• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 1994

A study on classification of attachment on the Strange Situation was conducted. 55 infants(27 boys and 28 girls) whose attachment to mothers were assessed in the Strange Situation when they were 14 to 20 moths old The analysis was made according to Ainsworth's classificatory system as well as Main & Solomon's. The results were summarized as follows: 43 infants were identified as secure attachment (Group B) 9 infants as insecure-avoidant(Group A) and 1 infant as insecure-resistant (Group C) There were 2 infants identified as insecure-disorganized/disoriented(Group D) In the sub-classification Group B infants were classified into B1(14 infants) B2(11 infants) and B3(18 infants) Group A infants were classified into 8 A1s and 1 A2 The Group C infant was identified as C1 and B4 were found. Finally because of the majority of infants as Group B, the association between sub-classifications and infan's sex and month was examined. the result indicated no signicant relations between them.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.109-126
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• 2007

A sample of 322 18-month-old infants and their mothers were assessed longitudinally at 24 and 30 months. Maternal utterances and styles of linguistic interaction were measured during a 10 minute free play session. Mothers completed a vocabulary checklist for infants. Longitudinal data were analyzed by multilevel modeling. Results indicated that vocabulary increased with age of infants and the growth rate was highly predictable by the size of vocabulary at 18 months. The growth rate was strongly influenced by maternal questioning and feedback. The effect of the maternal linguistic input was constant with age. Gender differences in size of vocabulary did not vary systematically with age.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 1999

In order to investigate the longitudinal changes on zinc secretion of lactating women and zinc intake of breast-fed infants, we examined 20 lactating women(10 primipare and 10 multipare) and their infants during the first 90 days postpartum. We measured the consumed volume of human milk by test-weighing method and zinc concentration by atomic absorption spectophotometry after wet digestion. Weight gain of infants was -5.7, 54.1, 46.3, 42.0 and 32.3g/day at 7, 15, 30, 60 and 90 days postpartum, respectively. The secretion volume of human milk was 527, 608, 724, 841 and 798g/day respectively. The consumed volume of human milk of breast-fed infants was 432, 503, 603, 715 and 715g/day. The intake level of breast milk to secretion volume reached 85.0% in average. The zinc concentration of the milk was 4.29, 3.32, 2.52, 1.62 and 1.18mg/l, and the zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.80, 1.69, 1.45, 1.15 and 0.70mg/day. Zine intake per body weight of infants averaged 0.32mg/kg/day during the first 90 days postpartum. The average zinc intake of breast-fed infants was 1.36mg/day, which is 27.2% of the recommended daily allowance for 0-4-month-old infants.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.167-189
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among delay gratification, delay strategy, and parents' child-rearing attitude. The participants of the study were 62, 18-36 month old infants, who demonstrated individual differences in the level of delay gratification and their mothers. The instruments of the study were infant's delay gratification and delay strategy were assessed by Mischele(1974) and the parents' responded to the parents' child-rearing attitude(Cho et al., 1999). Data were collected by menas of conducting observations on infants in experimental settings and completing questionnaires with mothers. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The delay gratification of infants differed accordingly to their age. Older infants displayed increased time in showing their delay gratification, while younger infants relatively exhibited shortened time. There was no significant difference in infants' sex and the order of the birth. 2. Following the age factor, the distraction strategy in the delay strategy played a significant difference to infants. Older infants required a frequent use of the distraction strategy in comparison to younger infants. 3. The previous two factors - delay gratification and distraction strategy-showed a positive relationship. 4. The delay gratification was significantly influenced by infants' age, parents' attitude, direct facing strategy, and infants' distraction strategy. However, the delay gratification was insignificantly accounted for by infants' sex.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.388-400
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• 2006

The time 18 months after birth is very important for the prevention of early childhood caries because this time is proper to assure the completion of weaning and to perform the diet counseling, and caries process is initiated or actively aggravated under the total influence of feeding pattern from this period. For the purpose of examining the infection status of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus of 18 month old infants and their mothers, and analyzing the correlation between infection status versus various caries-risk factors, this study was performed on the 60 infants of 18 months old and their mothers through the microbiological screening of saliva samples and direct questionnaire to mothers about the caries risk factors. And the results were as follows, 1. The higher the mother's infection level of S. muntans, the higher the infant's infection level and transmission rate. 2. Compared with non-caries group, higher infection level of S. mutans in both infants and mothers and transmission rate were revealed in caries group. 3. The higher the infant's infection level of S. mutans, the higher the caries prevalence and deft values, the less the monthly income of the parents, the longer the period of breast feeding, and the higher the consumption rate of sugared snacks. 4. Most of Lactobacillus infected infants were revealed to be infected also with S. mutans and to have caries. 5. The higher deft value, less parents' monthly income, more frequent daily nursing and more irregular snacking patterns were found among Lactobacillus infected group compared with not-infected group.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.44 no.2 s.216
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• pp.103-112
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• 2006

