• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

To assess the effect of butachlor on freshwater aquatic organisms, acute toxicity studies for algae, invertebrate and fishes were conducted. The algae grow inhibition studies were carried out to determine the growth inhibition effects of butachlor (Tech. 93.4%) in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata (formerly knows as Selenastrum capriconutum), Desmodesmus subspicatus (formerly known as Scendusmus subspicatus), and Chlorella vulgaris during the exposure period of 72 hours. The toxicological responses of P. subcapitata, D. subspicatus, and C. vulgaris to butachlor, expressed in individual $ErC_{50}$ values were 0.002, 0.019, and $10.4mgL^{-1}$, respectively and NOEC values were 0.0008, 0.0016, and $5.34mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. P. subcapitata was more sensitive than any other algae species. Butachlor has very high toxicity to the algae, such as P. subcapitata and D. subspicatu. In the acute immobilisation test for Daphnia magna, the 24 and $48h-EC_{50}$ values were 2.55 and $1.50mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. As the results of the acute toxicity test on Cyprinus carpio, Oryzias latipes and Misgurnus anguillicaudatus, the $96h-LC_{50}s$ were 0.62, 0.41 and $0.24mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The following ecological risk assessment of butachlor was performed on the basis of the toxicological data of algae, invertebrate and fish and exposure concentrations in rice paddy, drain and river. When a butachlor formulation is applied in rice paddy field according to label recommendation, the measured concentration of butachlor in paddy water was $0.41mg\;L^{-1}$ and the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) of butachlor in drain water was $0.03 mg\;L^{-1}$. Residues of butachlor detected in major rivers between 1997 and 1998 were ranged from $0.0004mg\;L^{-1}$ to $0.0029mg\;L^{-1}$. Toxicity exposure ratios (TERs) of algae in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.004, 0.05 and 0.36, respectively and indicated that butachlor has a risk to algae in rice paddy, drain and river. On the other hand, TERs of invertebrate in rice paddy, drain and river were 3.6, 50 and 357, respectively, well above 2, indicating no risk to invertebrate. TERs of fish in rice paddy, drain and river were 0.58, 8 and 57, respectively. The TERs for fish indicated that butachlor poses a risk to fish in rice paddy but has no risk to fish in agricultural drain and river. In conclusion, butachlor has a minimal risk to algae in agricultural drain and river exposed from rice drainage but has no risk to invertebrate and fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.257-262
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• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the optimum stunning voltage and chilling regime with emphasis on reduction in pale, soft and exudative (PSE) pork. The experiments were conducted at seven Korean major pig abattoirs using a total of 91,082 industrial population. Frequencies of PSE meat was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased as stunning voltage was elevated from 220-240 (13.14%), 250-280 (29.32%) to 430 volts (36.74%). Chilling methods after slaughter, either with cold water showing or rapid chilling reduced PSE meat by 22% compared to a classic chiller-based slow chilling regime. The current study also revealed that chiller temperature during the first 90 minutes had a significant (p<0.001) effect on PSE incidences. Pigs chilled between -5 to $7^{\circ}C$ resulted in the lowest PSE meat (17.8%), followed by higher than $7^{\circ}C$ (21.3%) and lower than $-5^{\circ}C$ (37.5%). The current data implies that low voltage stunning method (eg., 220-240 volts), followed by rapid chilling regime, maintaining chiller temperature between approximately -5 to $7^{\circ}C$ could reduce PSE incidences.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.223-234
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• 2008

This study aimed to develop the elderly care program for seniors in rural areas and to evaluate its efficacy through pre- and post-tests. For them, this study carried out a total of 8 sessions that includes 4 aims, such as understanding rural elderly, volunteer activities, psychological help, and aids to daily living, on 36 persons over the age of 60 years in rural areas. The data was analyzed by paired t-test to 36 elderly. The results of the study are as follows. First, looking at changes in knowledge about aging, objective evaluation of knowledge showed significant differences (t=-2.22, p<.05), but evaluation of elderly's perception-change didn't show significant differences between before and after. Second, volunteer attitude didn't show significant differences between before and after, but after the training, 75% of them answered 'yes' to question that asked whether they'd like to participate in elderly's volunteer caring activity for other elderly within the town in the future, which gave us certain expectation that the attitude towards volunteer activities might change positively in the future. Third, objective evaluation of knowledge for psychological help didn't show significant differences between before and after. But elderly's subjective perception showed significant differences (t=-2.82, p<.01). Fourth, evaluating changes in knowledge for elderly's aiding daily life, both the objective evaluation and subjective evaluation didn't show significant differences between before and after. Fifth, satisfaction of the program showed high scores over 4 points: contents, education methods, education place, education time. The most helpful topics for them were counseling (27.8%) and dementia (27.8%), followed by elderly and aging (16.7%), elderly's residential environment (13.9%), elderly's dietary life (9.3%) and volunteer activities (5.6%).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1089-1101
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• 2013

