• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.689-697
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• 2020

Hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) may cause maritime incidents during marine transportation, which are liable to lead to a large amount of spillage or discharge into the sea. The damage to the marine environment caused by the HNS spill or discharge is known to be much greater than the damage caused by oil spill. Particularly dangerous is HNS, which is deposited or buried in the seabed, as it can damage the organisms that live on, in, and near the bottom of the sea, the so-called "benthos," forming the benthic ecosystem. Therefore, it is vital that the HNS deposited on the seabed be recovered. In order to do so, procedures and equipment are required for accurate detection, stabilization treatment, and recovery of HNS in subsea sediment. Thus, when developing a mechanical recovery system, the performance requirements should be selected using performance indices, and the conceptual design of the mechanical recovery system should be based on performance requirements decided upon and selected in advance. Therefore, this study was conducted to arrive at a conceptual design for a mechanical recovery system for the recovery of HNS deposited on the seabed. In the design of the system, based on the fundamental scenario, the method of suction foundation with the function of self enclosing was adopted for recovering the HNS sediment in the subsea sediment. The mechanical recovery system comprises the suction foundation, pollution prevention, a pump system, control system, monitoring device, location information device, transfer device, and tanks. This conceptual design is expected to be reflected and used in the basic design of the components and shapes of the mechanical recovery system.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.199-227
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• 2015

In the twenty-first century, one of the most controversial issues concerns neoliberal policies and its results. In particular, since the mid-1980s, the United States and international financial institutions have imposed their programs on Latin American countries. The result is a deepening social inequality in Latin America that puts an emphasis on financial stability instead of social security. Consequently, social inequality is worsened and an imbalance in income distribution took place. Because of the flexibility of labor, the middle class is destroyed. For the poor person deprived of the opportunity to rise, violence is a common occurrence in daily life. Thus, in this context, Eduardo Galeano raises the necessity of a critique concerning the values that neoliberalism regards as important. Furthermore, Galeano is also wary of the "militarization of neoliberalism." This is because the neoliberal multinationals motivate a war without borders under the guise of peace. Neo-liberal policies also contribute to environmental pollution. However, environmental vandalism, which happens in partnership with large and international organizations, is not readily apparent to the public because those perpetrators wore a "green mask." Hence, Galeano assiduously endeavors to undercover the false consciousness hiding behind the green mask. Thus, in brief summary, Galeano represents in his works a depiction about Latin America where violence often happens in daily life.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_2
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• pp.1633-1641
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• 2022

Urban population concentration and indiscriminate development are causing various environmental problems such as air pollution and heat island phenomena, and causing human resources to deteriorate the damage caused by natural disasters. Urban trees have been proposed as a solution to these urban problems, and actually play an important role, such as providing environmental improvement functions. Accordingly, quantitative measurement and analysis of individual trees in urban trees are required to understand the effect of trees on the urban environment. However, the complexity and diversity of urban trees have a problem of lowering the accuracy of single tree detection. Therefore, we conducted a study to effectively detect trees in Dongjak-gu using high-resolution aerial images that enable effective detection of tree objects and You Only Look Once Version 5 (YOLOv5), which showed excellent performance in object detection. Labeling guidelines for the construction of tree AI learning datasets were generated, and box annotation was performed on Dongjak-gu trees based on this. We tested various scale YOLOv5 models from the constructed dataset and adopted the optimal model to perform more efficient urban tree detection, resulting in significant results of mean Average Precision (mAP) 0.663.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.338-343
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• 2022

As the revitalization of the global maritime industry continues, the number of foreign ships navigating the maritime territories of maritime neighboring countries has rapidly increased. However, large-scale marine accidents have occurred, caused by the insufficient establishment of a system for management and operation relative to vessels' safety-condition. To address that, the IMO has granted the right to exercise port state control, especially for foreign vessels, to countries with jurisdiction over maritime territories with strengthening regulations and guidelines. In particular, the Republic of Korea, as a member of the TOKYO MOU, is conducting PSC, but as of 2020, the proportion of foreign ships was three times higher than that of national ships that called in domestic ports. However, the inspection rate was low at 9% which has not met the recommended level by the TOKYO MOU. Thus, this study conducted an IPA analysis as well as content analysis, by collecting the practical opinions and views of PSCO through objective questionnaires and written expert interviews, for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of domestic PSC. As a result, it was derived that the importance and performance related to human factors such as life on board, working environment, and response to safety accidents should be improved in to raise the quality of PSC inspection. Additionally, the work environment and performance of PSC in domestic ports for foreign vessels could be improved, if multifaceted support bases are established, for administrative unification of related tests for PSC, recruitment of PSCO, activation of the defection-reporting system, reorganization of the PSC execution group, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1169-1178
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• 2022

This study examines an effective operational plan of a maritime safety enforcement task that is distributed in the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries and the Korea Coast Guard for maritime safety. Considering the sinking of the MV Sewol and Seohae vessels and the MV Hebei Spirit oil spill, normally marine safety accidents tend to not only damage human life, property, and marine environment but can also expand to disasters; therefore, precautionary measures are required. However, the Korean government takes superficial efforts in case of large-scale accidents. In case of the MV Sewol ferry, the government only focused on punishing the officials involved as a follow up and never mentioned any effective plan, such as "unification of maritime safety enforcement," in contrast to an advanced country. As a result, there are endless major and minor backward accidents. The probability of large-scale maritime accidents and backwardness accidents is increasing owing to vessels becoming large sized, high speed, and aged; sailors being unqualified; port traffic increase, development of marine leisure; and inefficiency dual marine safety systems. Therefore, based on the review of previous studies related to maritime safety, major advanced country's cases, and unified case of the vessel traffic service, this study suggests effective methods such as coastal vessel safety management, port state control and aid to navigation management, which are directly connected with maritime safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.28 no.spc
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• pp.1-10
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• 2022

