• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1-10
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• 2023

Strong Critics of' Moral Hazard, due to plummeting severely their stock price down and damage falling on plain investor, has been skyrocketed against massively and simultaneously exercising stock option right of C-Level members in Stock market listed startups right after IPO regardless of proper and legal process followed. Korean Financial Supervisory Board initiate new act of extending to apply'Lock-up Rule'even to stock option of core interest group after IPO. However, it will cause startups and venture more difficulties to recruit top level of talented staffs. This paper aims to propose RSU(Restricted Stock Unit) as alternative to breakthrough the current deadlock issue with respect to stock option controversy many startups facing. This paper to meet goal, first, including Korean introducing status of RSU, it clarify the concept of RSU by comparing exploration with Restricted Stock and define characteristic of RSU by comparing Stock Option. Second, it bring more effective ways of startups introducing RSU in Korea overcoming its limitations and challenges. Third, it carry out FGI to legal expert deeply involved of introducing RSU in Korea at policy domain. FGI focus on defining core challenging factors and their level of huddles of introducing RSU in Korea with proposing breakthrough policies to landing RSU softly in Korea. Fourth, it suggest valid policies of introducing and stabilizing RSU in Korea completely. This paper expect some contributions Korean startups and venture on finding market friendly right breakthrough out of stock option dilemma currently in.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2020

Artificial Intelligence is establishing itself as a familiar tool from an intractable concept. In this trend, financial sector is also looking to improve the problem of existing system which includes Fraud Detection System (FDS). It is being difficult to detect sophisticated cyber financial fraud using original rule-based FDS. This is because diversification of payment environment and increasing number of electronic financial transactions has been emerged. In order to overcome present FDS, this paper suggests 3 types of artificial intelligence models, Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), Deep Neural Network (DNN), and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). GAN proves how data imbalance problem can be developed while DNN and CNN show how abnormal financial trading patterns can be precisely detected. In conclusion, among the experiments on this paper, WGAN has the highest improvement effects on data imbalance problem. DNN model reflects more effects on fraud classification comparatively.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2024

This paper deals with the minimum linear arrangement(MinLA) of a lattice graph, to which an approximate algorithm of linear complexity O(n) remains as a viable solution, deriving the optimal MinLA of 31,680 for 33×33 lattice. This paper proposes a partitioning arrangement algorithm of complexity O(1) that delivers exact solution to the minimum linear arrangement. The proposed partitioning arrangement algorithm could be seen as loading boxes into a container. It firstly partitions m rows into r₁,r₂,r₃ and n columns into c₁,c₂,c₃, only to obtain 7 containers. Containers are partitioning with a rule. It finally assigns numbers to vertices in each of the partitioned boxes location-wise so as to obtain the MinLA. Given m,n≥11, the size of boxes C₂,C₄,C₆ is increased by 2 until an increase in the MinLA is detected. This process repeats itself 4 times at maximum given m,n≤100. When tested to lattice in the range of 2≤n≤100, the proposed algorithm has proved its universal applicability to lattices of both m=n and m≠n. It has also obtained optimal results for 33×33 and 100×100 lattices superior to those obtained by existing algorithms. The minimum linear arrangement algorithm proposed in this paper, with its simplicity and outstanding performance, could therefore be also applied to the field of Very Large Scale Integration circuit where m,n are infinitely large.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.79
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• pp.271-303
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• 2024

In our country, which has a strong presidential system, the power and responsibilities of the president are truly enormous. He is the head of state and diplomatic representative, and at the same time exercises authority over all areas of the country, including the legislature, judiciary, and constitutional institutions, along with his responsibilities as head of the executive branch. Considering these aspects, it can be said that presidential records created during the president's rule have a high level of national and historical significance and value compared to other public records. Considering these importance of presidential records, the Presidential Records Management Act was enacted in 2007 to establish an institutional mechanism to systematically manage presidential records. However, the current institutional basis for appraisal of presidential records is very weak. In this regard, there is a need to begin discussions on the appraisal of presidential records in earnest. Considering the national importance and symbolism of presidential records, it is necessary to establish a new direction for appraisal of presidential records that is different from general public records. Accordingly, in this paper, as part of reestablishing Korea's presidential records appraisal system, this article analyzed the status and problems of the current presidential records appraisal system and presented directions needed to find future improvement measures. To this end, as a premise for discussing the importance and value of presidential records, it examined the powers and responsibilities of the presidency as defined in our country's Constitution.Next, we looked at the appraisal system and method for presidential records that are currently in operation, and then analyzed the problems that emerged here in connection with the characteristics of presidential records. Based on this, it presented five perspectives on issues that need to be discussed publicly in the records management community in order to reestablish Korea's presidential records appraisal system in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.84 no.6
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• pp.1367-1372
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• 2023

Primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS) is a rare vasculitis in the central nervous system. Herein, we report a case of diagnosis and treatment of necrotic pattern PACNS, which was difficult to differentiate from a brain abscess. A 19-year-old male presented with blurred vision and a headache. Brain MRI revealed irregular rim-enhancing necrotic masses with central diffusion-high signal intensity in the corpus callosum and peripheral diffusion-high signal intensity in the left parietotemporal periventricular area. Susceptibility-weighted imaging revealed multiple punctate hemorrhages in the lesions. The patient was diagnosed with unusual abscess or tumefactive PACNS. Therefore, we initially treated the patient with antibiotics to rule out brain abscess. However, the brain lesions did not improve on follow-up MRI after the antibiotic treatment. Surgical biopsy was performed, and the histopathological diagnosis was PACNS with a necrotic pattern. The necrotic lesions became smaller on follow-up MRI after high-dose corticosteroid treatment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.557-569
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• 2023

Amphibians are the world's most threatened group of animals, with approximately 41% facing extinction. Contrary to this global trend, the number of amphibian species in Korea has increased by approximately 53.3% over the past 20 years. In particular, salamanders within the genus Hynobius showed even greater diversity, with the number increasing three-fold from two species to seven. However, morphological and ecological traits required for the clear differentiation of these animals are yet to be determined, leading to much confusion. In this study, we investigated the validity of using size traits for species identification, as this method is currently considered a rule of thumb when differentiating Geoje salamanders (Hynobius geojeensis), cryptic Uiryeong salamanders (H. perplicatus), and Korean small salamanders (H. unisacculus). Our study revealed that sex, study period, and habitat were all factors associated with significant differences in snout-vent length, head width, and body weight. Differences in these size traits were evident both between and within species. Our results show that body size traits applied in the recent classification of the three new salamander species could not be seen as a suitable criterion. Such identification methods based solely on body size not only cause great confusion in the field but will also limit future research on Korean Hynobius salamanders.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.75
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• pp.33-56
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• 2023

Purpose of study: The purpose of this study is to analyze the origins and texts of the Jewish scriptures, the Mishnah Moed, and to examine them from the perspective of educational theology to suggest practical application methods for Christian education. Research content and method: In order to achieve the purpose of the research, the contents were set as follows. First, for analyzing the origin and text of Mishnah Moed, the historical process until Mishnah Moed was edited was reviewed, and the contents of the text of Mishnah Moed were classified into 2 groups of 12 Masekkot from the viewpoint of the researcher; The first group is the contents Shabbath and Festivals : Shabbat, Pesahim, Yoma, Sukkah, Rosh haShanah, Megillah and the other group is as a rule to keep the festival, Erubin, Sheqalim, Betzah, Taanith, Moed Qatan, Hagigah. Second, in order to analyze the mishnah moed in educational theology, the church calendar for the festivals currently used in Christianity was analyzed by dividing it into the origin of the church year, the contents of the church year, and the scriptures of the church year. Third, as an educational model for applying Mishnah Moed to Christian education, the goal of seasonal education, the content of seasonal education, and the method of seasonal education were presented. Conclusions and Suggestions: The conclusion of the research is as follows; First, seasonal education based on the teachings of the Bible must be conducted within the Christian community. Second, The education is needed for leading a life that correctly understands and practices the historical process of the Christian festivals. Third, various church education programs should be developed and utilized according to the Christian Bible routine. Fourth, numerous symbols symbolizing the Christian festivals must be created and educated. Fifth, except for the festivals of the sufferings of Jesus Christ, the rest of the festivals must be observed as Celebration.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.47-57
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• 1981