Effects of varied dietary energy densities on immune response and performance of Muzzafarnagari lambs were ascertained in a 180-d study. Animals (n = 24), in three groups, were fed diets providing 100% (100E), 80% (80E) or 70% (70E) of their metabolizable energy requirement. Mean nutrient digestibilities varied significantly among treatments. Nitrogen intake was lower (p<0.01) in the 70E. Nitrogen retention, was reduced (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E. The average daily gain (p<0.001) was $47.01{\pm}4.23$, $13.54{\pm}1.72$ and $-16.67{\pm}8.24$ g for 100E, 80E and 70E, respectively. Hemoglobin concentration, haematocrit, total and differential leukocyte counts were lower (p<0.001) for 80E and 70E than for 100E with a similar trend (p<0.05) for serum glucose and total protein. Serum cortisol was reduced (p<0.001) with decreased energy availability. Antibody titre to Brucella abortus S19 showed an initial reduction in 80E and 70E vs 100E. Delayed-type hypersensitivity response was lower (p<0.001) in 80E and 70E vs 100E, accompanying a lower (p<0.001) nitric oxide production by the peripheral lymphocytes. It is concluded that the reduced dietary energy density significantly affects the growth performance and immune response of lambs.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1986

A study of occlusal relationship and TMJ dysfunction, parafunctional relationship and TMJ dysfunction using PRI was investigated in 23 dental students without history of being treated, ranging from 19 to 24 years old. The author used Denar Pantronic and D5-A articulator to study above. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Distribution of PRI in experimental subjects was as follows. None 13%, Slight 43%, Moderate 40%, Severe 4% Prevalance of TMJ Dysfunction was 87% 2. PRI scores of occlusal group Aoi (less than 5 in Helkimo occlusion/articulation index) was $11.72\pm2.32$ , those of occlusal group Boi (more than 5 in Helkimo occlusion/articulation index) 23.0 $\pm$ 8.06. There was a significant difference between group Aoi and group Boi(P<0.01) 3. PRI scores of occlusal group Ald (no eccentric interference, less than 0.5mm in lateral shift of slide in centric) was 12.0 $\pm$ 2.49, those of occlusal group Bld(no eccentric interference, less than 0.5mm in lateral shift of slide in centric) 24.5$\pm$5.33 There was a significant difference between group Ald and group Bld(P<0.05) 4. Prevalance of parafunction subjects(%) was 65.2%. 5. PRI scores of parafunction group was 21.6 $\pm$ 9.48, those of nonparafunctional group 18.7 $\pm$ 9.06. There was not significant difference between parafunctional group and nonparafunctional group(P>0.1)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1442-1448
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to determine the molecular weight of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) peel, its protein binding affinity and effects on fermentation parameters including total gas, methane ($CH_4$) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production. The average molecular weight ($M_w$) of the purified CT was 2,081 Da with a protein binding affinity of 0.69 (the amount needed to bind half the maximum bovine serum albumin). In vitro gas production declined by 0.409, 0.121, and 0.311, respectively, while CH4 production decreased by 0.211, 0.353, and 0.549, respectively, with addition of 10, 20, and 30 mg CT/500 mg dry matter (DM) compared to the control (p<0.05). The effects of CT from mangosteen-peel on in vitro DM degradability (IVDMD) and in vitro N degradability was negative and linear (p<0.01). Total VFA, concentrations of acetic, propionic, butyric and isovaleric acids decreased linearly with increasing amount of CT. The aforementioned results show that protein binding affinity of CT from mangosteen-peel is lower than those reported for Leucaena forages, however, the former has stronger negative effect on IVDMD. Therefore, the use of mangosteen-peel as protein source and $CH_4$ mitigating agent in ruminant feed requires further investigations.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.40-48
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• 2014

