• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

This paper deals with the anaphoric usage of demonstratives when they refer to what are already mentioned in the context. We examine syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors that contribute to the choice of demonstratives. As for anaphoric usage, English and Spanish show the even distribution between proximal and distal demonstratives with the meaning of their deictic counterparts. Korean and Russian, however, show the uneven distribution of the more prevalent form (unmarked on) and the lesser one (market one). This study aims at a typological explanation for the anaphoric usage of demonstratives through comparison and contrast with such factors as the distance to the antecedent, cognitive status, psychological distance and the center of attention.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.2
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• pp.229-254
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• 2000

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde versucht, eine $ad\"{a}quate\;Basis\;f\"{u}r$ die Untersuchung der indirekten Sprachhandlung dadurch zu schaffen, die das $Indirektheitsph\"{a}nomen$ konstituierenden sozial-kommunikativen Faktoren ans Licht zu bringen. Dazu $mu{\ss}ten\;zun\"{a}chst$ einige Unstimmigkeiten der Searleschen Theorie der indirekten Sprechakte, die lange Zeit in der linguistischen Pragmatik dominierte, auf ihre $Erkl\"{a}rungskraft$ sowie ihre Haltbarkeit hin $\"{u}berpr\"{u}ft$ werden. In dieser Theorie wird davon ausgegangen, mit einer indirekten $\"{A}u{\ss}erung\;w\"{u}rden zwei\;illokution\"{a}re$ Akte gleichzeitig realisiert. Diese Annahme beruht ihrerseits auf der Auffassung, dem Satz wohne eine $illokution\"{a}re$ Rolle inne, wie z.B. dem Interrogativsatz die Rolle der FRAGE. So ist die bei Tisch oft verwendete $\"{A}u{\ss}$erung 'Kannst du mir das Salz reichen?' einerseits aufgrund des Fragesatztyps FRAGE und andererseits aufgrund der ihr konventionell zuzuordnenden Funktion eine BITTE. Die Frage ist, ob dem sog. $sekund\"{a}r\;illokution\"{a}ren$ Akt, also in diesem Fall der FRAGE, der Handlungscharakter verliehen werden kann. Denn die Handlungsintention des Sprechers liegt eindeutig darin, vom $H\"{o}rer$ das Salz $\"{u}berreicht$ zu bekommen, und nicht darin, sich vom $H\"{o}rer$ etwa uber seine $F\"{a}higkeit$ zum Salzreichen zu informieren. Die schwerwiegendsten $M\"{a}ngel$ der Searleschen Analyse der Indirektheit liegen z.T. darin, bei der Bestimmung des kommunikativen Zwecks einer $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$ von den sprachlichen Eigenschaften des Satzes ausgegangen zu sein und nicht von dem $Proze{\ss}$ der gemeinsamen Sinnkonstituierung durch die Kommunikationsteilnehmer, wie etwa durch die gegenseitige Annahme und die reflexive Intention. In diesem Zusammenhang erweisen sich die-von Grice so genannten­partikularisierten konversationellen Implikaturen als das Musterbeispiel $f\"{u}r$ die Entstehung und Interpretation der indirekten $\"{A}u{\ss}erung$. Hier wird man vor allem - wenigstens auf der abstraktiven Ebene der Gegenstandsanalyse - der kommunikativen $Realit\"{a}t$ gerecht. Die kommunikative Indirektheit in der Alltagskommunikation, so $hei{\ss}t$ der allgemeinere Begriff als etwa die Indirektheit auf der $illokution\"{a}ren$ Ebene, zeichnet sich dadurch aus, $da{\ss}$ sie eine in besonderem $Ma{\ss}e$ partnerorientierte, kooperative und auf die $Intersubjektivit\"{a}t$ unter den Kommunikationsteilnehmem abzielende Handlungsweise darstellt.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-91
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• 2021

