• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.395-401
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• 2016

Nano-saftey has become an emerging issue recently, because of the broad use of nanomaterials in nano-industries and commercial areas. For a sustainable development in the nano-industry, active studies on nano-safety should be executed, especially on the potential risks in engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Although acute and chronic assessments of nanomaterials have been extensively studied in many studies, multigenerational studies are very scarce. Overall, multigenerational studies have progressed as two different trends, studying post-generational effects or trans-generation effects. This study intended to suggest further nano-safety studies based on the trends and limitations of current ones. Through a comparative analysis, we investigated peer-reviewed multigenerational studies that used nanomaterials. Thirteen studies on post-generation effects confirmed generational nano-toxicity via several bioassays, such as mortality, fertility, and behavioral assays. Seven studies on trans-generation effects demonstrated nanomaterial pathways to next generations, using imaging techniques. Until now, mechanisms for post-generational nano-toxicity has been rarely proposed. Thus, we propose that complementary studies on such mechanisms are imperative for future studies.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.8
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• pp.197-248
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• 1995

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.4 s.31
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• pp.155-165
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• 2005

진당시기대상한론치법적연구유(晋唐時期對傷寒論治法的硏究有): 왕숙화운용당시성행적(王叔和運用當時盛行的)‘한(汗), 토(吐), 하(下), 온(溫), 구(灸), 자(刺), 수(水), 화(火)’등팔법(等八法), 귀납료상한론적증치경험(歸納了傷寒論的證治經驗); 손사막근거자기적임상경험(孫思邈根據自己的臨床經驗), 파상한론적태양병편진행료(把傷寒論的太陽病篇進行了)‘이방명법(以方名法), 안법류증(按法類證)’, 저시해시기대상한론육경병치법적대표성적연구(這是該時期對傷寒論六經病治法的代表性的硏究), 저종연구유원시화력사적국한성(這種硏究有原始和歷史的局限性), 종중국의학대상한론육경병치법적연구력사고려(從中國醫學對傷寒論六經病治法的硏究歷史考慮), 저성위료후세적치법연구적선구자(這成爲了後世的治法硏究的先驅者), 구유비상대적영향(具有非常大的影響). 재송대대상한론치법적연구상(在宋代對傷寒論治法的硏究上), 기관건작용적의가유방안시화주굉(起關鍵作用的醫家有龐安時和朱肱). 타문대상한론치료원칙적천발(他們對傷寒論治療原則的闡發), 대륙경병적분석귀납(對六經病的分析歸納), 이급제시구체적치법상(以及提示具體的治法上), 도주출료공헌(都做出了貢獻). 방안시주장료응안인(龐安時主張了應按人), 지(地), 시제정치료적사상(時制定治療的思想); 주굉이(朱肱以)‘병유표본(病有標本), 치유선후(治有先後)’위치료원칙(爲治療原則), 여상한론상결합진행치료(與傷寒論相結合進行治療), 대후세의가산생료영향(對後世醫家産生了影響). 도료금원대성무기(到了金元代成無己), 류완소(劉完素), 왕호고등(王好古等), 대내경내용각자이사상관점(對內經內容各自以思想觀点), 분별안변증론치총결료육경병적치료규율(分別按辨證論治總結了六經病的治療規律), 동시대증후화방약진행료분석(同時對證候和方藥進行了分析), 천명료구체적육경병치법적병리전귀(闡明了具體的六經病治法的病理轉歸), 도유기독창성(都有其獨創性). 성무기용내경해석료상한론(成無己用內經解釋了傷寒論), 총결해기(總結解肌) 발한(發汗) 중제발한(重劑發汗) 해표행수(解表行水) 화해(和解) 공비 지열(止熱) 삼설등치법, 위후세대상한론치법적연구개벽료도로, 인이갱가명확화해적개념(因而更加明確和解的槪念), 병응용지금(幷應用至今). 류완소제창료주화론(劉完素提倡了主火論), 중시료상한론한(重視了傷寒論汗), 토(吐), 하삼법적연구(下三法的硏究), 창립료신량해표법(創立了辛凉解表法), 대후세온병치료적발전대래료흔대영향. 왕호고작위이수학파(王好古作爲易水學派), 운용장부적한열허실이론결합약미효능(運用臟腑的寒熱虛實理論結合藥味效能), 탐색료상한론육경병적치료규율(探索了傷寒論六經病的治療規律), 강조료양명병적익진액적치료원칙(强調了陽明病的益津液的治療原則), 대후세연구상한론치법급여료흔대적계발. 이상대상한론치법연구(以上對傷寒論治法硏究), 불근성위당시임상의학적선도(不僅成爲當時臨床醫學的先導), 이차성위료후세연구상한론치법적기초(而且成爲了後世硏究傷寒論治法的基礎).

