• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.297-306
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• 2012

In this study we investigated emotional characteristics of various whites which have slightly different nuances to suggest guidelines that help designers to select appropriate colors when designing white based products. The study involved three different procedures. In experiment 1, we selected 20 emotional words through a survey (N=30) among 60 words, which we picked from literature review that was thought to be appropriate to evaluate product colors. In experiment 2, we evaluated the emotional characteristics of 13 basic colors from the I.R.I Hue & Tone 120 system (N=30) using previously selected emotional words, to find relative emotional positions of white in comparison to other colors. Based on the ratings, factor analysis was conducted and consequently four factors were extracted: flamboyant, elegant, clear, and soft. Accordingly, the emotional characteristics of the 13 colors were profiled and compared with those of white. Finally, in experiment 3, we conducted an evaluation of emotional characteristics on 25 whites with different nuances facilitating the four factors obtained in experiment 2. The color stimuli used in experiments were measured in terms of CIE 1976 $L^*a^*b^*$, and regression analysis was performed in order to predict the emotional characteristics through the L, a, and b values of a color, as long as that is perceived as a white. Throughout three empirical studies, we observed three overruling tendencies : First, there are four important factors when evaluating product color - flamboyant, elegance, clearness and softness; second, white is dominantly the most elegant in comparison to other colors; third, the emotional factors of the study were affected by some combinations of attributes of colors rather than by all three-hue, saturation and brightness. In addition, the equations derived from the regression analysis in experiment 3, it is expected that designers may predict the emotional distinction between nuances of white.

• The Journal of the Korea institute of electronic communication sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.139-148
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• 2015

In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for detecting the product number of each thick plate and extracting each character of the product number from a image which contains several thick plates. In general, a image of thick plates contains several steal plates. To obtain the product number from the image, we first need to separate each plate. To do so, we use the line edges of thick plates and a clustering algorithm. After separating each plate, background parts are eliminated from the image of each plate. Background parts of an individual thick plate image consist of the dark part of steel and the white part of paint which is used for printing the product number. We propose a two-tiered method where dark background parts are first eliminated and then white parts are eliminated. Finally, each character is extracted from the product number image using the characteristics of product number. The results of the experiments on the various steal plates images emphasize that the proposed algorithm detects each thick plate and extracts the product number from a image effectively.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.166-178
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• 2012

Depending on the launch of the emotional generation, many researches developing the automobile preference color which reflects the preference color of the consumers are advanced. This study investigate preferred colors and emotional image of the car color reflecting the product design and consuming psychology. According to surveyed ages and gender, there are eight categories (women/20 's, 30 "s, 40 's, and 50 's and men/20 's, 30 "s, 40 's, and 50 's) based on the 30 persons. Preferred color is black, white, sky blue, purple, pink, and orange order. If black, white and gray are excluded, remained in the order of blue, yellow, and purple. There are big deferences on preference color when emotional preference color of cars is showed or not. Practically, the preference color is following in sensitivity. However the car image is recognized actually with conservativeness, they hesitates selection of the bright chromatic color car.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.179-182
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 고령화 시대에 발맞춰 실버산업의 한 분야인 실버용품 디자인 시 계획되어야 할 중요한 요소인 색채에 대해 다루었다. 현재 국내 노인 관련 색채 연구는 미흡한 실정이며 특히 실버용품을 위한 색채 연구는 매우 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 실버용품 사용주체인 국내 60세 이상의 노인을 대상으로 색채연구를 진행함으로써 향후 실버용품 색채 계획에 대한 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 본 연구에서는 실제 실버용품의 색상 및 색의 3속성(색상, 명도, 채도)에 대한 노인들의 심리적 선호도를 조사하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻은 결론은 남녀 모두 명도가 높은 밝은 색상을 선호하였고, 여성의 경우 무려 89%가 수수한 무채색 보다는 원색인 화려한 색상을 선호하였으며, 남자들 또한 52%가 화려한 색을 선호하였다. 이 결과는 현재 시중에 판매되고 있는 실버용품이 무채색인 흰색, 회색, 검정색이 대부분인 것을 감안하면 실버용품의 색채계획이 노인의 실제 선호색과는 다르다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구를 통하여 조사된 색채선호도는 향후 실버용품 색채계획 시 주요한 고려사항으로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.301-312
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• 2008

