• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.165-170
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different surface soil management practices on soil microflora in volcanic ash soils of citrus orchard. Soil samples were collected from citrus orchards of clean cultivation, grass sod, and grass mulch system in May and September 1997. Soil chemical properties, populations of various microorganisms, enzyme activities, microbial biomass C were analyzed. Average soil pH were 4.7, and average nitrogen and organic matter contents were 6 and $140.2g\;kg^{-1}$, respectively. Aerobic bacteria were distributed at $26,2-47.3{\times}10^6cfu\;g^{-1}$ level. Among the aerobic bacteria Pseudomonas spp., Rhizobium spp., and thermophilic Bacillus spp. were dominant in most of the investigated orchard soils. Density of actinomycetes were low at $1.8-84.6{\times}10^5cfu\;g^{-1}$ level. Fungi were distributed at $26.4-182.1{\times}10^5cfu\;g^{-1}$ level and the density was higher in grass mulch and sward sites. In september, phosphomonoesterase activity was high at $239.6{\mu}g\;PNP\;g\;soil^{-1}\;h^{-1}$ in clean cultivated citrus orchards. Soil cellulase activity were higher at $602.6{\mu}g\;GE\;g\;soil^{-1}$\;24\;h^{-1}$ in grass sward cultivation than any other soil management practices. Soil microbial biomass C was higher in grass mulch cultivated orchards.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31
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• pp.36-44
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• 1998

우리 나라에서 토양의 점토광물에 관한 최초의 연구는 1958년 김제지방의 답 토양에 관한 연구로 (Dewan, 1958)시작되었다. 1960년대 시작하여 1970년대 까지는 주로 토양점토광물의 동정이 이루어 졌다. 점토광물의 동정(同定)에 사용된 잔적토(殘積土)(Residual Soil)로는 화강암(花崗岩), 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩), 현무암(玄武岩), 석회암(石灰岩), 혈암(頁岩), 제(第)3기층(紀層), 홍적층(洪積層) 유래 토양과 토양종류별(土壤種類別)로는 과부식회색토(寡腐植灰色土), 염류토(鹽類土), 충적토(沖積土), 적황색토(赤黃色土), 화산회토(火山灰土), 퇴적토(堆積土), 갈색토(褐色土), 암쇄토(岩碎土), 저위생산답(低位生産畓)이였으며, 토양점토광물(土壤粘土鑛物)과 작물수량성(作物收量性) 관계에 관한 연구가 실시되었다. 1980년대에 들어와서는 토양중의 1차광물과 점토광물의 풍화에 대한 안정도와 1차광물의 동정이 행해졌으며, 이밖에 Kaolinite 입자의 전하에 관한 연구등 점토광물의 흡착과 활성 연구, 점토광물의 토양개량재로서의 흡착과 화학적 특성 변화 연구와 점토광물의 토양개량 시용효과에 관한 연구가 행해졌다. 1990년대에 들어와서는 토양 중의 1차광물과 점토광물의 정량에 대한 자료가 축척되었고, 토양의 풍화에 대한 안정성과 생성기작, Zeolite와 새로운 광물이 합성되었다. 또한 합성광물을 이용한 농업과 산업광물로의 응용성 환경 산업에서의 적용가능성에 대한 평가가 시도되었다. 토양의 점토광물의 조성에 관한 연구는 토양 모재를 중심으로 이루어졌는데, 화강암(花崗岩)에서는 Halloysite, 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Metahalloysite, Illite, 산성암(酸性岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Venrmiculite와 Chlorite의 중간광물, 현무암(玄武岩)에서는 Illite, Kaolinite, Vermiculite, 석회암(石灰岩)에서는 Vermiculite-Chlorite 중간광물, Kaolinite와 Illite, 혈암(頁岩)에서는 Kaolinite, Halloysite, Illite 외 Vermiculite-Chlorite, 화산회토(火山灰土)에서는 Allophane이 주광물이었다. Soil Taxonomy와 토양광물과의 관계에서, 답 토양에서는 Entisols의 주점토광물은 2:1형과 1:1형 광물이지만 Inceptisols와 Alfisols에서는 Halloysite가 대부분이다. 밭 토양의 경우는 Alfisols의 주점토광물은 Vermiculite, Illite, Kaolinite이었고, Ultisols에서는 Vermiculite-Chlorite 중간광물이었다. 산림토양에서는 Inceptisols중에서 Andept는 Allophane, Alfisols에서는 2:1 광물이지만, Ultisols에서는 Halloysite이다. 모재별 조암 광물의 풍화와 점토광물의 생성과정에서 화강암(花崗岩)과 화강편마암(花崗片麻岩)의 장석류(長石類)는 kaoline광물로, 이 밖의 운모광물(雲母鑛物), 녹니석(綠泥石), 각섬석(角閃石), 휘석(輝石)으로부터 생성된 illite, chlorite, vermiculite는 풍화중간에 혼층단계(混層段階)를 거쳐서 kaoline 광물로 풍화된다. 석회암(石灰岩) 토양의 smectite가 Mg농도가 높은 토양용액으로부터 침전되어 생성되었거나 운모 또는 chlorite에서 유래된 vermiculite의 변성작용에 의해 생성되고, 혈암(頁岩)토양의 점토에 illite가 주로 풍화에 저항성이 큰 미립자의 함수백운모(含水白雲母)로부터 유래되며, 현무암(玄武岩) 중의 장석류(長石類)는 kaoline광물로, 휘석(輝石)은 chlorite${\rightarrow}$illite의 풍화과정을 거친다. Zeolite, 함불석 Bentonite, Bentonite 등 우량점토 광물이 분포과 광물조성, 이화학적 특성이 조사되었고, 토양의 물리적, 화학적 성질의 개선을 필요로 하는 토양의 개량을 위해서 Bentonite, Zeolite, Vermiculite 등의 토양 개량재(改良材)로서의 기초연구와 이들 개량재 시용효과에 관한 연구 등이 주로 논토양에서 수행되었다. 점토광물과 수량관계를 보면 Montmorillonite를 주점토광물로 함유된 답 토양의 수도수량이 1:1 광물을 주점토광물로 함유하고 있는 토양에서의 수도수량 보다 높았다. 토양광물에 관한 기초연구(基礎硏究)로서 양이온교환능과 포화이온의 영향, 입자의 전기화학적 성질, 흡탈착 성질, 표면적과 등전점, 해성점토에 대한 압밀점토(壓密粘土)의 변형율(變形率)의 추정 등이 주로 연구되었다. 부가가치가 낮거나 폐기되는 광물을 이용하여 토양개량재 혹은 흡착제를 형성하는 연구가 알카리 처리에 의한 Zeolite 합성에 집중되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2000