As the volume of marine hazardous and noxious substances (HNSs) transported in domestic and overseas seas increases, the risk of HNS spill accidents is gradually increasing. HNS leaked into the sea causes destruction of marine ecosystems, pollution of the marine environment, and human casualties. Secondary accidents accompanied by fire and explosion are possible. Therefore, various types of HNSs must be rapidly detected, and a control strategy suitable for the characteristics of each substance must be established. In this study, the ground HNS spill experiment process and application result of detection algorithms were presented based on hyperspectral remote sensing. For this, styrene was spilled in an outdoor pool in Brest, France, and simultaneous observation was performed through a hyperspectral sensor. Pure styrene and seawater spectra were extracted by applying principal component analysis (PCA) and the N-Findr method. In addition, pixels in hyperspectral image were classified with styrene and seawater by applying spectral matching techniques such as spectral distance similarity (SDS), spectral correlation similarity (SCS), spectral similarity value (SSV), and spectral angle mapper (SAM). As a result, the SDS and SSV techniques showed good styrene detection results, and the total extent of styrene was estimated to be approximately 1.03 m². The study is expected to play a major role in marine HNS monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.127-138
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• 2023

A variety of decarbonized energy sources are being developed globally to realize carbon neutrality (Net Zero) by 2050 as a measure to address the global climate crisis. As the Korean government has also established a Renewable Energy 3020 policy and promoted energy development plans using solar or wind power, large-scale offshore development projects not present before in coastal waters, such as offshore wind farms, are being promoted. From ships' point of view, offshore facilities present obstacles to safe navigation, and with the installation of marine facilities, ship collisions or contact accidents between ships and marine facilities may occur in the narrowed water areas. In addition, there are concerns about environmental pollution and human casualties caused by marine accidents. Accordingly, we review overseas and domestic offshore wind farm development plans, analyze whether institutional devices are in place to ensure the safe passage of ships in wind farm areas, and study the safe operation of large-scale offshore wind farms and safe passage of ships along the Korean coast by comparing overseas legislative cases with domestic laws and presenting a proposal to illuminate the legal blind sectors.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2024

Approximately 250 marine oil spill accidents have occurred in Korea, with profound impact on local communities and the environment. The restoration process necessitates significant resources and costs to return affected areas to their pre-accident state. In accordance with the polluter pays principle, compensation is demanded from polluter, as stipulated in both international conventions and national laws. Consequently, investigations are conducted to determine civil and criminal liability. As the importance of investigation actors in oil spill accidents increases, standards such as CEN 15522-2 and ASTM D 3248 are employed to determine the similarity between the spilled oil and the oil of the suspected ship. Among these standards, CEN 15522-2, the most actively used European standard, underwent its third revision and is now known as EN 15522-2, as of 2023. This study used EN 15522-2 to analyze samples from marine oil spill accidents that occurred in Korea. The results indicated that, considering the characteristics of domestic spills where light fuel oil spills account for more than 40%, the application of EN 15522-2, which includes low-boiling point substances such as Adamantanes, was confirmed to be highly effective.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.214-223
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• 2024

The recent increase in maritime traffic and coastal leisure activities has led to a rise in various marine accidents. These incidents not only result in damage to human life and property but also pose a significant risk of marine pollution involving oil and hazardous and noxious substances (HNS) spills. Therefore, effective ship monitoring is crucial for preparing and for responding to marine accidents. This study conducted an aerial experiment utilizing hyperspectral remote sensing to develop a maritime ship monitoring system. Hyperspectral aerial measurements were carried out around Gungpyeong Port in the western coastal region of the Korean Peninsula, and spectral libraries were constructed for various ship decks. The spectral correlation similarity (SCS) technique was employed for ship detection, analyzing the spatial similarity distribution between hyperspectral images and ship spectra. As a result, 15 ships were detected in the hyperspectral images. The color of each ship's deck was classified based on the highest spectral similarity. The detected ships were verified by matching them with high-resolution digital mapping camera (DMC) images. This foundational study on the application of aerial hyperspectral sensors for maritime ship detection demonstrates their potential role in future remote sensing-based ship monitoring systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-64
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• 2020

The IOPC Fund general assembly reported that the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea (known as the HNS Convention) will meet the requirement for the convention to take ef ect between 2021 and 2022. When the convention comes into effect, the liability-limit insurance of the HNS transport ship will be enforced and the shipper receiving the HNS will pay the share of the contribution from the International Fund for damages exceeding the limit of the ship's liability insurance. Korea is one of the major shipping and shipper countries in the world; thus, this study aimed to the need to analyze the effect of the convention on the related industries. The survey of ships and contribution targets analyzed the research data of the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries. The P&I premium estimation was reviewed by the Korea Shipping Association and the K P&I as insured ships. In addition, the contribution of the HNS cargo volume was analyzed in an annual report by a representative international association for each cargo. About 1,500 ocean-going and domestic vessels have been identified as ships subject to the convention. The effect of changes in premiums under the convention was minimal for most ships. The effect of the shipping industry is expected, with about 150 domestic tankers expected to increase insurance premiums. In the case of shipper industries, 52 freight terminals were found to be eligible for the payment of the share of the international fund, as the proportion of freight volume in Korea was ranked second to fourth in the world by individual HNS accounts. This implies the obligation to pay contributions according to the convention. Considering the status of HNS transport ships entering and leaving ports and the quantity of HNS cargo, it can be concluded that the validity of Korea's convention is sufficient and that, it is necessary to coordinate with global major shipper countries.