• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.561-569
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• 2013

This study examines locational environment factors that may affect the vegetation structure in the forests of Naejang National Park. To that end, we selected LAI (Leaf Area Index), diameter at breast height, and tree height as structural variables as well as altitude above sea level, gradient, slope direction, soil moisture, topographic location, and amount of solar radiation as locational environment factors, using the method of canonical correlation analysis in order to find out correlation between them. As to the simple correlation between the locational environment factors and structural variables, the correlation coefficient was relatively low (0.6). The values of LAI, measured along the ridge with higher altitudes, decreased as the soil moisture and solar radiation increased. However, LAI increased as the gradient increased and the slope direction faced the north (farther from the east). In respect of the diameter at breast height, the diameter decreased as the altitude and gradient increased. But the diameter increased as the moisture and solar radiation increased. The tree height decreased as the moisture increased and the site was closer to the ridge. These various correlations show a variety of locational environment factors in the national park, implying that the structural variables are affected by complex locational environment factors. This study conducted a canonical correlation analysis on locational environment factors which may affect the vegetation structure, and the result showed that LAI increased and tree height & diameter at breast height decreased as the solar radiation & moisture decreased and altitude increased. Although more factors that may affect vegetation structure (e.g. climate) should be taken into account, this study is significant in that the vegetation structure, which can adapt to more unfavorable conditions in terms of solar radiation, moisture, and higher altitudes, could be inferred in a statistical way. The results of this study, especially the locational environment factors based on DEM, can be used for assessing diversity of vegetation structure in a forest and for monitoring the structure in a national park on a regular basis so as to establish more effective maintenance plans of a park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.259-270
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• 1998

This study, as an essential research to develope a mountainous runoff model, was conducted to clarify the hydrologic character and water budget equation of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima. Net rainfall quantity division for two species was investigated at Youngsung experiment forest and Yeungnam University for 30 months(Sep. 1995-Jun. 1998). The results were summarized as follows; 1. The percentages of throughfall and stemflow to gross precipitation are 73.8% and 0.8% in the Pinus densiflora, and 76.9% and 3.8% in the Quercus acutissima, respectively 2. In the Pinus densiflora, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.01GP-2.05 ($r^2$=0.54) T$_{f}$ = 0.79Gp - 26.04 ($r^2$=0.92), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp - 28.09 ($r^2$=0.92). Stemflow and throughfall increased in direct proportion to gross precipitation. 3. In the Quercus acutissima, regression fomula of stemflow, throughfall, and net rainfall to gross precipitation are S$_{f}$ = 0.03Gp + 12.25 ($r^2$=0.74), T$_{f}$ = 0.78Gp + 19.75 ($r^2$=0.96), N$_{r}$ = 0.81Gp + 3199 ($r^2$=0.96), respectively. Comparing with two species, gross precipitation has a much larger effect on the stemflow and throughfall of Quercus acutissima than those of Pinus densiflora. 4. In the analysis of intercorrelation between stemflow and throughfall of each species and crown area(CA), diameter at breast height(DBH), and gross precipitation(Gp), correlation coefficient was higher by following order at each species; Gp>CA>DBH on stemflow of Pinus densinora, Gp>DBH>CA on stemflow of Quercus acutissima, and Gp>CA>DBH on throughfall of Pinus densiflora and Quercus acutissima.ssima.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.4
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• pp.483-494
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• 2006

We conducted QTL mapping for 6-year growths of open-pollinated half-sib progenies from a selected clone 7-1037 in Pinus taeda. With an AFLP marker analysis on haploid DNA samples from the megagametophytes of the open-pollinated seeds, we constructed 20 framework maps spanning a total of 1,869 cM in total length and 18.5 cM in an average interval length between markers. Composite interval mapping reveals that one QTL explains 5.9% of the total phenotypic variation of height, and three QTLs account for 3.9~5.6% of the variation of diameter at breast height (DBH). There are no correlations between the QTLs. The genetic effects of the QTLs are 39.6 cm in height and 7.20~9.41 mm in DBH, respectively, The average effects of gene substitution of the markers closely linked with the QTLs are 44.3 cm in height and 8.38~11.81 m in DBH. Under an assumption that the within-family heritability for the growth traits of loblolly pine is less than 0.2, the QTLs account for 26.8% of the additive genetic variance of the progenies. In terms of relative selection efficiency, the individual selection based on QTL markers could be 5 times as high as phenotypic selection. The results in this study indicate that the QTL mapping method with open-pollinated half-sib family could be more practical and applicable to the conventional seed orchard-based selection work than other mapping methods with a single full-sib family, in particular from the viewpoint that it can provide crucial information for within-family individual selection such as breeding value.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.2
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• pp.246-253
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• 1994