Satisfaction of consumer preferences is a key factor for the success of the products. Therefore, design mangers try to develop the profitable products through the intensive survey on the consumer preferences. Although the studies on the preferable product design and the design factors have long been carried out, most of these studies dealt only with the design factors preferable for individual product category ignoring the relationship of the product categories which are related to each other. For designers and design managers, in this study, we propose the guidelines of successful product development by finding preferred common and distinct design factors through analysis of the relations between the consumer preferences and design factors in various portable electric devices. To this end, we analyzed the preferred common and distinct design factors from portable electric devices including the electronic dictionaries, notebook computers, cellular phones, and MP3 players. We used hierarchical regression analysis for the effects of the design factors on the preferences among the product categories and regression analysis for the effects among each product category. The analysis on the preferred common design factors among the four product categories revealed that consumers did not care about the whole body type but preferred white color, metallic and glassy texture in the body. Also, the preferred design factors in the each product category are as follows; oval body shape and black color in electronic dictionaries, white color, metallic and glassy texture in notebook computers, plastic texture in cellular phones, rectangular body shape and plastic texture in MP3 players. In the case of notebook computers, the preferred common and distinct design factors were the same. We expect these results will be helpful for designers and design managers to identify the preferred design factors to consider when developing the various portable electric devices.

• Archives of design research
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• no.18
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• pp.87-96
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to classify the images of blue based on expressive values communicated by color on symbolic aspects and the blue images expressed in modem apparel fashion. Images of blue are classified through the document studies as follows : The expressive values of blue are cold, receding, and sedative. Based on these values, affimative images of blue are classified infinite, lofty, peaceful, tranquil and contemplate. Negative images are classified sad, indecent, rebellious, and indignant. In apparel fashion, blue acted as a important image factor in classic, workwear, military and marine look. Blue green and purple blue in pale, greyish and light tones were showed as trend color. Meanwhile, purple blues in dark greyish, pale and greyish tones were more used for domestic womens wear.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.640-647
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• 2013

This study was conducted to provide exportation strategy by surveying on preference of Japanese consumers on cut chrysanthemum exported. The survey was conducted two times by a local survey company in Japan, and the surveys were conducted largely on chrysanthemums for casual flowers and the altar. After departmentalizing Japanese consumers per groups the result were analyzed through conjoint and cluster methods, flower colors and shape were used relatively higher rate for selection criteria of flowers in every group in the case of casual flowers. Group 1 comprised of 60 year-old housewives who reside in a small city with high school diploma and annual income less than 300 million yen, and group 2 of 40 year-old housewives who are small city residents with high school diplomas and annual income of 300 million yen show higher rate of use in flower shape than colors. Another group 3 whose members are 50 year-old housewives, small city residents with high school diplomas and annual income of 600 million yen showed higher rate of use colors than the shape for selection criteria of flowers. The consumption characteristics according to the ages of the consumers showed a pronounced tendency. The 40-50 year-old housewives preferred single flowers packed with other flowers, and the 60 year-old housewives double flowers packed with only chrysanthemums. In flower color, the 50-60 year-old housewives preferred white and yellow flowers, and the 40 year-old housewives pink and yellow flowers. Therefore, there are needs for development strategy of new products considering the consumption characteristics of flower shape and color according to the ages of consumer. After analyzing the chrysanthemums for altar by departmentalization of Japanese consumers, every group showed relative higher rate of use for flower shape for selection criteria of flowers. According to the analysis on the consumption characteristics, group 1 which is comprised of 30-40 year-old housewives who reside in small city with high school diplomas and income less than 300 million yen, and the group 2 of 20 year-old housewives who reside in small city with college diplomas and annual income less than 300 million yen. They are very sensitive to the price of the products while the group 3 of 50 year-old housewives who reside in small city with high school diplomas and annual income less than 300 million yen are insensitive to the price. The 30-50 year-old housewives preferred white and pink flowers, and the 20 year-old housewives yellow and pink flowers. In flower shape, the 50 year-old housewives preferred anemone shape, the 30-40 year-old housewives double shape, and the 20 year-old housewives pompon shapes. Therefore, the white, double flowers for the 30-40 year-old housewives and the yellow, pompon flowers for the 20 year-old housewives are needed to be created at the lowest cost, while the white, anemone flowers are needed to created at higher cost with high quality. In light of these results, it is considered that we should understand the types of purchasing products through consumption characteristics of Japanese consumers. Also we should plan, create market-oriented and consumer-oriented products, and should export them in order to expand more exportation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.350-357
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• 2021

