• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.11 no.1 s.22
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

The most likely influenced by the oil pollution at the sea is the fisheries industry, because if the destruction if the marine ecological system The rate if compensation for damage from IOPC Fund due to the incident if oil pollution is more or less $20\%$, which is remarkably lower than those cf our adjacent nations or European nations. The reason such a low rate cf compensation is that it is not easy to take evidences if changed caused by oil pollution requested by IOPC Fund due to the environments if our fisheries. Therefore unless the environments if our fisheries is changed completely, it is very difficult to get actual compensation for damages under the existing system, considering the results if the oil pollution damage compensation claim cases up to now. In this study tried to identify the actual benefits of 03FC convention that raises the upper limit if the compensation while keeping the criterion for compensation And proposed to supplement the compensation system of damage caused by oil pollution with analyzing the actual status if compensation from. IOPC Fund for the our oil pollution incidents and the judgment if Supreme Court on the case if oil. pollution acident in Keumdong No.5.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.773-781
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• 2016

The present SOLAS Convention has maintained safety regulations in a largely prescriptive form and this has become overly prescriptive now. The prescriptive rules do not properly reflect technical advances and changing environments in the maritime sector in a timely manner. The purpose of this study is to provide preliminary research to lay a foundation for the development of a new regulatory framework based on safety performance which is not a prescriptive rule making bases. This study reviewed the concept and characteristics of a minimum requirement, the implications of safety regulations in terms of strategic, commercial and technical aspects, the compensative correlation between constructional requirements and operational measures, the concept of safety with regard to final stage confirmation of functions, expansion of implementers and objects of safety regulations, and the balance between safety and environmental protection requirements. Based on these research, 10 principles for the rule formulation process has been suggested such as consideration on the hardware requirements and software requirement, the multi-stage approval concept, new safety concerns for complex shipboard systems, considerations on the human element, regulatory impact assessments and measures to reduce administrative burdens.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.146-156
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• 2018

The ship's chart system was changed from the use of paper chart to the ENC (Electronic Navigational Chart) using ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System). The introduction of ENC in ships is necessary for ship automation and for the digitalizing of data and integration of information, but unexpected various problems have occurred and are posing a great threat to safe navigation in the transitional period when the new system has been applied to the sea. In this paper, to assess whether ECDIS contributes to the safety of navigation for its intended purposes as new navigation equipment, a usability test of ECDIS was conducted on masters and crew who have used ECDIS on ocean-going vessels. The result was verified with a paired sample T-test, and it was significantly analyzed with the effectiveness of a simplified task; cost efficiency was decreased since ECDIS was used. By analyzing 'MSC.1/Circ.1503 ECDIS - Guidance for good practice', we found that the effects of the maintenance of ECDIS software, operating anomalies identified within ECDIS, differences between raster chart display system (RCDS) and ECDIS, and matters of identification were compounded by the overlapping information on the safety of ships. The anomalies were also grouped according to their characteristics, and we proposed suitable improvements accordingly. The reason for the reduction in efficiency in the usability test was that the problems with ECDIS were intended to be solved only with the careful use of navigational officers who did not have systematic solutions. To solve these problems, the maintenance of software, the improvement of ECDIS anomalies, the reliable ENC issuance including the global oceans, and S-mode development are a priority.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.1-13
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• 2001

Present-day rules and regulations for the design and construction of ships are almost without exemption of a prescriptive and deterministic nature. Often it is argued that this situation is far from ideal; it does no right to the advances, which have been made during the past decades in engineering tools in marine technology, both in methodology and in computational power. Within IMO this has been realized for some time and has resulted in proposals to use Formal Safety Assessment(FSA) as a tool to improve and to modernize the rule making process. The present paper makes use of elements of the FSA methodology, but instead of working towards generic regulations or requirements, a Risk Assessment Approach, not unlike a 'safety case'; valid for a certain ship or type of ship is worked out. Delft University of Technology investigated the application of safely assessment procedures in ship design, in co-operation with Anthony Veder Shipowners and safety experts from Safely Service Center BV. The ship considered is a semi-pressurized-fully refrigerated LPG carrier. On the basis of the assumption that a major accident occurs, various accident, scenarios were considered and assessed, which would impair the safety of the carrier. In a so-called Risk Matrix, in which accident frequencies versus the consequence of the scenarios are depicted, the calculated risks all appeared lo be in the ALARP('as low as reasonable practicable') region. A number of design alternatives were compared, both on safety merits and cost-effectiveness. The experience gained with this scenario-based approach will be used to establish a set of general requirements for safety assessment techniques in ship design. In the view that assessment results will be most probably presented in a quasi-quantified manner, the requirements are concerned with uniformity of both the safety assessment. These requirements make it possible that valid comparison between various assessment studies can be made. Safety assessment, founded on these requirements, provides a validated and helpful source of data during the coming years, and provides naval architects and engineers with tools experience and data for safety assessment procedures in ship design. However a lot of effort has to be spent in order to make the methods applicable in day-to-day practice.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2003

The Korea Maritime Police Agency(KMPA) is the national maritime Search and Rescuee (SAR) authority with the responsibility to promote an efficient organization of SAR services and to coordinate the conduct of SAR operations within the Korean Search and Rescue Region(SRR). The maritime SAR operations shall provide an adequate and effective search and rescue services to minimize the loss by rendering aid to persons in distress and property in the marine environment. The essence of a successful search and rescue operation is the speed with which it is planned and carried out because survivors who need assistance and whose chances of survival diminish rapidly with time. This paper aims to propose an optimal allocation model of maritime SAR fleet in view of minimizing the search and rescue time. When maritime accidents occur, rescue units have to reach to the distress scene within the specified time. For this, SAR units must be redeployed to an advanced base so that Rescue Units(RU) can reach to the scene of distress in the shortest possible time. The Korean maritime SRR is divided into 180 sub-areas in consideration of an operational and technical ability of SAR units. The suggested model is verified through an empirical application to the Korean maritime SRR. And also the Rescue Vessels(RV) required is estimated for each Rescue Co-ordination Center(RCC).