Four Quercus forests in Mt. Mohu were studied to investigate biomass, net production and effective biomass estimation method. Five $10m{\times}10m$ quadrats were set up, ten sample trees were cut and roots of three sample trees were excavated for dimension analysis in each forest. There was little difference in accuracy among three allometric biomass regression models of logWt=A+BlogD, $logWt=A+BlogD^2H$ and logWt=A+BlogD+ClogH, where Wt, D and H were dry weight, DBH and height, respectively. Analysis of covariance showed that there were no significant differences among slopes and intercepts of allometric biomass regressions, logWt=A+BlogD, of four Quercus species. Biomass of Q. acutissima, Q. nariabilis, Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 164.0, 158.9, 115.3 and 118.9t/ha, respectively. Net production of Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis. Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 25.0, 23.2, 14.5 and 12.6t/ha/yr., respectively. The proportion of roots to total biomass and total net production of Q. mongolica forest was higher than that of three other species forests. Net assimilation ratio of Q. acutissima, Q. variabilis, Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were 2.87, 2.80, 3.20 and 2.95, respectively. Relatively less leaf biomass of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were the reason why total biomass and total net production of Q. serrata and Q. mongolica forests were less than those of Q. acutissima and Q. variabilis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.112 no.4
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• pp.472-489
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• 2023

This study was conducted to derive the optimal estimation equations for deriving the green and dry weights of Larix kaempferi (Japanese larch) and Pinus rigida (Rigida pine), which are major coniferous tree species in South Korea. The equations were then used to develop weight tables. Table development began with the sampling of 150 L. kaempferi and 90 P. rigida trees distributed throughout the national scale, after which green weights were measured on-site. Samples from each stand were then collected, and their dry weights were measured in a laboratory. The equation used to calculate green and dry weights was divided into a one-variable formula that uses only the diameter at breast height (DBH) and a two-variable equation that employs DBH and height. The equations used to estimate the green and dry weights of logs were divided into one- and two-variable equations using DBH. Statistical data, such as the fitness index (FI), root mean square error, standard error of estimation, and residual diagram, were used to verify the suitability of the estimation equations. Applicability was examined by calculating weights using the derived optimal equations. The equation W = bD+cD² was used in measurements involving only DBH, whereas the equation W = aD^bH^c was employed in cases involving both diameter and height at breast height. The FI of W = bD+cD² was 0.91, while that of W = aD^bH^c was 0.95, both of which are high values. With these estimation formulas, weight tables for the green and dry weights of L. kaempferi and P. rigida were prepared and compared with weight tables created 20 years ago. The green and dry weight tables of both species were larger.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-17
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• 2000

지리산국립공원의 장터목을 중심으로 남향사면인 중산리-장터목지역과 북향사면인 가내소폭포-장터목지역을 대상으로 사면방향과 해발고에 따른 교목츠의 산림구조를 조사분석하였다 북향사면은 남향사면에 비하여 교목층의 밀도 흉고단면적 종다양도가 높은경향을 보였다 특수한 지형인 주능선부에 위치하는 정부를 제외하면 해발고가 ？아짐에 따라 교목층 전체의 평균 흉고직경과 흉고단면적은 북혀 사면에서는 감소하는 반면 남향사면에서는 증가하는 경향을 보였다 종수, 종다양도, 균재도는 남향사면과 북향사면 모두 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 감소하였다 남향사면과 북향사면에서 모두 해발고가 증가함에 따락 중요치가 높아지는 수종은 구상나무 철쭉꽃 등이었으며 중요치가 감소하는 수종은 졸참나무 서어나무 생강나무 등이었다 cluster 분석결과 남향사면 하부의 졸참나무-활엽수군집 남향사면 중부와 북향사면 하부의신갈나무-전나무군집 남향사면 상부와 북향사면 상중부의 구상나무-활엽수군집 정부의 구상나무군집 등 4개 유형의 군집으로 구분되었다. 졸참나무 산뽕나무 비목나무 고로쇠나무 서어나무 다릅나무 등의 수종간에는 유의적인 정의 상관이 있어으며 구상나무와 사닥나무는 노각나무와 유의적인 부의 상관이 있었다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.4
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• pp.600-609
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• 2019