In this study, the effects of two different commercial starter culture mixes and processing methodologies (traditional and heat process) on the lipolytic changes of fermented sausages manufactured with turkey meat were evaluated during processing stages and storage. Free fatty acid (FFA) value increased with fermentation and during storage over 120 d in all fermented sausage groups produced with both processing methodologies (p<0.05). After drying stage, free fatty acid values of traditional style and heat processed fermented sausages were between 10.54-13.01% and 6.56-8.49%, respectively. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values of traditionally processed fermented sausages were between $0.220-0.450mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, and TBA values of heat processed fermented sausages were in a range of $0.405-0.795mg{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. Oleic and linoleic acids were predominant fatty acids in all fermented sausages. It was seen that fermented sausage groups produced with starter culture had lower TBA and FFA values in comparison with the control groups, and heat application inhibited the lipase enzyme activity and had an improving effect on lipid oxidation. As a result of these effects, heat processed fermented sausages had lower FFA and higher TBA values than the traditionally processed groups.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.517-523
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of rat intestinal a-glucosidase inhibitor; methanol $(80\%)$, ethanol $(80\%)$ and water extract of Schizandra chinensis in Korea (KS: Schizandra chinensis in Korea) and China (CS: Schizandra chinensis in China). When the final concentration was 1 mg/ml for each sample (KS and CS), methanol extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.62 mg/ml) showed $46.8\%$, ethanol extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.48 mg/ml) showed $47.4\%$, water extract of KS ($IC_{50}$ 1.72 mg/ml) showed $46.3\%$ and methanol extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.35 mg/ml) showed $13.3\%$, ethanol extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.05 mg/lml) showed $16\%$, water extract of CS ($IC_{50}$ 8.37 mg/ml) showed $11.54\%$ of inhibitor for p-nitrophenyl $\alpha-D-glucopyranoside$ (pNPG) $\alpha-glcosidase$ activity, respectively. And the contents of total phenol, flavonoid of Schizandra chinensis were measured. When the final concentration was 1mg/ml for each sample (KS and CS), total phenol and flavonoid in KS were higher than CS, respectively. The order superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity $IC_{50}$ values of each solvent extracts of KS were: 2.006 mg/ml methanol extract, 2.304 mg/ml ethanol extract and 2.5 mg/ml water extract, which were higher than that of each solvent extracts CS as: 2.881 mg/ml methanol extract, 3.085 mg/ml ethanol extract and 3.190 mg/ml water extract.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2002

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) has been widely used fur both human infertility and basic research. However, the high incidence of chromosomal abnormality is severe problem in cattle. Various oocyte activation stimuli, therefore, were compared by assessment of developmental capacity and chromosome analysis. Motile sperm selected by Percoll-density gradient were treated with 5 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) and injected into an oocyte matured fur 24 h. Eggs were then allocated into 5 treatment groups. Group 1 (control), sperm injection was performed without any further activation stimuli to the oocytes. Group 2 (handled control), sham injection was performed without sperm. In Group 3, oocytes exposed to 5 (M ionomycin for 5 min at 39(C. Group 4. ionomycine + 1.9 mM demethylaminopurine (DMAP, 3 h) and Group 5, ionomycine + 3 h culture in Ml99 + DMAP. Cleavage and the later development rate in Groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those in Groups 4 and 5. The incidence of chromosomal abnormality in the embryos treated directly with DMAP after ionomycine was relatively higher than in the embryo of Group 3 h, delayed DMAP treatment. From this results DMAP caused to be arrested the release of the 2nd polar body, resulting in changes of chromosomal pattern. Therefore, the time interval between ionomycin and DMAP is a crucial role in bovine ICSI.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

Background: Recent studies suggested that a preoperative block of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors with NMDA antagonists may reduce postoperative pain. In this double-blind study, magnesium sulfate, a natural NMDA receptor antagonist, was administered preoperatively to investigate the effects of magnesium sulfate on postoperative pain and pulmonary function. Methods: Seventy patients who were to undergo gastrectomy under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of three groups. Groups 2 and 3 received intravenous magnesium, preoperatively (Group 2: 50 mg/kg bolus, 7.5 mg/kg/hr for 20 hr, Group 3: 50 mg/kg bolus, 15 mg/kg/hr for 20 hr). Group 1 received normal saline as the control group. Visual analog scale (VAS) for postoperative pain and mood, cumulative analgesic consumption, recovery of pulmonary function and side effects were evaluated at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the operation. Results: In Groups 2 and 3, plasma concentration of magnesium were significantly higher than in Group 1 at 6 and 20 hours after infusion (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the analgesic consumption, and recovery of pulmonary function and the incidence of side effects at 6, 24, 48 and 72 hours after the operation among the three groups. In Group 3, pain scores at rest measured 24 and 48 hours after operation were lower than the control group, and pain scores when deep breathing were significantly lower than the control group at postoperative 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours. Conclusions: We conclude that intravenous infusion of greater amount of magnesium has little effectiveness in reducing postoperative pain. However, further studies are needed to characterize the clinical significance of these effects on postoperative pain.