• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2010

Effects of temperature ($13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$) on the pharmacokinetic properties of nalidixic acid (NA), piromidic acid (PA) and oxolinic acid (OA) were studied after oral administration to cultured olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Serum concentrations of these antimicrobials were determined after oral administration of a single dosage of 60 mg/kg body weight (average 700 g). At $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA, PA and OA, which attained at 10 h, 24 h and 30 h post-dose, were 11.55, 3.79 and $1.12{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. At $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$, the peak serum concentrations of NA, PA and OA, which attained at 10 h, 15 h and 30 h post-dose, were 6.36, 1.4 and $1.01{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. Better absorption of NA and PA was noted at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ compared to $23{\pm}13^{\circ}C$. The elimination of NA from serum of olive flounder was considerably faster at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ than at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$. However, both absorption and elimination of OA were not affected significantly by temperature. The kinetic profile of absorption, distribution and elimination of these antimicrobials in serum were analyzed by fitting to a one- and two compartment model, with WinNonlin program. In the one compartment model for NA, AUC, Tmax and Cmax at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $258.26{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 10.67 h and $8.91{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $341.45 {\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 7.72 h and $6.23{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. In the one compartment model for PA, AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $248.12{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 21.15 h and $3.09{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $103.89{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 12.89 h and $1.22{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. In the two compartment model for OA, AUC, $T_{max}$ and $C_{max}$ at $23{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $138.20{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 23.95 h and $1.06{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively. The AUC, $T_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ at $13{\pm}1.5^{\circ}C$ were $159.10{\mu}g{\cdot}h/m\ell$, 28.03 h and $1.02{\mu}g/m\ell$, respectively.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 1997

This study was concuted to determine the optimal conditions for raising the freshwater rotifer, Brachinus calyciflorus. The authors presented some biological informatin obtained from incubation experiment under the various controlled temperatures. Lorica size of the rotifer was divided into two groups : the length and the width for the S-type was $141.0\pm16.7\mu m$($110.1-182.5\;\mu m, n=44$)and $107.0\pm20.3\mu m\;(75.3-152.3\mu m, n=44)$, and those for the L-type was $262.8\pm15.2\mu m\;(234.4-288.6\mu m,\;n=20)\;and\;182.6\pm13.4\mu m (159.8-207.0\mu m,\;n=20$), respectively. The number of eggs being attached on the female varied from 1 to 11 at various culture conditions. Egg type was divided into two groups, large and small. Large and small egg was measured in its major axis as 85a.7-107.8$\mu$m and 55.1-65.2$\mu$m for S-type, and 104.9-121.8 $\mu$m and 62.8-89.1$\mu$m for L-type respectively. The maximum density was reached at 4th day after incubation. The density was 583.9 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group and 421.3 rotifers/$m\ell$ for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group respectively. In the case of $28^{\circ}C$-experimental. group, it suddenly decreased into 4.7 rotifers/$m\ell$ at 1st day after incubations and did not recover to its initial density. The maximum rate of increase of populatin per day was reached 0.802 for $22^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at day 2 and fluctuated thereafter. For $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group it increased to 0.964 at day 3 of incubation and then declined. And the egg ratio of female was reached the maximum of 0.614 for 22$^{\circ}C$- at 3rd day and 0.772 for $25^{\circ}C$-experimental. group at 4th day of incubation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.658-665
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• 2012

A survey of zearalenone contamination was conducted on cereal-based products by using an immunoaffinity column with LC-MS/MS. The calibration curve showed good lineality, with correlation coefficients ($R^2$) of 0.999 in the concentration range from 1 to 250 ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantification were approximately $0.3{\mu}g/kg$ and $1.0{\mu}g/kg$, respectively. The recoveries in the barley tea, Misutgaru and snack ranged from 73.6-107.8%. Zearalenone was detected in 10 samples (11.2% incidence). The highest zearalenone contamination level was $29.7{\mu}g/kg$ in the Misutgaru. This survey was conducted with uncertainty of measurement. The expanded uncertainty for zearalenone was estimated to be $44.9{\pm}5.0{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2, 95% confidence level) and $128.7{\pm}7.9{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2, 95% confidence level) for barley tea, $30.7{\pm}5.8{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2, 95% confidence level) and $173.7{\pm}14.9{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2.26, 95% confidence level) for Misutgaru, and $37.2{\pm}7.4{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2.31, 95% confidence level) and $151.0{\pm}10.4{\mu}g/kg$ (k=2, 95% confidence level) snack at the level of $41.7{\mu}g/kg$ and $166.7{\mu}g/kg$, respectively.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1988

