• Atmosphere
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.303-315
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• 2014

Terrestrial ecosystem plays the important role as carbon sink in the global carbon cycle. Understanding of interactions of terrestrial carbon cycle with climate is important for better prediction of future climate change. In this paper, terrestrial carbon cycle is investigated by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, Carbon Cycle (HadGEM2-CC) that considers vegetation dynamics and an interactive carbon cycle with climate. The simulation for future projection is based on the three (8.5/4.5/2.6) representative concentration pathways (RCPs) from 2006 to 2100 and compared with historical land carbon uptake from 1979 to 2005. Projected changes in ecological features such as production, respiration, net ecosystem exchange and climate condition show similar pattern in three RCPs, while the response amplitude in each RCPs are different. For all RCP scenarios, temperature and precipitation increase with rising of the atmospheric $CO_2$. Such climate conditions are favorable for vegetation growth and extension, causing future increase of terrestrial carbon uptakes in all RCPs. At the end of 21st century, the global average of gross and net primary productions and respiration increase in all RCPs and terrestrial ecosystem remains as carbon sink. This enhancement of land $CO_2$ uptake is attributed by the vegetated area expansion, increasing LAI, and early onset of growing season. After mid-21st century, temperature rising leads to excessive increase of soil respiration than net primary production and thus the terrestrial carbon uptake begins to fall since that time. Regionally the NEE average value of East-Asia ($90^{\circ}E-140^{\circ}E$, $20^{\circ}N{\sim}60^{\circ}N$) area is bigger than that of the same latitude band. In the end-$21^{st}$ the NEE mean values in East-Asia area are $-2.09PgC\;yr^{-1}$, $-1.12PgC\;yr^{-1}$, $-0.47PgC\;yr^{-1}$ and zonal mean NEEs of the same latitude region are $-1.12PgC\;yr^{-1}$, $-0.55PgC\;yr^{-1}$, $-0.17PgC\;yr^{-1}$ for RCP 8.5, 4.5, 2.6.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.66 no.3
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• pp.93-106
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• 2016

The aims of this study are to elucidate the relationship between the luxurious trends of costumes and the importation of Ming's patterned textiles in the $17^{th}$ century, and to analyze the similarity between certain Joseon and Ming fabric patterns. After Imjinwaeran[임진왜란] and Byungjahoran[병자호란], more diverse Joseon textile patterns appeared. Generally, wars lead to a shortage of luxury goods and basic commodities. However, $17^{th}$ century Joseon had an abundance of luxury goods, which allowed even some commoners to have clothing made of Chinese silk. That was the result of free trade between the Koreans and the Chinese merchants in Joseon. Ming's merchants followed the Ming's troops into the Korean Peninsula and targeted Koreans to sell their goods, such as fur coats and fur hats. Free trade between Ming and Joseon took place at Junggang [중강] and Donggangjin [동강진]. Joseon imported Chinese textiles there and resold them to Japanese merchants. Some of the Changgi Chung's excavated fabrics might be an evidence of the import from the Ming. These fabrics had the inscription and were similar to Ming fabrics. It can be assumed that trade occurred between Joseon, China, and Japan, as fabrics found in the countries had similar patterns such as flower, bee, and four seasons, which represented longevity. Furthermore, Chinese fabrics might have triggered Joseon's weaving skills to develop, which led to the ability to weave refined and beautiful brocade satin at Sangbang [상방]. According to Uigwe[의궤], Sangbang could weave silk fabrics in the 1620s and 1630s. The improvement of weaving techniques might make it possible to weave some popular patterns at Sangbang.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.385-399
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• 2017

This study will broaden the application of doll costume product with historical characteristics and the image of unlined cheollik in the $17^{th}$ century period of transition during the Joseon Dynasty. Historical design sources were extracted from old documents and precedent studies. Unlined cheollik of Shin Gyeong-yu, meritorious retainer, were selected as main reference-relic because of various fabric, preserved conditions and definite shape. 'Baby doll' was selected as main model because of consumer preferences and awareness. Design sources from unlined cheollik in the early $17^{th}$ century were about a 1:2 ratio of upper and under parts, removable separated doori-somae, knife-shaped collar (outside), projected square collar (inside), long pleats line, side slit, traditional flat fell seam sewing. Trapezoidal side line, round waistline, and thin fabric were applied in designs because of toddler-body of doll model. Three designs were produced in step 1: Cheollik A focusing on the historical remake (traditional type), Cheollik B with belt and side slit (crossover type), and Cheollik C with back- opening (modern type). In step 2, interview with fashion major student was conducted to increase the utility of designs. As a result, modern trend sources (frill, velcro, round armhole line, slope of sleeves, and floral pattern) were reflected in Cheollik B, C. Finally, three doll cheollik and cheollik-styled doll apron sample were produced. Various versions must be suggested in the study of doll costume products with traditional sources that balance historical characteristics and practicality to improve customer satisfaction.

