• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.471-476
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• 2018

Background: Astragalus membranaceus belonging to the Leguminosae family is often utilized as a traditional medicine. The aim of this study was to elucidate the basic breeding information required to develop short stem A. membranaceus cultivars. Methods and Results: Roots of A. membranaceus advanced yield trial (AYT) lines were harvested in late October 2017. Root yield of six AYT lines were increased in a range of 8.9 - 74.8% compared with 'Aseong' as control (check variety). The height of seven AYT lines were shorter than that of 'Aseong'. In addition, stem diameter of nine AYT lines was thicker than that of 'Aseong'. Consequently, 1502-56, 1503-90, and 1510-80 were selected as elite lines for the development of short stem cultivars. HPLC analysis was perfromed to identify lines with high level active components such as calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and calycosin. The levels of both active components were higher in 1502-56, and 1503-90, but not in 1510-80 compared to 'Aseong'. In addition, 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity was higher in the 1502-56 compared to 'Aseong'. Considering these results, two AYT lines, 1502-56 and 1503-90 were selected as short stem lines with high calycosin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside and calycosin content. Conclusions: Taken together, Two short stem lines were identified in this study. In our future study, regional yield trial (RYT) will be conducted using these selected lines to develop new cultivars.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.553-559
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the content of phenolics and various anthocyanin compounds, and antioxidant and anticancer activities of the extracts from pomergranates, which were produced in two different regions including Goheung, Korea and California, USA. These pomergrantes were divided into juice, pericarp, and seed parts and each part was extracted with 95% methanol. Content of total phenolics [mg chlorogenic acid equivalents/kg DW] was highest in pericarp, followed by juice and seeds from pomergrantes in both regions. The anthocyanins identified in pomegranate fruit were cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G), cyanidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Cy3G), delphini din-3,5-di-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3,5G), delphinidin-3-O-glucoside chloride (Dp3G), pelargonidin-3,5-di-glucoside chloride (Pg3,5G), and pelargonidin-3-glucoside chloride (Pg3G). Among these, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside chloride (Cy3,5G) was the major anthocyanin in California pomegranate fruit juice and Goheung pomegranate fruit pericarp. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was dose-dependently increased, and was higher in pericarp part than juice or seed parts from pomergrantes in both regions. By MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay, pericarp extracts from pomergrantes in both regions showed the highest anticancer activity, which was higher on Calu-6 for human pulmonary carcinoma than SNU-601 for human gastric carcinoma. Correlation between polyphenols and anticancer activity on Calu-6 was determined to be in the range of $r^2=0.8904$ to 0.9706.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.713-720
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• 2014

In this study, the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Ardisia arborescens ethanol extract (AAEE) were evaluated using in vitro assays and a cell culture model system. AAEE exhibited potent scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), similar to ascorbic acid, which was used as a positive control. Moreover, AAEE effectively suppressed lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, AAEE induced the expression of antioxidative enzymes, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1), in addition to their upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), in a dose-dependent manner. The upstream signaling pathways of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) might regulate the modulation of HO-1, TrxR1, and Nrf2 expression. On the other hand, AAEE inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) formation, without cytotoxicity. Suppression of NO formation was the result of AEEE-induced down-regulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS). The suppression of NO and iNOS by AAEE might be modulated by their upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$, and activator protein (AP)-1 pathways. Taken together, these results provide important new insights into the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of A. arborescens. AAAEE might represent a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.235-240
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• 2004

In order to develop new anti-photoaging agents from marine natural products, Zostera marina L. was selected for its antioxidative activity and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression. Three compounds (compounds 1, 2, and 3) were isolated from the extract, and they were identified as apigenin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (1), chrysoeriol (2), and luteolin (3). These compounds have SC$\_$50/ values of 0.18 mM, 0.68 mM, and 0.01 mM against l,l-dipheny1-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and 0.04mM, 0.03mM, and 0.01mM against the superoxide radical in the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system, respectively. Compound 3 suppressed the expression of MMP-1 by up to 44% at 35.0${\mu}$M and inhibited the production of interleukin 6, which is known as a cytokine that induces MMP-1 expression. In addition, the wrinkle improvement effect of the formulation with Z. marina extract was measured. As a result, remarkable reduction was found in the fine wrinkle and skin roughness after application of the cream with 3.0% this extract for 8 weeks. In conclusion, the isolated compounds from Z. marina extract were good antioxidant and suppressor of MMP-1 expression and the formulation with the extract diminished the skin wrinkle. Therefore, the extract can be used as a new anti-aging agent for application in cosmetic.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2013