• Journal of International Area Studies (JIAS)
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.135-160
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• 2018

This study aims to predict the likely effect of economic sanctions on North Korea by examining case studies of Iran and Iraq. While UN sanctions against Iraq had immediate negative consequences for society, such as causing famine and reinforcing the authoritarian regime, sanctions against Iran had some productive consequences after they were reinforced by the U.S. and EU in significantly reduced oil exports and government expenditure, which in turn led to regime change and willingness to negotiate nuclear programs for economic recovery. Apart from these distinct differences, sanctions in both countries caused high inflation, shortage of necessary supplies, and increased unemployment. Case studies of Iran and Iraq also reveal that the sanctions disproportionately affected women and children, which implies that the recently reinforced economic sanctions of the U.S. and China against North Korea will cause more suffering of similarly socially marginalized groups in North Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.370-376
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• 2017

Pseudomonads cause bacterial brown blotch disease, which causes great damage to the common mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The tolerance of A. bisporus to pseudomonads was tested and found to not be correlated with mycelium growth ability. The offsprings of the tolerant strain (ASI1085) to pseudomonads were not as tolerant as their parents in the mycelium stage. But, tolerance decreased compared to mycelium in the fruiting body. The offsprings of the weakly tolerant strain (ASI1321) were even more weak in the mycelium stage. It is presumed that the tolerance of the parents is transferred to later generations. The tolerance in the mycelium was not correlated in the fruiting body. Therefore, the browning of the fruiting body is thought to be induced by other factors. Pseudomonas tolaasii caused higher browning than Pseudomonas agarici. Pseudomonas reactans did not have a significant effect on the mycelium, but affected the browning of the fruit bodies. P. agarici had higher ability to inhibit mycelium growth than fruiting body growth.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2007

내경재이"인신위소우주"적사상기초상(內經在以"人身爲小宇宙"的思想基礎上), 인위음양적요점재어기위'천지지도'(認爲陰陽的要點在於其爲'天地之道'), 위'만물지강기'(爲'萬物之綱紀'), 위'변화지부모'(爲'變化之父母'), 위'생살지본시'(爲'生殺之本始'), 음양지간당유지정상적상호영향(陰陽之間當維持正常的相互影響) 상호제약(相互制約) 상호의존적협조관계(相互依存的協調關系), 종이입족어자연계적사물현상대음양적본질(從而立足於自然界的事物現象對陰陽的本質), 변화이급재인체생리병리등방면적일반정황급여료설명(變化以及在人體生理病理等方面的一般精況給予了說明). 이중재대(李中梓對) "내경(內徑)" 적주석(的註釋), 교장경악갱가간결(較張景嶽更加簡潔), 영후세갱가변어이해(令後世更加便於理解), 대임상활용역유제다계시(對臨床活用亦有諸多啓示). 가이간출(可以看出), 이중재인위수화음양시이양기주위주도이순환불이적(李中梓認爲水火陰陽是以陽氣做爲主導而循環不已的), 차시인체생명적근본(且是人體生命的根本), 고질병적예방당이차위요점(故疾病的預防當以此爲要點).

