• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.11
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• pp.1485-1490
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• 2008

The effects of $\gamma$-irradiation on antioxidant and physicochemical properties of powder and 70% fermented ethanol extracts of Ishige okamurai (I. okamurai) were investigated. In case of powder, although yields were increased, there were no significant changes in total phenolic compounds (TPC) and 2,2-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging effect by $\gamma$-irradiation at 3, 7, and 20 kGy. In case of 70% fermented ethanol extracts, the results of TPC and DPPH radical scavenging effects showed no significant changes. However, antioxidant index increased in the 20 kGy irradiated I. okamurai extracts and decreased in 3 kGy irradiated ones. The optical density value of UV spectrum at 427 nm significantly decreased depending on increasing irradiation dosage. In conclusion, irradiated extracts of I. okamurai can be applied to the food industry due to irradiation stability on antioxidant properties. Also, irradiated extracts can be more useful for food processing as a result of a decrease of extracts color by irradiation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activity of solvent extracts from Sargassum thunbergii by measuring electron-donating ability (EDA), nitrite- scavenging ability, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, reducing power and antioxidant activity in $\beta-carotene-linoleate$ model system. Total phenolic compound contents of chloroform and methanol extracts from Sargassum thunbergii were $22.5{\pm}0.8$ mg/100 mL and $20.1{\pm}0.6$ mg/100 mL, respectively. The EDA were proportionally increased with concentration of the extracts except hexane extract. The EDAs were $70.4\%\;and\;63.2\%$ in methanol and water at concentration of $1000{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The nitrite-scavenging ability of methanol extract (pH 2.5, $1000{\mu}g/mL$) was $89.4{\pm}0.9\%$ that was higher than those of other extracts. SOD-like ability of chloroform extract was stronger than other extracts. Reducing power of chloroform extracts at $1000{\mu}g/mL$ were 0.75 as O.D. value of 700 nm and antioxidant activities measured with $\beta-carotene-linoleate$ model system were in order of methanol $(78.4\%)>BHT\;(72.1\%)>chloroform\;(62.2\%)>water\;(51.4\%)>hexane\;(43.2\%)$. These results indicated that methanol extract from Sargassum thunbergii showed the highest activities on the EDA, nitrate- scavenging ability and antioxidant activities while the chloroform extract had the highest effect on the SOD-like activity and reducing power.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 2006

The effect of storage temperature on the quality and antioxidative activity Whangseoke sauce was studied over a period of 240 days. Fermented Whangseoke with $25\%$ salt were stored at $25^{\circ}C$. The quality change and antioxidant activity of Whangseoke in linoleic acid emulsion was evaluated with various parameters including acids values, peroxide values, TBA values, reducing sugar, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power at various time intervals for 240 days of storage. In general, it was observed, in all sample, that peroxide values, brown color intensity, electron donating ability and reducing power gradually increased, while reducing sugar decreased during storage at $25^{\circ}C$. The antioxidative activities of fermented Whangseoke were determined on tile linoleic acid emulsion system. The results showed that Whangseoke had antioxidant activity. These results suggest that antioxidant activity of Whangseoke seemed to influence by Maillard reaction products during the storage periods.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.62-67
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• 1999

Infection rates of oyster ovarian parasite, Marteiliodes chungmuensis and productivity of the oyster shellstock infected with the parasite were investigated at the main seed collection areas in the southern coast of Korea where the extreme bad seed collection of oyster occurred in 1992 and 1993 to evaluate the cause of the bad seed collection. Additionally, the bacterial flora of the sea water and oyster lana were examined to identify the shellfish larva pathogenic bacteria like Vibrio sp. and Pseueomonas sp. In August 1992 to September 1993, infection rate of oyster ovarian parasite, M. chungmuensis at Tongyong, Kyongsangnam province, and Yosu, Chollanam province where the bad seed collection occurred, were $11.8\~100\%$ and $14.3\~100\%$, respectively. But the parasite was not detected in the shellstock collected at Daechon, Chungchongnam province. While a virus-like particle was identified in the cytoplasm of the egg infected by the parasite. The parasite infected egg was not able to fertilize completely. Uninfected egg in the gonad contaminated by the parasite could be able to fertilize but showed an abnormal development till D-shaped larva and then, died of necrosis after D-shaped lana. And some lana developed from low lipid content egg could not develop to the spat and died after the early umbo stage. The predominant bacteria in the oyster lana collected at bad seed collection areas were Pseudomonas sp. and Pseudomonas like bacteria and the occupancy rates were $53.3\~87.1\%$.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.121-125
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• 2011

