• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicate fertilizer on growth, physiology and abiotic stress tolerance of Chinese cabbage seedlings. Five silicate concentrations (8, 16, 32, 64, and 128mM) and control (non-treatment) were applied to Chinese cabbage seedlings twice a week. Three weeks after application of silicate treatment, seedlings were used for treating abiotic stresses and were assessed for growth and physiological characteristics. Growth parameters significantly increased in 8, 16, and 32mM treatments except 64 and 128mM. Total root surface area, total root length, and number of root tips increased in 8, 16 and 32mM treatments, but they decreased in treated seedlings with 64 and 128mM of silicate. The highest growth parameters and root morphology were observed in 8mM treatment. As for the effect on the seedling physiology, transpiration rates decreased while stomatal diffusive resistance increased to increasing silicate concentration. The application of silicate reduced the electrical conductivity, heating and chilling injury index at high and low temperatures. Silicate enhanced drought tolerance of Chinese seedlings by delaying the starting time of wilting point. The starting time of wilting point in the control was 3 days after discontinuation of irrigation, while in the 8, 64 and 128mM of silicate treatments were 4 days, and the 16 and 32mM treatments were 5 days. All plants were wilted after 5 days in control without irrigation whereas it showed in 8mM treatment after 6 days, in 16, 32, 64, 128mM treatments after 7 days.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.407-414
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• 2018

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of application method and concentration of gibberellin $A_3$ ($GA_3$) on the growth, runner production, and seedling quality of strawberry plants (Fragaria ${\times}$ ananassa Duch. cv. Maehyang) during nursery period. The mother plants of strawberry were transplanted in pot ($64{\times}27{\times}18cm$) filled with commercial growing medium on March 20, 2018. $GA_3$ concentration was applied as 0, 50, 100 or $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with spray or drench to 45 mL per plant at 4 weeks after transplanting, respectively. Nutrient solution was supplied with the EC $1.5dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after the transplanting and supplied 350 mL per pot twice a day (15 min per one time) after rooting. The growth characteristics of mother plants of strawberry were measured at 7 weeks after treatment, and growth characteristics of daughter plants of strawberry were measured at 10 weeks after treatment. Runner length and diameter of mother plant was the longest or thickest in the spray with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ than the other treatments, respectively. Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) value of mother plant was the lowest in spray with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. However, leaf length, leaf width, and crown diameter showed no significant differences in all treatment among application method and concentration of $GA_3$. As the concentration of $GA_3$ increased, physiological disorder like stretchiness of crown occurred more. The physiological disorder was the most occurred in spray treatment with $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, but drench treatment occurred less than spray treatment. The number of runners and daughter plants increased with increasing concentration of $GA_3$ regardless of application methods. In the growth characteristics of the daughter plants, leaf length and leaf width of first daughter plant, plant height, crown diameter, leaf area and SPAD value of second daughter plant, and plant height of third daughter plant were the significantly greatest in drench with $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ treatment. This results indicate that growth and runner production of mother plants and growth of daughter plants of strawberry were the best achieved by drench application in the $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ $GA_3$.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 2007

Objectives : Considering the impact of depressive illness on physical and mental health of both mother and fetus, specification of a treatment algorithm for depressive disorder during pregnancy is legitimated. This article provides a systemic review of treatments for depressive disorder during pregnancy and lactation. Methods : According to the search strategy of the Clinical Research Center for Depression of Korean Health 21 R & D Project, PubMed and EMBASE were searched using terms with regard to the treatment of depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation. Reference lists of related reviews and studies were searched. In addition, relevant practice guidelines were searched using the PubMed. All identified clinical literatures were reviewed and summarized in a narrative manner. Results : Pharmacotherapy during pregnancy and lactation requires a comprehensive assessment of the risks and benefits of treatment for both mother and fetus or neonate. Recently, there is growing evidence that the use of tricyclic and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors during pregnancy and lactation does not result in increased risks of teratogenicity. Treatment strategies are described according to the point of time of pregnancy or lactation. FDA categories for antidepressants during pregnancy and lactation are described. In addition, issues regarding to the electroconvulsive therapy and psychosocial treatment are discussed. Conclusion : The treatment option for depressive disorders during pregnancy and lactation depends on the severity of depressive illnesses of the individual patient. For mild to moderate depression, the non-pharmacological treatment should be considered first. For moderate to severe depression, pharmacotherapy should be administered in addition to the psychosocial treatment. ECT is recommended for depressive disorder of severe intensity. As the research knowledge is limited, the recommendations should based on the best judgement of psychiatrists.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 1998