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity for the extracts from cowpea seed and sprouts. Plant length and weight of cowpea sprouts were significantly increased until 7 days after seeding. Total phenolics level [mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (CAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was highest in dry seed (DS) extracts of cowpea ($63.9mg\;kg^{-1}$), followed by imbibed seed (IS) ($56.8mg\;kg^{-1}$) and 1-day-old sprout (1DOS) extracts ($46.4mg\;kg^{-1}$), and significantly reduced with increase of sprout age (p < 0.05). The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the samples showed same tendency to the results of total phenolics level, and dose-dependently increased. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was higher in DS (87.3%) and IS (41.2%) than in cowpea sprouts from 1DOS to 7DOS, ranging from 17.1 to 30.4%. Antioxidant enzymes, APX, POX, and POX activities were highest in 7DOS and lowest in DS. SOD activity showed much higher activity in sprouts and in seeds. Correlation coefficient between physiological-active substance and the activity was highest between APX and CAT activities ($r^2$= 0.9574). Especially, total phenolics content was more highly correlated with antioxidant or with antioxidant enzyme activities than was total flavonoid level.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-35
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• 2015

Objectives This study was performed to investigate the effects of Bujasasim-tang ethanol extract (BST) on oxidative stress, inflammation and osteoarthritic rat model. Methods To ensure safety of BST, heavy metal levels were measured and cytotoxicity test was done. In vitro, To evaluate antioxidative effects of BST, total phenolic contents, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) scavenging activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured. Also, to evaluate anti-inflammatory effects of BST treated group, total nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$) levels were measured in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. In vivo, We injected MIA $50{\mu}l$ (60 mg/ml) into knee joints of rats to induce osteoarthritis. Rats were divided into total 3 groups (normal, control, BST treated group, each n=7). Normal group was not treated at all without inducing osteoarthritis and taken normal diet. Control group was induced osteoarthritis by MIA and taken with 2 ml of distilled water once a day for 4 weeks. BST treated group was induced osteoarthritis by MIA and taken BST 2 ml (200 mg/kg/mouse) once a day for 4 weeks. We evaluated dynamic weight bearing with the Incapacitance Test Meter. At the end of experiment, the rats were sacrificed to observe the functions of liver and kidney, changes of WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte levels in blood, to evaluate the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tissue inhibitor of metallopreteinases-1 (TIMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), leukotriene $B_4$ ($LTB_4$) within serum. We observed change of articular structures by Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E), safranin-O staining method and measured amount of cartilage by micro CT-arthrography. Statistical analysis was done by unpaired student's t-test with significance level at p<0.05 in SPSS 11.0 for windows. Results 1. Safety of the BST was identified. 2. AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine levels of BST treated group were within normal limit. In vitro, 1. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of BST showed dose-dependent increase. 2. ROS production were significantly decreased. 3. Total nitric oxide (NO) and IL-$1{\beta}$ production were decreased. 4. IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production were significantly decreased. In vivo, 1. Weight bearing ability was significantly increased. 2. WBC, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte levels in blood were decreased. 3. IL-$1{\beta}$ and TNF-${\alpha}$ levels in serum were significantly decreased. and the IL-6 level was decreased. 4. TIMP-1, MMP-9, $LTB_4$, $PGE_2$ levels in serum were significantly decreased. 5. Cartilage volume of BST treated group was significantly increased. Also changes of cartilage, synovial membrane, fibrous tissue were suppressed. Conclusions The results obtained in this study Bujasasim-tang have effects of antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, relieve pain and protection of cartilage. Therefore we expect that Bujasasim-tang is effective treatment for osteoarthritis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.973-980
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• 2014