In this study, most of the previous researches on the analysis of apology are limited to comparative study of apology in different countries from the perspective of cross-cultural communication and analysis of apology in daily life. Therefore, by introducing pragmatics on apology strategy and cultural interpretation theories, this study tried to analyze apology and apology strategies in the seventh season of American TV series Desperate Housewives. Specifically speaking, based on Trosborg's classification of apology strategies, this study sorted out, classified and counted apology strategies in the seventh season of Desperate Housewives, and then 200 apology strategies were randomly selected and analyzed in detail. The statistical results showed that 'expression of apology' strategy was used at the highest frequency of 64.0%, followed by 'explanation or account' and 'minimizing the degree of offence'; 'Acknowledgement of responsibility', 'offer of repair' strategy, 'expressing concern for hearer' and 'promise of forbearance' were used relatively less frequently. The results can be interpreted by America's high individualism, low power distance and low-context culture having great influence on the frequency of American apology strategy. This study can increase understanding of apology and culture, reduce offence in communication with Americans, and make cross-cultural communication smooth, and meanwhile it is expected to enrich the research scope of TV drama art by analyzing language in TV drama art.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.349-358
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• 2024

This study conducted a literature analysis to examine the overall trend of speech-language pathology in discourse research, focusing on studies on the topic of discourse from 2010 to 2023. Twenty-five papers were selected and analyzed in terms of research status, research subjects (age and subject type), and research methods (type and task). As a result, first, looking at the annual status of discourse research, it was confirmed that it is increasing starting from 2015 compared to 2010 to 2014. Second, the age of the research subjects and the types of experimental and control groups in the experimental study were examined. First, when analyzing the age of the subjects, research was actively conducted on school-age subjects (12 studies, 48.00%). When looking at the analysis of the types of experimental group subjects, the Normal group was the most (4 studies (19.04%)), and the control group subject type was also conducted with Normal as the control group (13 studies (61.90%)). It was the most. Third, in the analysis of research methods, it was found that the research type was very biased towards experimental studies, with 21 studies (84.00%). The type of research in terms of time was cross-sectional studies, which accounted for a high proportion of 21 studies (84.00%), and the research project used to evaluate discourse ability with a high proportion was discourse production, with a total of 12 studies (48.00%). This study comprehensively looked at discourse-related research related to language development and language disorders and sought to identify recent trends and the direction in which discourse-related research should move. The analysis of this study was limited to domestic papers. In follow-up research, we hope to understand the flow of research and discuss it, including overseas research related to discourse.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.58
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• pp.178-200
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• 2012

This paper seeks to deal with the point that in order to perform meaningful communication, a conscious act of reflexion must be involved. In other words, performance of communication inevitably requires self-reflexion. It is known that rationality and dialogism function as necessary preconditions and as goals of communication. But these concepts are very ambiguous because the communicational paradox is not considered. The interaction model could be thought to solve the paradox problems, but such solution can ultimately be seen as a result of ignoring the point that personal reflexion is necessary or covering up the logical problem by depending on concepts such as 'legitimation' or 'ideal discourse situation.' Therefore this paper views that the theory of communication based on Luhmann's system theory and constructivism has a more meticulous logics, and considers that the concept of reflexion specifically supplements the interaction model also by examining Schmidt's concept of fiction and Grant's concept of porous communication.

• 기호학연구
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• no.57
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• pp.121-153
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• 2018