• 발명특허
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• v.5 no.3 s.49
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• pp.15-17
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• 1980

그리스고전기의 마지막을 장식한 아리스토텔레스(Aristoteles, B.C. 384-322)는 철학자로서 유명하지만 과학자로서도 그에 못지 않게 중요하다. 그의 과학은 17세기에 근대과학이 나오기 까지 2천년동안 서구를 지배했기 때문이다. 과학사상 아무도 그토록 깊고 오래 계속된 영향을 남긴일이 없다. 대대로 명의를 배출한 집안에 태어난 아리스토텔레스는 어려서부터 철저한 의학교육을 받았다. 그때에는 의사가 되려면 철학을 공부해야 된다는 것이 상식으로 되어 있었기 때문에 플라톤이 만든 아카데미아(Akademia)에 입학했다. 플라톤과의 만남은 아리스토텔레스의 일생에 지을수 없는 자국을 남겼다.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.12-17
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• 2007

정보보호는 지난 세기에 걸쳐서 많은 발전을 이룩하여 왔다. 정보보호의 패러다임은 메임프레임을 기반으로 하는 제1세대, 정보보호관리를 중심으로 하는 제2세대, 제도화를 중심으로 하는 제3세대를 걸쳐 정보보호 가버넌스를 중심으로 하는 제4세대 이르러고 있다. 본 고는 정보보호의 패러다임의 변화를 살펴봄으로 향후에 전개될 정보보호 발전 양상을 고찰하고, 정보보호 패러다임의 혼재로 나타나고 있는 최근 정보보호 동향을 살펴본다.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.221-239
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• 2010

The lineage village is a very characteristic form of village in Korea. Although it was known as having established on the base of the Lineage Law, the complexities of political and economical structures played an important role in the process of establishing the village. The continuous political struggles between the scholar officials forced them to abuse the blood ties as well as the academic and regional relation. Using the disorder of land ownership system, the ruling elite made chances to expand the private land ownership, and these became the fiscal background of the formation of the lineage village and the agglomeration. The capital area's lineage villages were used of fiscal background by scholar officials lived in Hanyang. In the reason of political struggle, the initiator came to Osan-ri in late 16th Century. And in early 17th century, with a government dignitary, Shin Kye-Young, and with the reproduction of population, Osan-ri formed a typical lineage village with many clan households in the late of 17th century.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.43-59
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• 2008

Sap(?, a funeral fan) is a funeral ceremonial object used in association with a Confucian ceremonial custom, which was crafted by making a wooden frame, attaching a white cloth or a thick paper onto it, drawing pictures on it, and making a holder for a handle. According to Liji(Records of Rites), Sap was used since the Zhou Dynasty, and these Chinese Sap examples are no big different than the Korean Sap examples, which were described in Joseon Wangjo Sillok(Annals of the Joseon Dynasty), Gukjo Oryeui(the Five Rites of the State), and Sarye Pyeollam(Handbook on Four Rituals). This study explored Sap excavated in lime-filled tombs and lime-layered tombs of aristocrats dating back to Joseon, as well as their historical records to examine Sap's characteristics according to their examples, manufacturing methods, and use time. The number and designs of Sap varied according to the deceased' social status aristocrats used mainly one pair of 亞-shaped Bulsap, and a pair of Hwasap with a cloud design depicted on it. A Sap was wrapped twice with Chojuji paper or Jeojuji paper, and for the third time with Yeonchangji paper. Then, it was covered with a white ramie, a hemp, a cotton, a silk satin, etc. Bobul(an axe shape and 亞-shape design) was drawn on both sides of Sap, and a rising current of cloud was drawn at the peripheral area mainly with red or scarlet pigments. Sap, which were excavated from aristocrats'lime-filled and lime-layered tombs, are the type of Sap which were separated from its handle. These excavated Sap are those whose long handles were burnt during the death carriage procession, leaving Sap, which later were erected on both sides of the coffin. The manufacturing process of excavated relics can be inferred by examining them. The excavated relics are classified into those with three points and those with two points according to the number of point. Of the three-point type(Type I), there is the kind of relic that was woven into something like a basket by using a whole wood plate or cutting bamboo into flat shapes. The three-point Sap was concentrated comparatively in the early half of Joseon, and was manufactured with various methods compared with its rather unified overall shape. In the meantime, the two-point Sap was manufactured with a relatively formatted method; its body was manufactured in the form of a rectangle or a reverse trapezoid, and then its upper parts with two points hanging from them were connected, and the top surface was made into a curve(Type II) or a straight line(Type III) differentiating it from the three-point type. This manufacturing method, compared with that of the three-point type, is simple, but is not greatly different from the three-point type manufacturing method. In particular, the method of crafting the top surface into a straight line has been used until today. Of the examined 30 Sap examples, those whose production years were made known from the buried persons'death years inscribed on the tomb stones, were reexamined, indicating that type I was concentrated in the first half of the $16^{th}$ century. Type II spanned from the second half of the $16^{th}$ century to the second half of the $17^{th}$ century, and type III spanned from the first half of the $17^{th}$ century to the first half of the $18^{th}$ century. The shape of Sap is deemed to have changed from type I to type II and again from type II to type III In the $17^{th}$ century, which was a time of change, types II and III coexisted. Of the three types of Sap, types II and III re similar because they have two points; thus a noteworthy transit time is thought to have been the middle of the $16^{th}$ century. Type I compared with types II and III is thought to have required more efforts and skills in the production process, and as time passed, the shape and manufacturing methods of Sap are presumed to have been further simplified according to the principle of economy. The simplification of funeral ceremonies is presumed to have been furthered after Imjinwaeran(Japanese invasion of Joseon, 1592~1598), given that as shown in the Annals of King Seonjo, state funerals were suspended several times. In the case of Sap, simplification began from the second half of the $16^{th}$ century, and even in the $18^{th}$ century, rather than separately crafting Sap, Sap was directly drawn on the coffin cover and the coffin. However, in this simplification of form, regulations on the use of Sap specified in Liji were observed, and thus the ceremony was rationally simplified.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.479-486
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• 2004