Purpose: The DNA-type virus HBV, discovered by D. Dane and others in 1976, is approximately 42nm big and known as the main cause of liver-related diseases around the world. HBsAg has 4 kinds of subtypes including adw, adr, ayw and ayr and besides common antigen factor a, there are d, y, r, w. From the methods of serologically testing HBV, IRMA, EIA and CLIa were developed for testing HBsAg and are being used in examining the surface antigen of HBV. In this study, among the methods for testing HBV, the recently developed RIAKEY Ultrasensitive HBsAg IRMA kit's sensitivity level and performance in detection of mutant forms were measured and compared with CLIA. Materials and methods: Two certified reference materials, which are WHO 1st International Standard 1985(80/549) and WHO 2nd International Standard 2003(00/588. subtype adw2, genotypeA), were used in the examination and the sensitivity level was measured by diluting these materials from 0.08 IU/ml to 0.005 IU/ml. The materials for examining the detection of mutant forms included 9 kinds of subtype 'ad' and one kind of subtype 'ay' purchased from DSI company. Also, with the use of positive and negative samples, they was compared with CLIA. Result: Ultrasensitive HBsAg kit based on IRMA method showed the detection of up to 0.01 IU/ml not only for WHO 1st International Standard 1985(80/549) but also for WHO 2nd International Standard 2003(00/588. subtype adw2, genotypeA) and the sensitivity level was measured as 0.01 IU/ml by WHO standard. In testing the performance for detection of mutant forms, the 9 kinds of subtype 'ad' and one kind of subtype 'ay' mutant materials were detected, demonstrating the capacity of detecting various types of mutant forms. Conclusions: With the clinical importance of sensitivity level and performance in detection of mutant forms increasing in the field of HBsAg diagnosis, the examination of IRMA's effectiveness using RIA method in the aspects of the sensitivity level and performance in detection of mutant forms was carried out and its result is as follows. The sensitivity level was measured as 0.01 IU/ml by WHO standard and it was possible to measure various types of mutant forms with high sensitivity. Thus it is suggested that more speedy and accurate reports could be produced from a nuclear medicine laboratory for clinical practitioners requiring results of various situations.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.66-73
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• 2008

Purpose: CA 19-9 need to examine a number of sample volume, and the postwar 200 U/ml concentration hook effect appears slight. Thus, the antibody-antigen reaction, and by reducing the amount of (sample volume), they can hook effect to minimize the impact of the sample volume and relevance know, I saw the hook effect. In addition, the current maximum of using the standard concentration of the reagent in 240 U/ml increase more than the standard concentration can be seen knows. Material and Method: 5 U/ml and under, make a few low concentration of serum pool from the high concentration of the sample hook effect together with a standard concentration of about 500 to meet the production. The reagents used in experiments are currently using SNUH NM experiment. Orignal method along with the experiment is to 25 ul sample volume (1 / 4), 50 ul (1 / 2), 100 ul (Orignal method) in the experiment. My greatest concentration of the reagent concentration of approximately two times the standard concentration of production. When was the last to make the first experiment, as measured by the standard concentration after that. The new inspection information through a standard solution modified by entering values in them. Results: 100 ul, and to apply the new standard concentration y = 1.3021x - 10.97, $R^2$ = 0.9844. Overall, the results showed a similar orignal method. Because of the concentration in the value of more than 240 U/ml, but it is an overall value that can be made out of a similar value When I put the 50 ul y = 1.045x + 9.5861, $R^2$ = 0.9428. Overall orignal method and the results of a similar value. 50 ul, and to apply the new standard concentration y=1.2006x+11.252, $R^2$=0.9423. Showing a slightly lower value compared with orignal method. Because of the concentration in the value of more than 240 U/ml, but it is an overall value that can be made out of a similar value. When I put the man 25 ul y=0.6012x+24.755, $R^2$=0.4033. Results showed that very small amounts of sample are insecure inside and showed a lower middle cpm orignal method and showed a lot of mismatched. Conclusions: 25 ul of the sample volume is not possible to use the instability had, when I put the 50 ul of the orignal method can be used to show a similar concentration. The new values are slightly lower concentration, The new values are slightly lower concentration, concentration, which are likely due to the lack of data has had a little gap between the sample showed 80 to 200 U/ml additional experiments seem to do. Apply a new 100 ul concentration values are applied to a large crowd is not even in sight. But this way the concentration of 100 to more 400 U/ml gather further experiments should possible adds.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.134-139
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• 2014

Purpose: Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction (ASIR) technique is a reconstruction method of CT image using statistical noise modeling which is known to reduce image noise and to preserve image quality despite reducing radiation dose. The aim of this study is to evaluate images using ASIR on bone SPECT/CT which is primarily performed in our hospital. Materials and Methods: We compared the images of applied ASIR (ASIR level: 20-80%) and none ASIR by changing the mA based on 120 kVp, 100 mA using Discovery NM/CT 670 (GE, U.S.A). First, we evaluated attenuation correction in SPECT image by changing the ASIR level using Anthropomorphic phantom. Second, we compared the contrast to noise ratio (CNR), image noise and spatial resolution in CT image using ACR phantom. Third, after selecting the ASIR level applicable patient using lower torso phantom, we examined 2 patients who followed up bone SPECT/CT and we performed blind test. Results: The degree of attenuation correction in SPECT image showed no significant difference between applied ASIR and none ASIR (P>0.05). When applied ASIR, the noise of CT image were reduced at least 17 up to 52% by changing the mA. The CNR of image with ASIR was maintained more than 0.8 at 40 mA (ASIR 60%) while those without ASIR showed 0.42 at standard 40 mA. In comparison of the high contrast object, we distinguished 12 line pairs/cm at 40 mA regardless of appling ASIR. Comparison of the patients image applied ASIR level 60% (40 mA) which found out by spine image of lower torso phantom showed no signigicant difference between applied ASIR and none ASIR in blind test. The CTDIvol and DLP for applied ASIR 60% showed decreased by 60%, 60% on average than using standard mA. Conclusion: The study show that the radiation dose in SPECT/CT using ASIR can be reduced despite degradation of SPECT and CT images. In addition, higher ASIR level could be possibly applied characteristics of SPECT/CT that region of interest is limited to bone.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.503-512
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• 2020