Girth at breast height was measured to test skewness ($g_1$) and kurtosis ($g_2$) of frequency distribution of the basal area in terms of t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for a total of forty six monocultures within Sudong and Kwhangnung area in central part of Korean peninsula in 1979 and 1980. The monocultures are about 10 to 50 years old, and four kinds: Pinus koraiensis, Larix kaempferi, Abies holophylla and Pinus rigida. Most of the sample sizes per site were ranged 70 to 110 excluding 4 sites. The number of classes interval was based on Sturges rule for each monoculture and was ranged from 5 to 10. In Sudong the range of age(yr) and basal area (($cm^2$)/tree) of the monocultures were from 10 to 20 and from 27.60 to 383. for Kwhangnung they were from 15 to 47 and mostly 102.15 to 619.14, respectively. All 43 monocultures except 1 showed +$g_1$, which ranged from 0.3 to 2.2 except six sites. Of the total 46 sites, 23 sites showed significant +$g_1$ which includes about 10 year-old monoculture. The number of classes interval with significant positive skewness ranged from 6 to 9. The data suggest that intraspecific competition in terms of stand structure seems to appear from about 10 year-old monocultures, and it may even last to about 50 year-old one. Around 24 monocultures showed nonsignificant -$g_2$ except one. Most -$g_2$ ranged from -0.12 to -0.83. Around 20 monocltures showed positive $g_2$ ranging from +0.13 to +3.841. Of the 22 +$g_1$, majority of 11 were very highly significant. Of all monocultures only 5 showed significant result from Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Of the 4 species, Larix kaempferi seems to show density stress first then Abies holophylla, and Pinus koraiensis last. Data of this study indicate that adequate number of classes intervals and sample sizes for studying intraspecific competition in terms of basal area are 6 to 9 and 80 trees rather than 12 and 100 trees, respectively. It also suggests that most of the frequency distribution of basal area class are trimodal rather than bimodal under density stress. It is proposed that the leptokurtic distribution appears before normal distribution rather than direct change from platykurtic to normal distribution of basal area for selected stages in the development of stands.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.29-73
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• 2012

Aviation safety is the State and industry's top priority and more scientific approaches for fatigue management should be needed. There are lately various studies and regulation changes for crew fatigue management with ICAO, FAA and EASA. ICAO issued the provisions of fatigue management for flight crew since 1st edition, 1969, of Annex 6 operation of aircraft as a Standards and Recommended practice(SARPs). Unfortunately, there have been few changes and improvement to fatigue management provisions since the time they were first introduced. However the SARPs have been big changed lately. ICAO published guidance materials for development of prescriptive fatigue regulations through amendment 33A of Annex 6 Part 1 as applicable November 19th 2009. And then ICAO introduced additional amendment for using Fatigue Risk Management System (FRMS) with $35^{th}$ amendment in 2011. According to the Annex 6, the State of the operator shall establish a) regulations for flight time, flight duty period, duty period and rest period limitations and b) FRMS regulations. The Operator shall implement one of following 3 provisions a) flight time, flight duty period, duty period and rest period limitations within the prescriptive fatigue management regulations established by the State of the Operator; or b) a FRMS; or c) a combination of a) and b). U.S. FAA recently published several kinds of Advisory Circular about flightcrew fatigue. U.S. passed "Airline Safety and FAA Extension Act of 2010" into law on August 1st, 2010. This mandates all commercial air carriers to develop a FAA-acceptable Fatigue Risk Management Plan(FRMP) by October 31st, 2010. Also, on May 16, 2012, the FAA published a final rule(correction) entitled 'Flightcrew Member Duty and Rest Requirements; correction to amend its existing prescriptive regulations. The new requirements are required to implement same regulations for domestic, flag and supplemental operations from January 4, 2014. EASA introduced a Notice of Proposed Amendment (NPA) 2010-14 entitled "Draft opinion of the European Aviation Safety Agency for a Commission Regulation establishing the implementing rules on Flight and Duty Time Limitations and Rest Requirements for Commercial Air Transport with aeroplanes" on December 10, 2010. The purpose of this NPA is to develop and implement fatigue management for commercial air transport operations. Comparing with Korean and foreign regulations regarding fatigue management, the provisions of ICAO, FAA, EASA are more considering various fatigue factors and conditions. Korea regulations should be needed for some development of insufficiency points. In this thesis, I present the results of the comparative study between domestic and foreign regulations in respect of fatigue management crew member. Also, I suggest legal proposals for amendment of Korea Aviation act and Enforcement Regulations concerning fatigue management for crew members. I hope that this paper is helpful to change korea fatigue regulations, to enhance aviation safety, and to reduce the number of accidents relating to fatigue. Fatigue should be managed at all level such as regulators, experts, operators and pilots. Authority should change surveillance mind-set from regulatory auditor to expert adviser. Operators should identify various fatigue factors and consider to crew scheduling them. Crews should strongly manage both individual and duty-oriented fatigue issues.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.19-43
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• 2014