The aims are to evaluate the effects of an 1.0 cm acrylic plate and SSD on the dose profile and depth dose distribution of 9 MeV electron beam and to analyse adequacy for using an acrylic plate to reduce energy of electron beams. An acrylic plate of 1.0 cm thickness was used to reduce energy of 9 MeV electron beam to 7 MeV. The plate was put on an electron applicator at 65.4 cm distance from x-ray target. The size of the applicator was 10${\times}$l0cm at 100 cm SSD. For 100cm, l05cm and 110cm SSD, depth dose on beam axis and dose profiles at d$\_$max/ on two principal axes were measured using a 3D water phantom. From depth dose distributions, d$\_$max/, d$\_$85/, d$\_$50/ and R$\_$p/, surface dose, and mean energy and peak energy at surface were compared. From dose profiles flatness, penumbra width and actual field size were compared. For comparison, 9 MeV electron beams were measured. Surface dose of 7 MeV electron beams was changed from 85.5% to 82.2% increasing SSD from 100 cm to 110 cm, and except for dose buildup region, depth dose distributions were independent of SSD. Flatness of 7 MeV ranged from 4.7% to 10.4% increasing SSD, comparing 1.4% to 3.5% for 9 MeV. Penumbra width of 7 MeV ranged from 1.52 cm to 3.03 cm, comparing 1.14 cm to 1.63 cm for 9 MeV. Actual field size increased from 10.75 cm to 12.85 cm with SSD, comparing 10.32 cm to 11.46 cm for 9 MeV. Virtual SSD's of 7 and 9 MeV were respectively 49.8 cm and 88.5cm. In using energy reducer in electron therapy, depth dose distribution were independent of SSD except for buildup region as well as open field. In case of using energy reducer, increasing SSD made flatness to deteriorate more severely, penumbra width more wide, field size to increase more rapidly and virtual SSD more short comparing with original electron beam. In conclusion, it is desirable to use no energy reducer for electron beam, especially for long SSD.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.82-88
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• 2010

Photopolymer is a material for recording three dimensional holograms containing photo information. Photopolymer has been found to be a proper material due to many advantages such as high DE value, easy processing, and low price. Compositions of PVA, monomer, initiater and photosensitizer were determined by previous experiments and the compositions of $SeO_2$ and $TiO_2$ were considered as variable to find out the effects of $TiO_2$ on DE. The DE values were constant for the varying compositions of $TiO_2$ (0.1 mg~1.0 mg). In other words, $TiO_2$ is not directly effective on the DE values. Composition change experiments from $SeO_2$ 0.1 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.9 mg to $SeO_2$ 0.9 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.1 showed a maximum DE value of 73.75% at a component of $SeO_2$ 0.8 mg, $TiO_2$ 0.2 mg. It seemed that regardless of the amount of $TiO_2$, increasing the amount of $SeO_2$ gently increases DE`s. If nano particles are heavily added, transparent films could not be made due to the separation of particles by the solubility decrease. Photopolymer films could be made with high DE values for an extensive angle range if $TiO_2$ additions were kept minimum and $SeO_2$ additions were kept maximum.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate 1he quality characteristics of 1he soybean anchovy sauces added with medicinal herbs, Saururu chinensis Baill. and Houttuynia cordata Thunb. and fermented for 4 months. The total nitrogen content of 1he soybean anchovy sauce increased with the fermentation time showing the highest values in the sauce with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.. The contents of total sugar and reduced sugar were high in the order of the sauces with Houttuynia cordata Thunb.(sauce T), with Saururu chinensis Baill.(sauce B), and control. The content of salt decreased much more in the sauces with medicinal herbs. After 4 months of fermentation, pH was lowered from 5.86 to 5.27 in control, to 5.38 and 5.54 in sauce B and sauce T, respectively. Generally the total aerobic bacterial count increased until 3 months of fermentation and then decreased, and the addition of medicinal hems reduced the count especially showing apparent reduction in the sauce T. During the fermentation, total protease activity generally increased with the highest value in the sauce T. In the changes of nucleotides and their related compounds, the contents of AMP, ADP, and ATP were increased and hypoxanthine decreased during the fermentation, and IMP produced after 3 months. The soybean anchovy sauce B had 1he highest IMP and the lowest hypoxanthine after 4 months. The content of total amino acids increased showing 177.1 mg% and 134.7 mg% in the sauce B and sauce T respectively compared with 171.2 mg% of control. The contents of glutamic acid and aspartic acid were 29.2 mg% in sauce B and 34.3 mg% in sauce T, which were higher compared with 25.9 mg% of control. The fermented soybean anchovy sauce had 1he functionality of ACE inhibition with 70.5% (control), 72.5% (sauce B) and 81.6% (sauce T). In the results of sensory evaluation, the sance T scored the highest and the sauce B was preferred to control.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1067-1078
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of fermented milk with addition of hot water extract of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor. The general components of Cordyceps militaris grown upon Tenebrio molitor are moisture 10.85%, crude protein 18.44%, crude fat 2.07%, crude ash 5.46%. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of different solvents were the highest (74.81 EDA%) with hot water extract sample. The acidity of fermented milk was high with increasing amount of extracts. The pH of fermented milk reached 4.60-4.66 after 4 h of fermentation, and the number of lactic acid bacteria was highest (11.70 log CFU/mL) with 1% fermented milk. The moisture content of fermented milk showed no significant difference. In addition, contents of crude protein were not significantly different according to addition amount. Regarding Hunter's color values, L value decreased as the amount of extract increased, whereas a value and b value increased. The content of free amino acid increased with increasing amount of extract. The DPPH free radical scavenging ability and ABTS free radical scavenging ability of fermented milk were significantly different as the addition amount of extract increased. In the sensory evaluation, fermented milk containing 1% of extract showed the highest preference.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.353-364
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of erosion control works on the stream ecosystem in a mountain torrential stream. The species composition of benthic macroinvertebrates and biological water quality were investigated before and after construction of erosion control works at 5 sites. The total number of benthic macroinvertebrates before construction was 3,086 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 11 orders, 22 families, and 25 species, but after construction it has decreased to 1,208 individuals including 4 phyla, 6 classes, 10 orders, 17 families, and 19 species. Especially, the diversity, richness, and evenness indices, which were calculated based on existing number of biological species, have decreased or not produced at the erosion control sites, where biological species were not found or the minimum number of species were found. The results of community analysis of benthic macroinvertebrates and ESB(Ecological Score of Benthic macroinvertebrate community) indicated that the environmental qualities of the stream based on saprobity, environmental condition, and water quality decreased after the construction at all sites: before construction, the top of the stream was satisfactory and some satisfactory, the middle was some defectiveness, and the lower was defectiveness and very defectiveness; after construction, all parts of the stream except some parts of the top were very defectiveness. Moreover, the water quality of torrential stream was rated between I to III before construction, but after construction, it declined to $IV{\sim}V$ except control. The habitat damage of benthic macro invertebrates occurred at all investigation sites after the construction of erosion control works led to reduction of the number of biological species and water quality deterioration. The results reported in this study were collected directly after the construction of erosion control works. Therefore, additional studies are needed to further explore the effect of disaster-prevention of erosion control works and the recovery process of stream ecosystem through long term monitoring.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2019