In terms of the story told, we see that Oh! Soojung(Virgin Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors) is a film of the ideololgy of masculinity. However, from the point of view of the manner of presenting story, Oh! Soojung is a film that aims to devalue this ideology. How will it be possible? This is the principle of the irony that the speaker, by saying P, wants to make Q listen that devalues and contradicts P. Our study is tempted to explain the process of interpreting the irony in the film. The ideology of the film occurs when the presupposed contents have become the subject. For example Cendrion who tells a story of a girl married to a prince presupposes that the girl, Cendrion, is obedient. The subject of this story is that the presupposition: /the girls who want to be happy must be obedient/, which represents the ideology of masculinity. Presupposed content thus imposes on the public a collective and conservative value, as its enunciator belongs to the collective voice. Since ironisation occurs when the utterance itself is annulled, one must also deny or cancel the story told of Oh! Soojng: /Jeahun who is rich and Soojung who is obedient and virgin have become lovers/. Since there is no semantic mark within the utterance, irony is a voice that comes from without; this is how we understand irony in a purely pragmatic way. The outer voices are two things: the way to build the story: question of focusing, ocularization and auricularization, and the way to present the story: question the order, the frequency or the plot. Our study is focused on the question of frequency at Oh! Soojung which has a repetition structure in which the memory of Jeahun and that of Soojung are represented one after the other. Since the memories of two characters are not identical, the repetition is accompanied by differences. The differences at first allow the public to build their own story from the di?g?se of the film and then make the audience fall into confusion where we can not be certain of what we see and know in the di?g?se of the film, and finally make their knowledge questionable. About repetition, so that it can have validity in terms of the informativeness of the utterance, it must deny the existence of the previous repetition. This is how repetition cancels itself and consequently the utterance. We see that the irony of Oh! Soojung occurs by repetition with differences that cancels the story of the film.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.69-92
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• 2015

The explosion of social media data has led to apply text-mining techniques to analyze big social media data in a more rigorous manner. Even if social media text analysis algorithms were improved, previous approaches to social media text analysis have some limitations. In the field of sentiment analysis of social media written in Korean, there are two typical approaches. One is the linguistic approach using machine learning, which is the most common approach. Some studies have been conducted by adding grammatical factors to feature sets for training classification model. The other approach adopts the semantic analysis method to sentiment analysis, but this approach is mainly applied to English texts. To overcome these limitations, this study applies the Word2Vec algorithm which is an extension of the neural network algorithms to deal with more extensive semantic features that were underestimated in existing sentiment analysis. The result from adopting the Word2Vec algorithm is compared to the result from co-occurrence analysis to identify the difference between two approaches. The results show that the distribution related word extracted by Word2Vec algorithm in that the words represent some emotion about the keyword used are three times more than extracted by co-occurrence analysis. The reason of the difference between two results comes from Word2Vec's semantic features vectorization. Therefore, it is possible to say that Word2Vec algorithm is able to catch the hidden related words which have not been found in traditional analysis. In addition, Part Of Speech (POS) tagging for Korean is used to detect adjective as "emotional word" in Korean. In addition, the emotion words extracted from the text are converted into word vector by the Word2Vec algorithm to find related words. Among these related words, noun words are selected because each word of them would have causal relationship with "emotional word" in the sentence. The process of extracting these trigger factor of emotional word is named "Emotion Trigger" in this study. As a case study, the datasets used in the study are collected by searching using three keywords: professor, prosecutor, and doctor in that these keywords contain rich public emotion and opinion. Advanced data collecting was conducted to select secondary keywords for data gathering. The secondary keywords for each keyword used to gather the data to be used in actual analysis are followed: Professor (sexual assault, misappropriation of research money, recruitment irregularities, polifessor), Doctor (Shin hae-chul sky hospital, drinking and plastic surgery, rebate) Prosecutor (lewd behavior, sponsor). The size of the text data is about to 100,000(Professor: 25720, Doctor: 35110, Prosecutor: 43225) and the data are gathered from news, blog, and twitter to reflect various level of public emotion into text data analysis. As a visualization method, Gephi (http://gephi.github.io) was used and every program used in text processing and analysis are java coding. The contributions of this study are as follows: First, different approaches for sentiment analysis are integrated to overcome the limitations of existing approaches. Secondly, finding Emotion Trigger can detect the hidden connections to public emotion which existing method cannot detect. Finally, the approach used in this study could be generalized regardless of types of text data. The limitation of this study is that it is hard to say the word extracted by Emotion Trigger processing has significantly causal relationship with emotional word in a sentence. The future study will be conducted to clarify the causal relationship between emotional words and the words extracted by Emotion Trigger by comparing with the relationships manually tagged. Furthermore, the text data used in Emotion Trigger are twitter, so the data have a number of distinct features which we did not deal with in this study. These features will be considered in further study.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.281-312
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• 2010