Mutagenic actions of aflatoxin B$_1$ (AFB$_1$) in the presence of various concentrations of L-ascorbIc acid (AA) in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 100 and TA98 were studied. Spontaneous revertants per plate of the tester strains TA100 and TA98 were 121-125 and 25-30 with or without S9 mix, respectively. The negative controls used in the study did not show any mutagenesis in the tester strains. AFB$_1$ revealed strong mutagenicity at the dose levels of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.25 ${\mu}$g/plate with metabolic activation system in both strains. However, it showed a toxic effect when the levels were more than 0.5 ${\mu}$g/plate. When lower concentrations of AA (5-20 ${\mu}$g/plate) were added to AFB$_1$ in the Ames assay system with S9 mix the mutagenic action of AFB$_1$ decreased in both strains. About 70-90% of mutagenicity of AFB$_1$ disappeared in strain TA100 when 20${\mu}$g of AA was added to 0.05 ${\mu}$g of AFB$_1$. The inhibitory effect was greatly increased by the addition of higher concentrations of AA to AFB$_1$ in TA100 strain. The mutagenicity of AFB$_1$ was completely inhibited when 100 ${\mu}$g and 500 ${\mu}$g of AA were added to 0.05 ${\mu}$g and 0.1 ${\mu}$g of AFB$_1$, respectively, However, this protective effect of AA on AFB$_1$ mediated mutagenesis was less effective in TA98 strain than that in TA100.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 2000

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T)-degrading bacterial strains were isolated from rice field and field in suburbs of Taejon. Of the total 100 isolates, 19 strains were selected by fast growth on solid minimal media containing 2,4,5-T as a sole of carbon and energy, and they were identified to genus level. 11 strains were identified as Pseudomonas, 4 strains as Acinetobacter, 1 strains were as Alcaliagenes and 3 strains were not identified. Strains MU19 and MU92 which were identified as Pseudomonas were capable of degradation for 4 kinds of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T, MCPA and 3CB. Acinetobacter sp. MU38 showed the highest degradability in liquid minimal media at 48 hours after inoculation, and Pseudomonas spp. MU19. MU57, MU73, and MU92 were able to degrade carbon source at higher rates. As the results Acinetobacter sp. MU38 and Pseudomonas spp. MU19 and MU92 were capable of biodegradation for broad range of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and had higher rates of degradation for 2,4,5-T.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.212-219
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• 2016

The bioavailability of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) by dominant species Chaetoceros debilis and Leptocylindrus danicus under dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN)-limited condition in the southwestern East Sea was conducted to assess the quantitative evaluation using growth kinetic experiment. Nitrogen sources were nitrate and ammonium as DIN, glycine and urea, which is portion component of DON in East Sea. Maximum specific growth rate (${\mu}_{max}$) and half-saturation constant ($K_s$) of C. debilis calculated from Monod equations were estimated to be $1.50day^{-1}$ and $1.62{\mu}M$ in nitrate, $1.13day^{-1}$ and $6.97{\mu}M$ in ammonium, $1.46day^{-1}$ and $3.36{\mu}M$ in glycine, $0.93day^{-1}$ and $0.55{\mu}M$ in urea, respectively. Also, L. danics was estimated to be $1.55day^{-1}$ and $5.21{\mu}M$ in nitrate, $1.57day^{-1}$ and $4.57{\mu}M$ in ammonium, $1.47day^{-1}$ and $3.80{\mu}M$ in glycine, $1.42day^{-1}$ and $1.94{\mu}M$ in urea, respectively. Both C. debilis and L. dancius have higher affinity of urea than DIN. The high affinity of urea was indicated that the dominant species were able to growth using urea under DIN-limited conditions. Thus, DON utilization of phytoplankton may be one of the important dominant strategy under DIN-limited environments such as southwestern East Sea.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.111-115
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• 1997

