestnut trees was generally good in plots of compound fertilizer contained boron (B C F). 2. The number of ripened strobiles was significantly increased by reducing the ratio of dropped strobiles in plot of B C F. 3. The yield of chestnut by B C F was markedly increased, 6 times more than that of compound fertilizer without boron. 4. Boron content in soil and plant by application of B C F was relatively high, resulting in high production of chestnut. 5. B C F was effective in chestnut orchard to increase nut production markedly.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 1996

We previously reported 344 cases of esophageal reconstruction for caustic esophageal stricture between 1959 and 1982, and this is the second report of 69 cases during 12 year period from Jan. 1983 to Feb. 1995. There were 32 males and 37 females, ranging in age from 4 to 65 years(mean 36.4 years). Caustic materials were acid in 37 (53.7%) and alkali in 31 (44.9%). All cases underwent colon interposition without esophageal resection except 3 cases of cancer complication which were resected through thoracotomy. In 64 cases isoperistaltic right colon with teminal ileum interposition were performed, and 5 cases were interposed with left colon either isoperistaltic (2 cases) or antiperistaltic (3 cases) method. Anastomotic leakage was the most frequently encountered c mplication (14.4%, 10 cases), and they were 11.6%(8 cases) from cervical, 2.8% (2 cases) from ileocolostoma. Overall operative mortality was 2.9% (2169), main causes of death were sepsis due to graft necrosis and mediastinitis. During 6 months to 12years (mean 2.Syears) follow-up of survived 67 cases, 88.1% (59 cases) ate normally, 7.5% (5 cases) complained of moderate dysphagia (eating liquid diet), and 4.5% (3 cases) were unable to eat by mouth. In our experience, reconstruction of the esphagus with the colon is a satisfactory method that can be accomplished with acceptable morbidity and mortality. The right colon is a durable and functional esophageal substitute.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-7
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• 1985

1962년 6월 두 번째 미국유학(UCLA, School of Public Health)을 마치고 귀도에 올랐을 때 고국의 보사부로부터 연락을 받았다. 제 5 차 국제보건교육회의에는 한국대표로 파견하려던 전병열 박사(현 본회 부회장)가 못 가게 되었으니 필자보고 참석하고 오라는 것이다. 그래서 필자는 UCLA 보건대학원의 보건교육과 주임교수 Dr. Edward Johns 즉 은사와 함께 6월30일부터 7월 7일까지 필라델피아에서 열리는 회의에 참석하여 처음으로 이 회(International Union for Health Education=IUHE)와 인연을 맺었다. 그 후 10여년 후 1976년 제 9 차 회의, 1979년 제10차 회의, 1982년 제11차 회의, 1985년 제12차 회의에 참석하여 3년마다 열리는 이 회의를 통해서 세계적으로 보건교육분야의 발전상을 친히 보았기에 종합적인 것은 안되더라도 부분적이나마 여기 기록으로 남기고져 한다.

• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.18
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• pp.13-105
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• 1988

만장굴은 북제주군 구좌면 동금영리 지역에 있는 금영사굴을 포함하여 세계 최대의 화산 동굴 시스템을 형성하고 있는 화산동굴로 표선리 현무암층에 속한다. 만장굴이 처음으로 알려지게 된 것은 1947년 부종휴가 현재의 제2입구를 발견하면서 부터이다. 그러나 본격적인 학술적 조사가 시작된 것은 1977년 제1차 한ㆍ일 합동동굴조사에서 부터이다. 그 후 1986년에 이르기가지 6차에 걸친 구제적인 합동조사가 실시되었다.(한국측 단장 홍시환, 일본측 단장 소천효덕)특히 1981년 1월의 제 2 차 한ㆍ일 합동조사결과는 만장굴이 세계 제일의 동굴계로 확인되었다. 또한 1982년 2월에 실시된 제 4 차 한ㆍ일 하동조사에서는 5개의 용암구(Lava Ball)등 새로운 특수지형이 발견되었다. 이보다 앞서 실시된 1977년의 제 1차 조사에서는 만장굴 6,978m, 금영사굴 600m 임이 조사되었다.(중략)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.375-379
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• 1986

A culture experiment of the ark shell, Anadara broughtonii, one of the edible clams, was carried out in Yoja Bay located at the south ern coast of Korea to find the state of growth and any problems which influence them. Seed shells at an average length of 2.5cm and a weight of 2.5g were planted on bottom mud with a density 20 to 40 shells per square meter on March 10 and 11, 1982. Shell length, shell height, shell breadth, meat weight (wet weight), and total weight for six months from August 1982 to February 1983 were measured to find their state of growth. At the same time, the survival rate was investigated during the whole culture period through December 1983 when they were harvested. Growth, on the whole, was fast when water temperature was high. For a year, an average shell length and total weight attained to 6.1 cm and 63.0g respectively and meat weight was gained to 19.5g. It showed that the state of growth was favourable. Shell shape became round from the oval ana meat weight increase was faster than shell growth as time goes by regardless of water temperature while both shells and total weight increased faster during high temperature. A month after seed shells were planted, about $30\%$ of them was dead and a high mortality, say $5\%\;to\;8\%$ per month, was kept till September. It dropped to around $2\%$ aften divers eliminated starfish, Asterias spp., in August. Thereafter, the rate maintained through December. In all, the final survival rate was about $10\%$ at the time of harvest in December 1983. It was caused mainly by starfish predation. Therefore, a best way for satisifactory culture is seemed to find a way to get rid of the starfish.