Flexible solar cells have attracted enormous attention in recent years due to their wide applications such as portable batteries, wearable devices, robotics, drones, and airplanes. In particular, the demands of the flexible silicon and compound semiconductor solar cells with high efficiency and high reliability keep increasing. In this study, we fabricated a flexible InGaP/GaAs double-junction solar module. Then, the effects of the wind speed and ambient temperature on the operating temperature of the solar cell were analyzed with the numerical simulation. The temperature distributions of the solar modules were analyzed for three different wind speeds of 0 m/s, 2.5 m/s, and 5 m/s, and two different ambient temperature conditions of 25℃ and 33℃. The flexibility of the flexible solar module was also evaluated with the bending tests and numerical bending simulation. When the wind speed was 0 m/s at 25 ℃, the maximum temperature of the solar cell was reached to be 149.7℃. When the wind speed was increased to 2.5 m/s, the temperature of the solar cell was reduced to 66.2℃. In case of the wind speed of 5 m/s, the temperature of the solar cell dropped sharply to 48.3℃. Ambient temperature also influenced the operating temperature of the solar cell. When the ambient temperature increased to 33℃ at 2.5 m/s, the temperature of the solar cell slightly increased to 74.2℃ indicating that the most important parameter affecting the temperature of the solar cell was heat dissipation due to wind speed. Since the maximum temperatures of the solar cell are lower than the glass transition temperatures of the materials used, the chances of thermal deformation and degradation of the module will be very low. The flexible solar module can be bent to a bending radius of 7 mm showing relatively good bending capability. Neutral plane analysis was also indicated that the flexibility of the solar module can be further improved by locating the solar cell in the neutral plane.

• Clean Technology
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.122-131
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• 2016

Caesium radioisotopes, ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs which come from the atmospheric nuclear tests and discharges from nuclear power plants, are very important to study artificial radioactivity. In this work, in order to lower the minimum detection activity (MDA) we investigated environmental radioactivity according to the Environment Measurement Laboratory procedure by ¹³⁷Cs and ¹³⁴Cs which is similar to chemical and environmental behaviors of ¹³⁷Cs. The environmental soils in high mountain areas near nuclear power plant were collected, and an Ammonium Molybdophosphate (AMP) precipitation method, which showed high selectivity toward Cs⁺ ions, was applied to chemically extract and concentrate Caesium radioisotopes. Radioactivity was estimated by a gamma-ray spectrometry. In gamma energy spectrum, with an increasing of ⁴⁰K radioactivity, it increased the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs. Therefore, if the natural radionuclides were removed from the soil samples, the MDA of Caesium may be reduced, and the contents of ¹³⁷Cs of in the environmental soils can effectively be estimated. In the standard soil sample of Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, radioactivity of ⁴⁰K was removed more than 84% on average, and the MDA of ¹³⁴Cs was reduced 2 times. The content of ¹³⁷Cs was recovered over 84%. On the other hand, in environmental soils, AMP precipitation method showed removal ratio of ⁴⁰K up to 180 times, which reduced the MDA about 5 times smaller than those of Direct method. ¹³⁷Cs recovery ratio showed from 54.54% to 70.06%. When considering the MDA and recovery ratio, AMP precipitation method is effective for detection of Caesium radioisotopes in low concentration.