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2003

The prevention of marine accidents has been a important topic in marine society for long time, and various safety policies and countermeasures have been developed and applied to prevent those accidents. In spite of these efforts, however, significant marine accidents have taken place intermittently. Ship is being operated under a highly dynamic environments, and many factors are related with ship's collision, whose factors are interacting. So, the analysis on ship's collision causes are very important to prepare countermeasures which will ensure the safe navigation. This study analysed the ship's collision data over the past 10 years(1991-2000), which is compiled by Korea Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency. The analysis confirmed that‘ship's collision’is occurred most frequently and the cause is closely related with human factor. The main purpose of this study is to analyse human factor. For this, the structure of human factor is analysed by the questionnaire methodology. Marine experts were surveyed based on major elements that were extracted from the human factor affecting to ship's collision. FSM has been widely adopted in modeling a dynamic system which is composed of human factors. Then, the structure analysis on the causes of ship's collision using FSM are performed. This structure model could be used in understanding and verifying the procedure of real ship's collision. Furthermore it could be used as the model to prevent ship's collision and reduce marine accidents.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2016

For the prevention of marine casualties, international bodies have mainly focused on strengthening ship's stability and design, maritime education and training, and improving maritime traffic environment. Statistics analysis on marine casualties showed that most of casualties occurred in coastal waters, especially by human elements. In order to review the conformity of existing prevention measures with the result of the statistics analysis, the IMO's SHELL model was applied to the established measures. As a result, ergonomic approaches were needed for the prevention of human errors in coastal waters, so that the priority should be given to the interface between ship's operator and navigational environment. For this study, Rasmussen's SRK pyramid, which showed decision making mechanism of human, and the US Coast Guard's investigation manual on marine casualties concerning the collapse of safe maritime transportation system were reviewed, and the merits and demerits within the risk assessment tools such as IWRAP, PAWSA, ES model, PARK model, and NURI model were also studied. Although the effectiveness of the existing risk assessment models was proved in ports and approaching channels, it is concluded that the need of new models for converting Korean seafarers' qualitative risk to quantitative risk was proposed so as to print hazard maps which make seafarers instinctively recognize comparative hazard levels of coastal waters.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

OPRC-HNS Protocol places the responsibility for having on-board a pollution incident emergency plan, notifying other States the incident facts in case of being affected by that incident, development of national contingency plan, international co-operation in pollution response, research and development, technical co-operation, promotion of bilateral and multilateral co-operation in preparedness and response, providing of information service, promotion of education and training, providing of technical services and technical assistance, etc. on parties to pursue their goals. After joining OPRC-HNS protocol, the government is required to inspect current status of matters related to HNS for its relevance on any laws. Additional items including establishment of component organization playing a role of managing response institution, manpower and resources, purchase response resource, development of response technique, and those also to enforce education and training to promote the party's duty. The facts described above drive up to analyze the benefits and burdens of relevant industry which appears in those procedure.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.333-354
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• 2011

After the terrorist attack of 9/11 on the USA, the security concern to global trade has been raised. In particular, the USA has actively promoted a series of initiatives and rules such as CSI, 24 hour rule, C-TPAT, and so on in the area of logistics activities, which aimed to better protect the country against the potential terrorist threats. While implementing such schemes called as a multi-layed logistics security strategy, a large number of countries trading with USA are facing with the issues of additional time and costs for inspecting cargos in their logistics facilities. As a result, most countries all over the world have sought a way to minimize the impacts from such strategy. The Korea also is preparing the several security programs operated by various ministries, which are aiming to not only improve the efficiency of trade flows but also to ensure supply chain security. However, many companies are expressing the inefficiency of operating such programs. Thus, this paper analyzed several global supply chain security programs currently adopted by international organizations(ISO, WCO, and IMO) and major countries(USA, EU, and Singapore) and suggested a guideline for developing the national logistics security system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.945-952
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• 2019

The International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopted the International Convention on the Control of Ships' Air Pollutants and Discharge as it became interested in environmental issues such as global warming and air pollution. In addition, a special bill on the improvement of air quality, including in port areas, has recently been enacted in Korea to reduce the amount of fine dust generated. As part of such fine dust reduction measures, feasibility studies have been underway on converting diesel engines into battery electric propulsion systems that do not cause fine dust and emissions. Since the battery electric propulsion system can easily utilize renewable energy sources, and does not generate exhaust gas due to combustion of fuel, small coastal ferries with battery electric propulsion systems that use renewable energy have been operating in Europe and the U.S. for several years. However, they have not been introduced in Korea. Therefore, in this study, we selected small coastal ferries in Korea as target ferries, and performed simulations to study the applicability of electric propulsion with batteries linked to solar power systems. Based on the results, we want to confirm the applicability of battery electric propulsion.