This study followed the standardization study pool of K-BSID-II to examine the stability of K-BSID-II. One hundred and ninety five infants aged from 1-42 months tested twice with intervals of 5-16 month between tests. All participants had been full-term babies without any medical complications. There were no significant differences between the groups which were divided in terms of demographic variables such as mothers' education, infants' birth order and gender. The stability of K-BSID-II was significant and that of the mental scale was lower than that of the psycho-motor scale: There were high stabilities between raw scores in two sessions(r=.91 for the mental scale and r=.89 for the psycho-motor scale) but there were significant but low correlations between mental index scores(r=.18, p<.05) and psycho-motor index scores(r=.17, p<.05). The stability was increased with initial test age and mothers' education. It was recommended for testers and researchers to use both raw scores and index scores for better interpretations in future research.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.344-351
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Adequate dietary fatty acid intake is important for toddlers between 12-24 months of age, as this is a period of dietary transition in conjunction with rapid growth and development; however, actual fatty acid intake during this period seldom has been explored. This study was conducted to assess the intake status of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids by toddlers during the 12-24-month period using 2010-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Twenty-four-hour dietary recall data of 12-24-month-old toddlers (n = 544) was used to estimate the intakes of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6n-3), linoleic acid (LA; 18:2n-6), and arachidonic acid (AA; 20:4n-6), as well as the major dietary sources of each. The results were compared with the expected intake for exclusively breastfed infants in the first 6 months of life and available dietary recommendations. RESULTS: Mean daily intakes of ALA, EPA, DHA, LA, and AA were 529.9, 22.4, 37.0, 3907.6, and 20.0 mg/day, respectively. Dietary intakes of these fatty acids fell below the expected intake for 0-5-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. In particular, DHA and AA intakes were 4 to 5 times lower. The dietary assessment indicated that the mean intake of essential fatty acids ALA and LA was below the European and the FAO/WHO dietary recommendations, particularly for DHA, which was approximately 30% and 14-16% lower, respectively. The key sources of the essential fatty acids, DHA, and AA were soy (28.2%), fish (97.3%), and animals (53.7%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the prevailing view of DHA and AA requirements on early brain development, there remains considerable room for improvement in their intakes in the diets of Korean toddlers. Further studies are warranted to explore how increasing dietary intakes of DHA and AA could benefit brain development during infancy and early childhood.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.183-199
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• 2007

This longitudinal study investigated developmental changes in temperament and examined social adjustment problems by early temperamental characteristics and developmental patterns of temperamental change during infancy. Subjects were 153 six-month-old infants and their mothers. Infant temperament and toddler's problem behavior were measured by the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised (Garstein & Rothbart, 2003) and the Toddler Behavior Checklist (Larzelere et al., 1989), respectively. Results showed that distress to limitations, high pleasure, perceptual sensitivity, and approach increased with age, while activity level, cuddliness, and vocal reactivity decreased. Infants with high scores in activity level, fear, sadness, and approach at 6 months showed more problem behaviors at 18 months. Infants showing abrupt developmental change of high pleasure and perceptual sensitivity developed more negative behavior.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.51-66
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• 2001

This study investigated whether infant child care experience, alone or in combination with mother/child factors, is associated with attachment security. Participants were forty 12-to 18-month-old infants and their mothers. Infants were observed in the Strange Situation to assess the pattern of infant-mother attachment; the Observational Ratings of the Caregiving Environment was used to assess the caregiving environment. Mothers were interviewed with the questionnaires and observed in the laboratory "living room". There were significant main effects of maternal sensitivity and responsiveness and of stability of care on attachment security and on insecure/avoidance. Significant interaction effects revealed that infants were more likely to be secure when high maternal sensitivity/responsiveness was combined with good quality child care, non-maternal care initiated prior to six months of age, or care by close relatives.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1985

Three types of infant food were experimentally prepared based on the average caloric requirement for, Koreans : Formula A, with 1/3 RDA for 4-6 month, formula B, with 1/2 RDA for 7-9 month, and formula C, with 2/3 RDA for 10-12 month old infants. Into each formula was added approximately 50% of rice. Analysis of the nutritive values on these formula showed no deviance Com the expected values in case of general nutrients while the percent of essential amino acids in protein was muck higher except methionine. Since iron content was found to be below the half of except values, a sufficient amount of iron as required in RDA should be additionally supplied, for example, in iron drops. The infant preference test on each formula showed much favorable acceptability : 50% of them responded as moderate, 33.3% as favorable, 12.5% as disliking, and 4.2% as disgusting. The test also showed no noticeable change in both feces and appetite.