• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.179-183
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• 2018

Recently, several studies have been conducted on biogas and organic compost production using food waste in an anaerobic digester. In this study, basic experiments were conducted to produce biogas and compost by fermenting food wastes with microbial agents. First, a microbial agent was developed by combining various microorganisms. Then, the amount of generated biogas was identified through a food waste batch experiment. Further, we could maximize and demonstrate biogas production in an anaerobic digester by examining biogas production and composting in a pilot plant.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.201-209
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• 2016

Theoretical maximum methane yield of glucose at STP (1 atm, $0^{\circ}C$) is 0.35 L $CH_4/g$ COD. However, most researched actual methane yields of anaerobic digester (AD) on lab scale is lower than theoretical ones. A wide range of them have been reported according to experiments methods and types of organic matters. Recent year, a MET (Microbial electrochemical technology) is a promising technology for producing sustainable bio energies from AD via rapid degradation of high concentration organic wastes, VFAs (Volatile Fatty Acids), toxic materials and non-degradable organic matters with electrochemical reactions. In this study, methane yields of food waste leachate and sewage waste sludge were evaluated by using BMP (Biochemical Methane Potential) and continuous AD tests. As the results, methane production volume from the anaerobic digester equipped with MET (AD + MET) was higher than conventional AD in the ratio of 2 to 3 times. The actual methane yields from all experiments were lower than those of theoretical value of glucose. The methane yield, however, from the AD + MET occurred similar to the theoretical one. Moreover, biogas compositions of AD and AD + MET were similar. Consequently, methane production from anaerobic digester with MET increased from the result of higher organic removal efficiency, while, further researches should be required for investigating methane production mechanisms in the anaerobic digester with MET.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2016

This study analyzes the characteristics of the motifs and colors in flower and bird paintings which contain and present Korea's unique aesthetics based on its richest data among all other types of Korean folk paintings. With a theoretical exploration of folk paintings and an analysis of the motifs and colors, textile design with an aim to present highly valued korean modern fashion design was developed. Two hundred and seventy flower and bird paintings were selected from relevant materials, resulting in an extraction of 5,068 colors. A palette of representative colors was made based on densely distributed hues and tones. The research can be summarized as follows: Flower and bird paintings contain flowers, birds, trees and animals and the motifs in the paintings stand for spirituality, philosophies from different times and other symbols of our nation. Each of the motifs in these paintings is a prayer for good luck, especially conjugal harmony and fecundity to bring about happiness and richness. Colors in flower and bird paintings are characteristic of the order: YR(25.5%)>R(19.2%)>Y(10.6%)>PB(9.2%)>G(7.9%), with low-chromatic YR and highly bright R taking up a larger percent. The order of tones is: d(13.5%)>dk (10.5%)>s(10.4%)>dkg(10.0%)>sf(9.1%)and the tone is dark in general. YR, taking up the largest percent, was dull, light, and soft. As for the achromatic colors, the order is: W(5.2%)>Gy(1.9%)>Bk(0.7%). Based on the above analyzed color data, those colors which were high in their hue and tone were extracted to present representative colors. In this way, representative colors like yellow, yellowish red, red, green, and purplish blue were extracted. This was the basis to present motifs and colors originating from subjects of folk paintings in various patterns using Illustrator CS6, to create modern fashion design.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-31
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• 2023

This study aimed to propose a fashion design development method using the external and internal characteristics of the flower and bird paintings in traditional Korean folk paintings. As a research method, external and internal characteristics of folk paintings were examined through previous studies and literature research, and folk painting patterns were developed into digital textile designs. Five 3D digital fashion designs were proposed using the CLO 3D program. The external characteristics of folk paintings were as follows: simplification and planarization of object representation, diversification of viewpoints, ignorance of perspective and symmetrical enumeration, strong colors and contrast effects, and the simultaneous representation of time. The internal characteristics of folk paintings were as follows: symbolic meaning, the beauty of free humor, modest aesthetics, complexity of reality and fantasy, and desire of shamanism. The results are as follows. Firstly, the flower and bird painting was a decorative painting style that emphasized decorative beauty and was suitable for developing fashion designs with Korean originality because of the symbolic and internal meanings. Simple layouts and bold free-spirited representations were effective ways to fill the screen with objects and gave the pattern a decorative effect. Secondly, developing a virtual clothing prototype based on digital design method using the external and internal characteristics of folk paintings and producing realistic fashion designs suggest the integrated use of science and technology, embodying modern fashion through the combination of digital fashion content and traditional cultural content. Thirdly, as a result of the development of 3D digital fashion designs, an eco-friendly and sustainable fashion design methods with virtual clothing can suggest a design development method that saves time and cost in the fashion design process while considering the environment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.53-61
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• 2013