We need to seek after new direction and order of design that puts more value on the spirits and culture of human beings in the 21st century, creating a new, all-inclusive value in which individual human being, the society and the environment can co-exist in a peaceful relationship by overcoming the materialistic, analytical, competitive, and differentiated values of traditional industrial society. The aim of this study, then, is to present a new method of design that can meet the demands of the 21st century in a civic age of information, knowledge and culture, by focusing on Monistic ideals derived from a deeply rooted Oriental philosophy. The concept of Monism is embodied by a mind set that treasures the benefit to others over rewards to the self, puts more importance on the spiritual life hidden behind physical phenomena, thinks more of what lacks than what exceeds, elevates the mind over the body, and seeks after beauty via a total harmony of balance and development that can be feasible only by combining all these elements. Ultimately, the new design principle based on the Monism consists of three basic elements: (1) identification of the subject and the object between things under the perception that all things are one (Unification); (2) the ability that helps things exist with appropriate beauty maintaining balance and stability (Harmony); and (3) the attitude of sharing to maintain sustainable vitality by filling up what lacks or is missing in a whole(Change).

• Vending industry
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• v.1 no.3 s.3
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• pp.96-99
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• 2001

사회생활을 하는 사람이라면 하루에 꼭 한번 정도는 하는 일이 있다. 출퇴근, 회의, 그리고 자판기 이용이 그것이다. 이른아침 출근을 위해 지하철 무인 패스 판매기를 이용하고 출근해서는 나른한 오후시간을 깨우기위해 으례 커피자판기를 이용하기 일수이고 여가시간을 이용해서는 친구들과 가벼운 스티커 사진촬영을 하는 등 우리의 자판기 이용 문화는 이미 현대인 너무나도 보편화되고 친숙해져버린 생활의 한 단면이 되어버렸다. 그렇다면 자판기는 언제쯤 인간의 일상사 속에 등장하기 시작했을까? 놀랍게도 자판기의 기원은 기원전 215년으로 거슬러 올라간다. 당시 이집트 사원에서 `성수(聖水)`를 판매하기 위해 만들어졌던 동전식 조작장치가 최초의 자판기라는게 정설로 받아들여온 사실로서 동전을 넣으면 투입된 동전이 받치고 있던 접시가 기울어져 그 기울기가 원래대로 돌아올 때까지 출구로 물이 나오는 원리를 이용한 것이다. 누가 만든것인지는 명확히 밝혀지지 않았으나 확실한 것은 자판기의 역사가 이미 기원전으로 거슬러 올라가고 인간생활에 뿌리내린 역사가 깊다는 것이다. 아무튼 이렇게 자판기가 나타난 이래로 17세기에 키산드리아 과학자 헤론이 쓴 책이 발견되기 이전까지 자판기는 잊혀진 발명품이었다. 그러나 그 책의 발견과 함께 사람들은 옛문헌 속의 발명품의 실용성에 관심을 기울이기 시작했고 차츰 영국의 선술집과 여관 담배 자판기가 등장하기 시작했으며 자판기는 식민지까지 보급될 정도로 선풍적인 인기를 끌었다. 19세기에 들어서는 담배 이외의 물건을 판매할 수 있는 자판기에 관심을 두기 시작했고, 자유주의 사상이 풍미하던 시절, 영국에서 나타난 금서(禁書)자판기에서부터 상업문화가 발달한 미국의 껌볼 자판기에 이르기까지 자판기는 점차로 그 영역을 넓혀갔고 또한 발전해 왔던 것이다. 그러나 자동판매기의 이러한 급속한 발전과 소비영역에서 역량의 강화는 비단 단순한 소비패턴의 변화에서 기인하는 것이라고는 보기 어렵다. 이는 노동집약적 산업구조에서 기술집약적 산업사회로의 전환에 따른 대량생산, 대량소비, 소비패턴 변화 등의 마케팅 환경의 변화에 따라 새로운 유통구조의 출현이 요망되었기 때문이었다. 따라서 슈퍼마켓, 쇼핑센터 등의 새로운 유통구조의 출현 외에도 인건비의 상승, 장소의 제한 및 구입의 편리성 등에 따라 무인 자동판매기의 등장은 필연적이었다고 볼수 있다. 이후 자판기의 판매상품의 범위는 더욱 넓어졌고 컵라면, 인형, 마음에 드는 음악만을 골라담는 CD,휴지,구두광택기,사진스티커,콘돔,장난감,담배,여행용품,스낵,아이스크림 등등 소액권과 손가락만 있으면 살 수 있는 물건의 가짓수는 헤아리기 어려울 정도가 되었으며, 그만큼 유통혁신의 기구로서 산업에 미치는 영향 역시 증대되고 있으며, 이러한 경향은 21세기 정보화,첨단화 경향에 발맞추어 더욱 진보된 형태로 발전해오고 있다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.02a
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• pp.295-295
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• 2010