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-133
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• 1998

Recently public concerns about the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have resulted in the increased legistrative and regulatory attentions in many countries. Endocrine disrupter is an exogeneous chemical interfering the synthesis, transport binding, action or elimination of natural hormones in the body, which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behavior. Reported possible harmful effects on human and animal lives, possible developmental anomalities, reproductive malfunctions and behaviors, and the ways of EDC accumulation in animal kingdom are reviewed. The current scientific papers and knowledges on the global contamination of EDCs demonstrates the conclusive data that EDCs have the potentials to cause the calamitous extermination of human and animal species by the global contamination.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.269-288
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• 2007

"표유부(標幽賦)"포라료침구경락적기본이론화자오유주침법(包羅了鍼灸經絡的基本理論和子午流注鍼法) 유주팔법등침구임상이론(流注八法等鍼灸臨床理論), 역우기송(易于기송), 통과대차(通過對此)"표유부(標幽賦)"급역대주석가대(及歷代注釋家對) "표유부(標幽賦)" 주석적연구(注釋的硏究). 금득출여하결론(今得出如下結論): 1. "표유부(標幽賦)"중출현적두한경적학술사상(中出現的竇漢卿的學術思想), 시재계승(是在계承)"내경(內經)"화(和)"난경(難經)"적침구학(的鍼灸學), 이론적기본상(理論的基本上), 진일보발전이성적(進一步發展而成的). 대후세침구학적발전산생료중요적영향(對後世鍼灸學的發展産生了重要的影響). 2. 유우폐경적경기유운문혈수출(由于肺經的經氣由雲門穴輸出), 연경락순행체표(沿經絡循行體表), 우시사운문혈구유료통경행기적주치작용(于是使雲門穴具有了通經行氣的主治作用), 고이불설'혈출중부'(故而不說'穴出中府'), 이제출'혈출운문'(而提出'穴出雲門'), 저시두한경재침구이론방면적독도지외(抵是竇漢卿在鍼灸理論方面的獨到之外). 3. 소우침구보사(소于鍼灸補瀉), 인위수지보사법적작용중우호흡보사(인위手指補瀉法的作用重于呼吸補瀉), 제시료순(提示了循), 문, 제(堤), 안(按), 탄(彈), 염, 차, 반(盤), 추, 내(內), 동(動), 요(搖), 조(爪), 절적십사종침자보사수법(切的十四종鍼刺보瀉手法). 4. 제출침자전요관찰확인침구유무이상손상(提出鍼刺前要觀察確인鍼具有无이常損상), 시침전요냉침온난(施鍼前要냉鍼온暖), 시침시요예방절침화피부근육적손상(施鍼時要預防折鍼和皮膚筋肉的損傷), 제출좌수당중이다안침혈(提出左手當重而多按鍼穴), 우수경이서서염전자입적수법(右手경而徐徐捻轉자入的手法), 인위사용쌍수진침위호(인위使用쌍手進鍼위好). 5. 호침가관통경락기혈운행적통로(毫鍼可관通經絡氣血運行的通路), 여오행상응(與五行相應), 인이가평오장지한열(因而可平五臟之寒熱), 가조육부지허실(可調六腑之虛實), 유견사부정지공(有견邪扶正之功), 재구침중응용최위광범(在九鍼中응用最위광泛). 6. 제출침자시요관찰본신(提出鍼刺時要관察本神), 대우'본신'구체가간주시환자적'맥기'화'혈기'(對于'本神'具체可看做是患者的'脈氣'和'穴氣'), 종대적방면간가간주시환자적정신(종大的方面看可看做是患者的精神). 7. 제시료참조전후좌우지혈정확취혈적방법(提示了參照前後左右之血正確取穴的方法), 여참조주변경락확정경락적방법(여參照周邊經絡確定經絡的方法), 병강조요준조골도분촌화굴신수족관절적방법취혈재능취혈정확(병强調要遵照骨度分寸和屈伸手足關節的方法取穴才能取穴正確). 8. 소우두면오관(소于頭面五官).인후경항(咽喉頸項).흉복부(胸腹部), 요배부(腰背部), 부인(婦人) 소아(小兒) 사지등질환(四肢等疾患), 개소료침구치료적경험화심득(介沼了療鍼灸治療的經驗和心得), 제시료자오유주축일안시개혈침법여영구팔법등안시취혈침법(提示了子午流注逐日按時開穴鍼法여靈驅八法等按時取穴鍼法), 성위후세각종안시개혈침법적기초(成위後世各種按時開穴鍼法的基초).