The characteristics of methane production from pig manure slurry was investigated using anaerobic digestor combined with compost filtration bed. In this study, raw pig manure slurry was digested in mesophilic rectangular digester (effective volume $250m^3$) for 25 days and anaerobic digestion wastewater was filtered through compost filtration bed, which is composed of double layer, sawdust and chaff. The characteristics of anaerobic digestion wastewater were BOD 1,800 mg/L, COD 3,500 mg/L, SS 11,800 mg/L, T-N 1,200 mg/L and T-P 350 mg/L. After the filtration process, the contents of BOD, COD, SS, T-N and T-P of the anaerobic digestion wastewater were reduced by 97%, 62%, 89%, 39% and 57%, respectively. The concentrations of N, $P_2O_5$, and $K_2O$ of the leachate were 1,024, 111 and 407 mg/L, respectively. However, there was no odor emitted from the leachate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.618-626
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• 2016

The influence of ferric ion ($Fe^{+3}$) on bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge was explored at ambient temperature ($25^{\circ}C$). Before the addition of ferric ion, the removal of volatile solids (VS) was 65.9% and the specific methane production rate was 370 mL/L/d. After the addition of ferric ion (200 ppm) to feed sludge, the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester was more stable in the state variables including pH, alkalinity, COD and VFAs, and the VS removal and specific methane production rate were increased to 69.8% and 396 mL/L/d, respectively. However, the methane content in biogas was slightly reduced by the addition of ferric ion, indicating that the activity of planktonic anaerobic bacteria (PAB) was more improved after the addition of ferric ion. The dominances of syntrophic bacteria (Cloacamonas) and hyrolytic bacteria (Saprospiraceae, Ottowia pentelensis) in the PAB were increased by the addition of ferric ion. The addition of ferric ion improved the performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for sewage sludge at ambient temperature.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2018

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one of the most widely used process that can convert the organic fraction of waste activated sludge (WAS) into biogas. However, most researched actual methane yields of anaerobic digester (AD) on lab scale is lower than theoretical ones. Bioelectrochemical, anaerobic digester was used to increase methane yield from waste activated sludge. The influence of anaerobic digestion sludge and raw sludge mixing ratio (3:7, 5:5) on methane yield and organic matter removal efficiency were explored. As a result, when the mixing ratio of bioelectrochemical anaerobic sludge was 5:5 compared with 3:7, the highest methane yields were 294.2 mL $CH_4/L$ (0.63 times increase) and 52.5% (7.5% increase), the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester(5:5) was more stable in the pH, t otal alkalinity and VFAs, respectively. These results showed that the increase in the mixing ratio of anaerobic digestion sludge was found to be effective for maintaining the stable performance of bioelectrochemical anaerobic digester.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.35-43
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• 2016

COD properties of waste activated sludge (WAS) were investigated for various solubilization rate of mechanical pretreatment method in anaerobic digestion process. Inert COD was 37.0% of total COD in untreated WAS. Particulate biodegradable COD was converted to soluble biodegradables and particulate unbiodegradables as solubilization was processed. Particulate unbiodegradable portion of COD in WAS can be increased as particulate biodegradable portion is decreased in case of relatively long SRT of biological treatment. Thus, COD properties of WAS should be investigated in case of relatively low particulate biodegradable COD, because of possible low effect of solubilization. COD removal rate in anaerobic digester was enhanced as much as 2.1% and 15.1% for solubilization rate 5% and 35% due to pretreatment, respectively. COD removal rate was increased from 25% to 40%, and methane gas generation was increased from $607m^3/d$ to $907m^3/d$ as particulate COD of WAS was solubilized to 35% in pretreatment facilities.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.382-389
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• 1997

To study the optimum conditions of composing with sewage sludge, the variations of temperature and $CO_2$ generation amount during composting periods were investigated. The conditions were that sewage sludge added to bulking agents such as sawdust and rice hull were used and differently treated with microorganism seeding or not, initial C/N ratio, air flow rate and initial moisture contents. The results were summarized as follows : Seeding of 5% microorganism was higher temperature than not seeding. And using rice hull as bulking agents, and adjusting 21${\sim}$22 of initial C/N ratio, $200ml/l\;{\cdot}\;min$. of air flow rate and 64${\sim}$65% of initial moisture contents were higher temperature than any other conditions. Seeding of 5% microorganism was more $CO_2$ generation amount than not seeding. And using saw dust was more $CO_2$ generation amount than using rice hull as bulking agents. In the case of initial C/N ratio, adjusting 21${\sim}$42 was also more $CO_2$ generation amount than adjusting 12${\sim}$14. Judging from the result, it should be considered that the optimum conditions of composting with sewage sludges were seeding of 5% microorganism and adjusting 21${\sim}$22 of initial C/N ratio, $200ml/l\;{\cdot}\;min$. of air flow rate and 64${\sim}$65% of initial moisture contents.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.383-398
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• 2009

We have investigated chemical properties of the pigments and carried out the deterioration diagnosis using nondestructive techniques of the wall painting in Yaksajeon Hall of Gwanyongsa Temple. As the results of pigments analysis, it was unusual that the cobalt was detected in the blue and green colors used to traditional paint background. According to the deterioration diagnosis, ultrasonic measurement and infrared thermography, dominant cracks and exfoliation caused by high content of moisture. Therefore, it should be devised effective plan to prevent penetration of water for the long term this wall painting.