Der vorliegende Beitrag problematisiert die Zeichen einer Zeit, in der nach der 'Wende des Sprachparadigmas' alle Prozesse einer Posttranszendenz, die in der heutigen philosophischen Problemsituation versucht werden, $bel{\ddot{a}}chelt$ werden, der Relativismus, Partikularismus und Skeptizismus $verst{\ddot{a}}rkt$ wird, und als Resultat die Kritik, Ablehnung und das Desinteresse an der Ideologie der Vernunft und Wahrheit sich verbreitet. Ich werde daher umgekehrt gerade an diesem Punkt ansetzen und ${\ddot{u}}ber$ die Notwendigkeit und Dringlichkeit der Rehabilitierung der "$Realit{\ddot{a}}t$ einer moralischen Vernunft" nachdenken. Zweck dieses Beitrags ist es, in Zusammenhang mit der Rehabilitierung der $Realit{\ddot{a}}t$ einer moralischen Vernunft, aufzuzeigen, welche theoretische Erkenntnis bzw.moralische Erkenntnis wahr ist, d.h., dass ein 'bewiesenes', da 'objektiv gerechtfertigtes' Argument existiert. $Daf{\ddot{u}}r$ werde ich als erstes auf das Problem der Relativistischen und Skeptizistischen Anhaltspunkte philosophisch eingehen(2), zur ${\ddot{U}}berwindung$ dieser Anhaltspunkte eine Rechtfertigung der rationelen und moralischen $Begr{\ddot{u}}ndung$ versuchen(3). In Folge soll betrachtet werden, dass die Rechtfertigung der rational moralischen $Begr{\ddot{u}}ndung$ mit dem Problem der $Letztbegr{\ddot{u}}ndung$ in enger Verbindung steht(4), und nachdem darauf hingewiesen wird, dass dies durch eine Konfrontation mit der Fallibilismus These zu erkenntnistheoretisch objektiver $G{\ddot{u}}ltigkeit$ gelangt(5), werde ich den Beitrag $abschlie{\ss}en$(6).

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2008

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the artificial shrinkage and assisted hatching (PZD; patial zona dissetion) before vitrification on the development of vitrified mouse expanding blastocyst. Methods: Mouse 2-cell embryos were collected and cultured in G1.1 and G2.2 to expanding blastocyst. For artificial shrinkage (AS) the micro injection pipette was inserted into blastocoele cavity and blastocoele fluid was aspirated. For assisted hatching (AH) PZD method was used. Control group was -AS/-AH and treatment groups were -AS/+AH, +AS/-AH and +AS/+AH. After AS and AH mouse blastocysts were equillibrated in G10 and G10E20 for 3 mins, respectively, and vitrified in G25E25 after loading on capped pulled-straw. Vitrified mouse blastocysts were thawed and cultured for 24 hrs. The survival and hatching rate was compared among one control and three treatment groups. Results: The survival rates were 99%, 92% in +AS/+AH and +AS/-AH groups and 54%, 58% in -AS/-AH and -AS/+AH group, respectively. The survival rate was significantly higher in +AS group than in -AS group (p<0.01). Hatching rates were 34%, 96% in -AS/-AH and -AS/+AH groups and 41%, 100% in +AS/-AH and +AS/+AH, respectively. The hatching rates was higher in +AH group than in -AH group (p<0.01). After thawing recovery rates were 100%. Loading on capped pulled-straw, that is effective and useful method on vitrification. Conclusion: This study showed that artificial shrinkage of blastocoele cavity and assisted hatching (PZD) significantly improved the development of the vitrified mouse expanding blastocysts.