In the present study, the seed color of 200 common bean genetic resources was analyzed and located on the HTML color chart to classify these resources according to color characteristics. This classification method predicts the components of seed and may serve as a new method for efficiently using secured genetic resources. The imagary data of common bean exhibiting various seed colors were expressed using the HTML color chart. According to the proposed classification method, the seed color was distributed in seven categories: yellow-green, yellow, brown, red, white, gray, and indigo. In addition, the distribution of each seed color was according to its concentration. The distribution by concentration was the highest for red, whereas the distribution of gray and yellow-green was not concentration-dependent. As the dominant pigments based on color distribution, chlorophylls in yellow-green; carotenoids in yellow; and anthocyanins in brown, red, white, gray, and indigo significantly affected seed color. When expressed objectively, seed colors can be applied to the systematic management, breeding, and cultivation of genetic resources and can be useful for marketing or developing products of desired colors. This method can also be applied to other crops.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.590-599
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• 2017

In South Korea, sewage pipeline exploration devices have been developed using high resolution digital cameras of 2 mega-pixels or more. On the other hand, most devices are less than 300 kilo-pixels. Moreover, because 100 kilo-pixels devices are used widely, the environment for image processing is very poor. In this study, very low resolution ($240{\times}320$ = 76,800 pixels) images were adapted when it is difficult to detect cracks. Considering that the images of sewers in South Korea have very low resolution, this study selected low resolution images to be investigated. An automatic crack detection technique was studied using digital image processing technology for low resolution images of sewage pipelines. The authors developed a program to automatically detect cracks as 6 steps based on the MATLAB functions. In this study, the second step covers an algorithm developed to find the optimal threshold value, and the fifth step deals with an algorithm to determine cracks. In step 2, Otsu's threshold for images with a white caption was higher than that for an image without caption. Therefore, the optimal threshold was found by decreasing the Otsu threshold by 0.01 from the beginning. Step 5 presents an algorithm that detects cracks by judging that the length is 10 mm (40 pixels) or more and the width is 1 mm (4 pixels) or more. As a result, the crack detection performance was good despite the very low-resolution images.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.73-91
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• 2006

This study was conducted for market segmentation of cruise tourist according to launching the "T" in Busan. Benefit segmentation was used to identify attributes of cruise services; importance of ship's physical appearance and importance of service and activities. 24 attributes were distilled to 5 factors: 'Facility & Service', 'Atmospherics of cruise ship', 'Escape', 'Choice', 'Safety'. A K-means cluster analysis identified three clustered segments for five importance factors in which high loyalty customers were found to be the most important segment. Based on the findings, three distinct groups were formed: 'Moderators', 'High Loyalty', 'Spurious'. The most important factors by high loyalty groups were identified 'Safety', 'Facility & Service', 'Atmospherics of cruise ship', 'Choice', 'Escape' in order. The results of the study showed statistically significant differences among the three groups in terms of demographic and behavioral variables. Especially, the target market should be considered by 'High Loyalty' group and 'Moderators' group in order. Positioning strategies and marketing mix strategies for effectively targeting the segments were discussed.