This study was conducted to explore new nutraceutical resources from the plant kingdom possessing biological activities. To fulfill this purpose, the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of Decaisnea insignis ethanol extract (DIEE) were evaluated. First, DIEE possessed potent scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), similar to ascorbic acid used as a positive control. Moreover, DIEE inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, DIEE induced the expression of an anti-oxidative enzyme, heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and its upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), in a dose-dependent manner. The modulation of the HO-1 and Nrf2 expressions might be regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and their upstream signaling pathways. On the other hand, DIEE suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) formation without cytotoxicity. The inhibition of the NO formation was the result of the downregulation of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by DIEE. The suppression of NO and iNOS by DIEE might be modulated by their upstream transcription factors, nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$), and activator protein 1 (AP-1) pathways. Taken together, these results provide important new insights that D. insignis possesses anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, it might be utilized as a promising material in the field of nutraceuticals.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-168
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• 2013

The study was conducted to determine the content of phenolics and flavonoids, antioxidant activity and antioxidant enzyme activity for the extract from 7 days old sprouts of cowpea (cv. "Seowon"), mungbean (cv. "Owool") and soybean (cv. "Pungsannamulkong"). Sprout length and weight of soybean sprouts were higher than those of cowpea and mungbean sprouts. Total phenolics content [mg ferulic acid equivalents (FAE) $kg^{-1}$ DW] was highest in soybean sprout extracts (82.2 mg $kg^{-1}$), followed by cowpea (32.2 mg $kg^{-1}$) and mungbean (24.5 mg $kg^{-1}$) sprout extracts (p < 0.05). The result of total flavonoid level [mg rutin equivalents $kg^{-1}$ DW] had same tendency to the total phenolics, showing lower amounts. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extracts from all the plant dose-dependently increased. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) free radical scavenging activity was higher in cowpea (44%) and mungbean (42%) sprouts than in soybean sprouts (25%). Among antioxidant enzymes, APX and POX activities were highest in cowpea sprouts and CAT and SOD activities in soybean sprouts. The results showed that total phenolics content ($r^2$ = 0.5320 ~ 0.9032) and total flavonoids level ($r^2$ = 0.4672 ~ 0.9380) were highly correlated with antioxidant or with antioxidant enzyme activity, and that the level and activity of biologically active substances were different depending on plant species.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.433-441
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• 2013

In this study, the anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-melanogenic activities of Endlicheria anomala (Nees) Mez methanol extract (EAME) were evaluated by use of in vitro assays and cell culture model systems. The results revealed that EAME scavenges various radicals such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl hydrogen peroxide induced reactive oxygen species, and lipopolysaccharide induced nitric oxide. Furthermore, EAME induced the expression of anti-oxidative enzymes such as heme oxygenase 1, thioredoxin reductase 1, NAD(P)H dehydrogenase 1, and their upstream transcription factor, nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2. Moreover, EAME inhibited in vitro DOPA oxidation and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine induced melanogenesis in B16F10 cells. Its anti-melanogenic activity will have originated from the inhibition of tyrosinase enzyme activity and melanogenesis related protein expression. Taken together, these results provide the important new insight that E. anomala possesses various biological activities such as anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenic. Therefore, it might be utilized as a promising material in the fields of nutraceuticals and cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.481-486
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• 2010

The nutraceutical role of omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) water extract (OWE) was determined through the analysis of antioxidant activity, nitrite scavening activity, and xanthine oxdiase and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effects. Antioxidant activity of OWE was measured by using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase-like activity (SODA). DPPH radical scavenging activity and SODA increased in a dose-dependent manner, and was about 49.0% at 2.5 mg/mL and 69.2% at 5 mg/mL, respectively. The xanthine oxidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory activities of OWE were about 88.8% and 86.2% at 1 mg/mL, respectively. Nitrite scavenging activity of OWE was about 54.9%, 42.4%, and 34.2% on pH 1.2, 3.0, and 6.0 at 1 mg/mL, respectively. These results suggest that OWE has a strong antioxidant activity, and xanthine oxidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase inhibitory effects.