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.139
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• pp.191-211
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• 2016

This study evaluates the flow of Taoism in the change of knowledge that accompany the passage of time beyond school-centered studies. In particular, it is to understand the Tao(道) and T'ien(天) of "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$" in the thought of T'ien at the time. The thought of T'ien at that time was based on the T'ien in "Mencius". There are two meanings of T'ien in "Mencius", and also of T'ien in "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$". This study examins that idea that the T'ien in "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$" were influenced by the thought of T'ien in "Mencius". It also reveals the T'ien theory of Wang Ch'ung(王充) which is influenced by Taoism. Also, in the course of examining the relation of T'ien theory of Wang Ch'ung with T'ien theories of "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$", it is more embodied that T'ien theories of "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$" were affected by the previous T'ien theories. Furthermore, the meanings of Tao in "Lao $Tz{\check{u}}$" and "Chuang $Tz{\check{u}}$" are revealed.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2010.10a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2010

GM 들잔디의 환경위해성평가는 유전자변형생물체의 국가간이동등에 관한 법률 (2008년)에 안전관리 및 시험평가가 수행되었다. 일반적으로 GM 작물의 환경위해성평가는 도입 유전자의 안정적 발현여부, 일반적으로 사용되어온 식물과의 실질적 동등성, 화분비산에 의한 유전자이동성 검정, GM재배작물 주변 환경에 미치는 영향, GM작물 및 유전자의 인체 및 동물에 대한 안전성 평가, 위해성 관리 등이 있다. 본 발표에서는 제초제저항성 GM 들잔디를 실용화 하기위한 환경위해성평가의 내용을 소개하기 위하여 GM 들잔디의 안전성평가를 수행한 포장시험에 대해서 간략히 발표하고자 한다. GM 들잔디는 제초제저항성 유전자가 식물체내에 1개의 복제수를 갖으며, 후세대에서도 안정적으로 발현되었다. 또한 TAIL PCR을 통한 도입 유전자의 삽입 부위를 확인하였고, 주변염기서열을 이용한 JG21 들잔디 만의 특이적 염기서열을 얻었다. GM 들잔디의 실질적 동등성검정은 격리온실 수준과 격리포장 수준에 생물학적, 화학적 특성을 조사하였고, 일반 들잔디와 큰 차이가 없음을 확인하였다. GM 들잔디의 화분은 일광조건하에서 약 1시간 이내에 불활성 되었고, 실내의 실온조건에서는 3시간까지 활성이 유지되었다. GM 들잔디 재배포장 ($12m{\times}6m$ 크기)으로부터 화분비산 밀도는 3 m 이내에서 높게 나타났고, 9 m 이상의 거리에서는 낮은 빈도로 일정하게 나타났다. 화분비산에 의한 GM 들잔디 유전자이동성은 근접거리에서 약 15%가 관찰되었고, 반경 3 m 이내에서 거리에 따라서 2 ~ 0.12%의 유전자이동성이 관찰되었다. 각각의 시험모형에 따른 GM 들잔디와 일반들잔디 간의 교잡율을 조사한 결과 들잔디 교잡율은 GM 잔디의 면적과 거리에 의존적이었고, GM 들잔디 면적에 따라서 6-21%의 교잡율이 나타났다. GM들잔디의 인체위해성평가는 독성 및 알레르기 반응성을 검정하였고, 도입유전자 산물인 PAT 단백질은 독성 및 알레르기 반응성이 없음이 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 GM들잔디의 독성 및 알레르기 반응성을 검토한 결과 아플라톡신 등의 독성은 검출되지 않았으나, GM과 일반 들잔디 모두에서 화분 알레르기 반응성이 양성으로 나왔다. 그러나 GM들잔디에 도입된 유전자에 의한 알레르기 반응이 아닌 일반들잔디 화분에 가진 알레르겐에 의한 반응성이라 할 수 있다. GM들잔디의 비의도적 방출가능성을 조사하기위하여 시험포장외부의 자연환경에 대해서 환경모니터링을 수행한 결과 GM 들잔디의 유출 및 유전자이동 의한 제초제저항성 들잔디는 나타나지 않았다.