This study was conducted to highlight the necessity for a stand density control management plan in consideration of the shape ratio of Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi in Korea. A total of 2,112 Pinus densiflora samples and 2,030 Larix kaempferi samples were cut, and their diameter at breast height (DBH), height, and clear length were measured for regional shape ratio (height/DBH) comparison and analysis.The shape ratio of Pinus densiflora was 72.3% in the Gangwon district, 64.0% in the central district, and 70.8% on average, indicating a higher percentage of Pinus densiflora in Gangwon than in the central area. Regionally, Yeongju had the highest percentage at 78.4%, with Yeongwol indicating 77.5%. Measured by diameter, results showed a presence of 90.4% for small diameter trees (6-16 cm), 71.7% for medium diameter trees (18-28 cm), and 56.1% for large diameter trees (30 cm). As density increased, the shape ratio of height to tree trunk diameter also increased; below 70% indicated a more stable trunk, while a result above 80% indicated trunks prone to wind hazards and snowstorms, and, therefore, the need for density control in partial areas. The overall shape ratio of Larix kaempferi was 90.6%. Pyeongchang indicated a 108.5% ratio, Yeongju 105.4%, and Danyang 100.5%, respectively.According to diameter class, small diameter trees showed 104.9% occurrence, medium diameter trees 92.7%, and large diameter trees 73.4%. The shape ratio of Larix kaempferi was higher than 80% overall, indicating vulnerability to wind hazards and snowstorms. Therefore, appropriate stand density management is required.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.340-347
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• 2000

지리산국립공원의 쌍계사지의 불일폭포-성불재 계곡부(해발 600-1.1200m)의 해발고와 사면부위에 따른 교목층의 산림구조를 조사하기 위하여 해발고와 사면부위에 따라 42개 조사구를 설정하였다 교목상층의 밀도 평균흉고직경 흉고단면적의 범위는 각각 545-1,700본/ha 11.0-23.5cm, 19.1-27.8m2/ha 이었다 교목상층의 평균흉고직경과 흉고단면적 교목층 전체의 흉고단면적은 계곡중부에서 가장컸다 해발고가 높아짐에 따라 중요치가 증가하는 경향을 보이는 수종은 신갈나무 소나무 등이었으며 감소하는 수종은 굴참나무 졸참나무, 비목나무 등이었다 사면하부에서 상부로 갈수록 중요치가 증가하는 수종은 굴참나무 쇠물푸레 철쭉꽃 등이었으며 감소하는 수종은 노각나무 비목나무 느티나무 당단풍 때죽나무 등이었다 해발고와 사면부위가 높을수록 종수와 종다양도는 감소하였으며 해발고대별 종다양도는 0.626-1.320 의범위를 보였다 계곡정부를 제외한 해발고대간 유사도지수는 36.1-60.6% 사면부위간 유사도지수는 59.2-74.4% 로서 사면부위보다 해발고에 따른 종구성 상태의 차이가 심한 것으로 나타났다 수종별 중요치에 의한 Cluster 분석결과 계곡하부의에 위치한 서어나무-활엽수군집 계곡상부의 사면중 하부에 위치한 신갈나무-활엽수군집 계곡정부와 계곡상부의 사면상부에 위치한 신갈나무-소나무군집 등 4개 유형군집으로 구분되었다 종상관 분석결과 소나무 신갈나무 쇠물푸레 철쭉꽃 등 4개 수종간 비목나무 산뽕나무 생강나무 등 3개 수종간에는 유의적인 정의 상관이 있었다. 신갈나무, 쇠물푸레 철쭉꽃 등은 졸참나무와 소나무 쇠물푸레 등은 비목나무 서어나무와 유의적인 부의 상관이 있었다.증가에 따라 250 g/L까 지 증가하여 최대 51.0%의 수율과 0.63 g/L-h의 생산성을 나타내었다. 얻을 수 있었다. 따라서 이 방법이 일단 생산성 향상을 위한 세포의 고농도 배양에는 조사한 여러 배양 시스템 중에 가장 효율적인 시스템임올 알 수 있었다 하지만 이 시스템 에서 포도당을 낮은 level로 유지할 수 있었으나, 초산의 과도한 축적으로 항체 생산성의 향상은 예상에 비해 크지 않았다. 81%), C18 0(12.38%), C18: 1(25.93%), C22:6(9.95%)이며 결합지방질(結合脂肪質)은 C14 : 0(11.60%), C16 : 0(18.94%), C16: 1(10.42%). C18 : 1(10.89%), C22 : 6(23.44%)이었다. 총필수지방산(總必須脂肪酸) 함량(含量)은 극성지방질(極成脂肪質)$(20.14{\sim}31.12%)$이 비극성지방질(非極成脂肪質)$(6.97{\sim}11.13%)$보다 훨씬 높았고, 결합지방질(結合脂肪質)이 유리지방질(遊離脂肪質)보다 높았으며 부위별(部位別)로는 피부(皮部)$(15.18{\sim}15.41%)$가 육질부(肉質部)$(6.97{\sim}11.13%)$보다 높았다. 또${\omega}3$고도부포화지방산(高度不飽和脂肪酸) 함량(含量)은 육질부(肉質部)$(15.15{\sim}28.32%)$가 피부(皮部)$(6.77{\sim}18.18%)$나 내장부(內臟部)$(8.35{\sim}9.74%)$보다 높았으며, 육질부(肉質部)에서는 극성지방질(極成脂肪質)