The Pareto principle, also known as the 80-20 rule, states that roughly 80% of the effects come from 20% of the causes for many events including natural phenomena. It has been recognized as a golden rule in business with a wide application of such discovery like 20 percent of customers resulting in 80 percent of total sales. On the other hand, the Long Tail theory, pointing out that "the trivial many" produces more value than "the vital few," has gained popularity in recent times with a tremendous reduction of distribution and inventory costs through the development of ICT(Information and Communication Technology). This study started with a view to illuminating how these two primary business paradigms-Pareto principle and Long Tail theory-relates to the success of virtual knowledge collaboration. The importance of virtual knowledge collaboration is soaring in this era of globalization and virtualization transcending geographical and temporal constraints. Many previous studies on knowledge sharing have focused on the factors to affect knowledge sharing, seeking to boost individual knowledge sharing and resolve the social dilemma caused from the fact that rational individuals are likely to rather consume than contribute knowledge. Knowledge collaboration can be defined as the creation of knowledge by not only sharing knowledge, but also by transforming and integrating such knowledge. In this perspective of knowledge collaboration, the relative distribution of knowledge sharing among participants can count as much as the absolute amounts of individual knowledge sharing. In particular, whether the more contribution of the upper 20 percent of participants in knowledge sharing will enhance the efficiency of overall knowledge collaboration is an issue of interest. This study deals with the effect of this sort of knowledge sharing distribution on the efficiency of knowledge collaboration and is extended to reflect the work characteristics. All analyses were conducted based on actual data instead of self-reported questionnaire surveys. More specifically, we analyzed the collaborative behaviors of editors of 2,978 English Wikipedia featured articles, which are the best quality grade of articles in English Wikipedia. We adopted Pareto ratio, the ratio of the number of knowledge contribution of the upper 20 percent of participants to the total number of knowledge contribution made by the total participants of an article group, to examine the effect of Pareto principle. In addition, Gini coefficient, which represents the inequality of income among a group of people, was applied to reveal the effect of inequality of knowledge contribution. Hypotheses were set up based on the assumption that the higher ratio of knowledge contribution by more highly motivated participants will lead to the higher collaboration efficiency, but if the ratio gets too high, the collaboration efficiency will be exacerbated because overall informational diversity is threatened and knowledge contribution of less motivated participants is intimidated. Cox regression models were formulated for each of the focal variables-Pareto ratio and Gini coefficient-with seven control variables such as the number of editors involved in an article, the average time length between successive edits of an article, the number of sections a featured article has, etc. The dependent variable of the Cox models is the time spent from article initiation to promotion to the featured article level, indicating the efficiency of knowledge collaboration. To examine whether the effects of the focal variables vary depending on the characteristics of a group task, we classified 2,978 featured articles into two categories: Academic and Non-academic. Academic articles refer to at least one paper published at an SCI, SSCI, A&HCI, or SCIE journal. We assumed that academic articles are more complex, entail more information processing and problem solving, and thus require more skill variety and expertise. The analysis results indicate the followings; First, Pareto ratio and inequality of knowledge sharing relates in a curvilinear fashion to the collaboration efficiency in an online community, promoting it to an optimal point and undermining it thereafter. Second, the curvilinear effect of Pareto ratio and inequality of knowledge sharing on the collaboration efficiency is more sensitive with a more academic task in an online community.