To enhance the usability of puffed rice, we evaluated the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of vinegar made with puffed rice and lemon balm. First, puffed rice containing lemon balm extracts was fermented for alcohol production. The alcoholic fermented liquid was adjusted to an alcohol content of 6% and an initial acidity of 2% for vinegar fermentation. The pH and alcohol content of the lemon balm vinegar decreased overall as fermentation progressed. The total acidity was 5.20±0.01% (2.0% lemon balm) to 5.80±0.01% (0.0% lemon balm) on the 15th day of fermentation, and the total acidity was slightly lower as the amount of added lemon balm was increased. Citric, succinic, and acetic organic acids were detected in the vinegar and the acetic acid content was highest at 4.81% to 5.37% on the 15th day of fermentation. We found that the total polyphenol and total flavonoid content of the lemon balm vinegar increased as we added lemon balm, and the content on the 15th day of fermentation was 179.4±4.5 (0.0% lemon balm) - 340.8±2.6 mg/kg (2.0% lemon balm) and 1.5±0.3 (0.0% lemon balm) - 31.7±0.3 mg/kg (2.0% lemon balm), respectively. The higher the amount of lemon balm added, the higher the DPPH radical scavenging activity, the FRAP (reducing power), and the ABTS radical scavenging activity. Moreover, those activities after 2.0% lemon balm treatment were 82.99±0.61%, 1.08±0.01 abs., and 87.67±0.68%, respectively, on the 15th day of fermentation. These results suggest that vinegar with added lemon balm may be used as an antioxidant agent.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.818-824
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• 2003

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were performed to discriminate astragalus roots (Astragalus membranaceus) according to geographical origin (domestic or foreign). Two-hundred-and-four astragalus roots were extracted with 30% methanol in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) and separated in a uncoated fused-silica $(50\;{\mu}m{\times}27\;cm)$ capillary. Conditions for optimal analysis included: temperature $-45^{\circ}C$, voltage -14 kV, and pressure injection time -8 sec. The optimal separation buffer was 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 40 mM hexane sulfonic acid with 20% 2-methoxy ethanol. Raw NIR spectra were obtained using NIRS, and modified partial least square regression was used to develop the prediction model. The correlation coefficient and standard error of prediction were 0.915 and 14.3%, respectively. Under the optimal conditions established for CE and NIRS, the geographical origins of the astragalus roots were correctly identified in 80 and 97%, respectively. Astragalus roots that were not discriminated by NIRS were correctly discriminated by CE. Hence, CE and NIRS are potential methods for discriminating the geographical origins of astragalus roots that complement one another.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.668-683
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the contents of total polyphenol (TP), total flavonoid, and absorbance at 475 nm ($OD_{475}$) which may produced in solid-fermented leaf of Smilax china L. by Aspergillus oryzae as a new functional components with reddish brown color, contents of water soluble substance (WSS), electron donating ability (EDA), Hunter $L^*$, $a^*$, $b^*$ values, sensory overall acceptability (OA) and also, the inhibitory activities (XOI and AOI) against partial purified xanthine oxidase (XO) and aldehyde oxidase (AO) from rabbit liver which were well known to relate the gout, and alcoholic liver disease, respectively in order to optimize water extraction using response surface methodology (RSM). All the $R^2$ values of the second-order polymonials ranged from 0.85 to 0.98, except for the EDA (0.69) and the XOI (0.78). However, the activities of the EDA and XOI were relatively high in the lower concentration of the fermented Smilax china L. leaf. The effects on the water extraction were highest in the concentration, among the dependent variables, and showed significant differences at the 1% level in the TP, TF and WSS contents and the $a^*$, $b^*$ and $OD_{475}$ values, but the OA showed significant differences at the 5% level. The optimal values of AOI, which was the most important functionality in the Smilax china L. that was predicted via RSM, were 59.48% at the 2.19% concentration, a $90.02^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature and a 4.03 minute extraction time ($R^2$: 0.93, p<0.007). The ranges of all the dependent variables of the optimal water extraction were 1.6~1.8% for the concentration, $83{\sim}93^{\circ}C$ for the temperature and 3.4~4.4 minutes for the extraction time; and the optimal water extraction conditions were a 1.7% concentration, an $88^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature and a 3.9-min extraction time.