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.420-426
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• 1991

This study was conducted to provide fundamental information to make rational management planning in eastern seacoast forest, mainly composed of black pine (Pinus Thunbergii), Kangweon Province. Diameter distribution was estimated by the method of Weibull distribution. The results were as fallows ; 1. Average diameter in the eastern seacoast forests of Kangweon Province was 10.3cm, and the average D. B. H, of 16 study sites ranged from 6.9 to 14.6cm. 2. Parameters of the Weibull distribution were estimated in each study sites and the estimated parameters of the all study forests were a=5, b=5.6997 and c=1.4079. 3. Tested by Kolmogorov-Smirnov method for the significant differences between actual and estimated diameter distribution, the result showed that estimated values were well fitted to the actual ones at 5% significance level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.678-688
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide growth characteristics and stand information in preparation for natural regeneration method and silvicultural treatment of seed tree method in Korean red pine stands by using the field inventoried data 18 years after the seed tree regeneration method in 2001 and analyzing the stand and sapling characteristics. The study area was located in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. In November 2018, we collected tree measurement factors, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown class, stem quality, tree age, and annual height increment on the established plots. We calculated the basal area, volume, height-diameter ratio (HD ratio), and additional stand density variables such as the relative density and %stocking to analyze the managed stands. The number of mother trees was 58 trees/ha, with a 17.7% stocking level, whereas the number of saplings was 2,330 trees/ha, with a 79.0% stocking level. In germination, the age distribution of saplings ranged from 2001 to 2007, with most belonging to 15-16 years. The development condition of saplings was 10 cm in DBH and 8 m in height. DBH and height were higher as the crown class is more dominant, and this difference was statistically significant in the analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test (p<0.0001). HD ratio ranged mostly between 80% and 90%, and more than 95% of sapling stems were of high quality, with a straight, unbroken top, non-sweep, and non-diseased stem. On average, the annual height increment of saplings was 21.9 cm at 1 year, 43.3 cm at 5 years, 54.3 cm at 10 years, and 64.3 cm at 15 years. The overall height growth with age increased smoothly. According to the analysis of covariance, the annual height growth by crown class differed significantly. The regression analysis parameters revealed that annual height growth increased with age and dominant crown class.