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser(VCSEL)s operating at 1.3-micron wavelength for optical communication are fabricated by using Si/SiO$_2$dielectric quater-wave pairs on both sides of the InGaAsP(${\lambda}_g$=1.3 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$) gain material. VCSELs are optically pumped with a Nd-YAG laser in a pulsed mode and lasing around 1.3 microns is observed. Lasing characteristics such as threshold pump intensity as a function of mirror-reflectivity, polarization, and threshold pump density with pump spot size are investigated.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 1998

Taxol, the extract from the Taxus brevifolia which is a Pacific yew tree has aroused the interest of the tumor investigators since the 1960s. As well, it is shown to have broad antitumor activity in preclinical experimental models. Its action mechanism is an anti-microtubule effect by duplication of tubulin. The most impressive antitumor activity of taxol has been observed in advanced ovarian cancer and metastatic breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine how taxol acts on malignant bone tumor cell lines, to compare its cytotoxic effect with those of other chemotherapeutic agents, and to ascertain the its combination effect with adriamycin. Cell lines used in this study were G-292(osteosarcoma, human), SaOS-2(osteosarcoma, primary, human), and HT-1080(fibrosarcoma, human). Methotrexate, adriamycin, cisplatinum, ifosfamide and taxol were used as testing chemotherapeutic agents and their maximum test concentration were $500{\mu}g/ml$, $200{\mu}g/ml$, $500{\mu}g/ml$, $1000{\mu}g/ml$, and $600{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The media for cell culture was RPMI-1640 with 10% fetal bovine serum and gentamycin. The results were as follows. The $IC_{50}$ of methotrexate, ifosfamide, cisplatinum, adriamycin and Taxol in G-292 were $2.3{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $8.0{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $3.5{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $9.8{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $2.7{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$ respectively, in SaOS-2 $3.5{\times}10^{-1}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.5{\times}10^1{\mu}g/ml$, $2.8{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $9.9{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.0{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, in HT-1080 $4.2{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/ml$, $5.4{\times}10^1{\mu}g/ml$, $3.8{\times}10^0{\mu}g/ml$, $5.5{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/ml$, $1.1{\times}10^{-3}{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In conclusion, taxol had very potent cytotoxic effect on the malignant bone tumor cell lines with adriamycin, and was more potent than methotrexate, cisplatinum and ifosfamide. There were synergistic antitumor effects on G-292 and SaOS-2 cell lines in combination test of taxol and adriamycin. From the above results, it would be estimated that taxol could be a new antitumor drug for the malignant bone tumors, providing measures against the side effects and followed by the clinical tests.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.243-247
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• 2003

To examine ideal leaf types with higher $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilates and different seed sizes, 12 soybean varieties were planted on the pot in a plastic house covered with glass. Leaf function based on stomatal conductance and $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation in soybean is different in seed size and leaflet shape. Mean $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation of a single leaf was 19.66 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$ and showed higher in small seed cultivars with narrow leaflet than that of small seeds with wide leaflet (18.29 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$), but within large seed groups, it was higher in wide leaflets (19.17 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$) than narrow leaflet cultivars (17.45 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$). In small seed and narrow leaflet cultivars, stomatal conductance ranged from 0.14 to 0.15 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$, while $\textrm{CO}_2$ assimilation ranged from 19 to 20 $\mu\textrm{molm}^{-2}\textrm{s}^{-1}$. The Photosynthetic rate was closely related to stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2018

Thermoelectric thin film modules were fabricated by electroplating p-type $Sb_2Te_3$and n-type $Bi_2Te_3$ thin film legs with the same thickness of $20{\mu}m$ and different diameters of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$, respectively. The output voltage and output power of thin film modules were measured and compared as a function of the leg diameter. The modules processed with thin film legs of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$-diameter exhibited open circuit voltages of 365 mV at ${\Delta}T=36.7K$, 142 mV at ${\Delta}T=37.5K$, and 53 mV at ${\Delta}T=36.1K$, respectively. Maximum output powers of $845{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=36.7K$, $631{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=37.5K$, and $276{\mu}W$ at ${\Delta}T=36.1K$ were obtained for the modules fabricated with the thin film legs of $100{\mu}m$, $300{\mu}m$, and $500{\mu}m$-diameter, respectively.