KSTAR(Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) 토카막에 설치되어 있는 ICRF(Ion Cyclotron Range Frequency) 시스템을 이용한 방전세정을 2008년에 이어 2009 KSTAR 플라즈마 campaign 동안에도 시행하였다. ICRF 시스템을 이용한 방전세정인 ICWC(Ion Cyclotron Wall Cleaning)는 ITER와 DEMO 같은 초전도 자석을 이용하는 토카막에서 토카막 shot 중간에 자장을 낮추지 않고 바로 방전 세정을 할 수 있는 방법이다. 토카막에서 방전세정은 탄소나 산소 화합물과 같은 불순물을 제거하여 방사에 의한 플라즈마 냉각을 막고 토카막 초기 start-up시 진공 챔버 벽면으로부터 의도하지 않은 연료주입을 제거하는 역할을 한다. 본 연구에서는 ICWC 방전 세정 플라즈마의 밀도특성과 균일도를 간섭계와 $H_{\alpha}$ line 세기를 통해 관측하고 RGA를 통해서 C, $H_2O$, $O^2$ 불순물의 제거량을 파악하는 한편 토카막의 신뢰성 있는 start-up을 위해 요구되는 벽면에서 토카막 방전가스의 제거량을 HD양을 통해서 조사하였다. 플라즈마 선적분 밀도는 약 $1{\sim}3{\times}10^{17}#/m^2$로 측정되었는데 이는 보통 He을 이용한 방전세정 플라즈마의 밀도에 해당한다. 한편 $H_{\alpha}$ line의 세기를 통해 ICWC 방전 플라즈마의 균일도를 살펴본 결과 안테나 전류띠의 중간이 아닌 끝부분에서 $H_{\alpha}$의 세기가 큰 것으로 나타났는데 이는 ICWC 플라즈마가 Inductive 방전보다는 capacitive 방전에 의해 생성되는 것으로 추정된다. ICWC 방전에서 C, $H_2O$, $O_2$ 불순물의 제거율은 각각 약 $4.2{\times}10^{-5}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$, $1.4{\times}10^{-3}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$ 그리고 $1.72{\times}10^{-4}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$로 각각 나타났는데 ICWC shot이 진행될수록 이 양은 점점 줄어들었다. 대표적인 He/$H_2$, He ICWC 방전 shot인 2118, 2123 shot에서 벽면에서 $D_2$의 제거율은 각각 약 $0.12\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$와 $3.9{\times}10^{-3}\;mbar{\cdot}l/sec$로 나타났다. 이는 수소의 첨가로 인해 HD의 형태로 $D_2$의 제거율이 증가되었기 때문이다. 한편 $H_2$의 첨가는 챔버 벽면에 흡착되는 $H_2$ 양을 또한 증가시키므로 차후에 $H_2$ 만을 제거하는 He ICWC를 수행해야 할 것이다.