The adsorption and leaching of organophosphorus pesticide, EPN (O-ethyl-O-4 -nitrophenyl phenyl phosphonothioate) were investigated in Namwon soil(black volcanic soil), Aewol soil(very dark brown volcanic soil) and Mureung soil(dark brown nonvolcanic soil) in Cheju Island. The residue of EPN was surveyed on coastal environment of Cheju in Aug. 1996. The organic matter of Namwon soil, Aewol soil and Mureung soil was 19.8, 6.2 and 2.4%, respectively. The cation exchange capacity of Namwon soil, Aewol soil and Mureung soil was 24.8, 13.0 and 9.5 meq/100 g, respectively. The Freundlich constant, k value, was 89.4, 26.9 and 9.25 for Namwon soil, Aewol soil and Mureung soil, respectively. The k value of Namwon soil with very high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity was the highest for Aewol soil and Mureung soil. The Freundlich constant, 1/n, show a high correlation with organic matter content, i.e. it is less than unity for organic matter rich soil of Namwon soil and greater than unity for organic matter poor soil of Mureung soil. The leaching of EPN was slower for Namwon soil with high k values, and faster for Mureung soil with low k values. The results of the study was demonstrated the potential of pollution for EPN have little leached into soil environment. EPN was not detected in seawater and sediment in the coastal environment in Cheju Island. EPN used in the farm on tile Cheju island were not residued in the coastal environment.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.287-291
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• 1999

In order to examine the possible use of rock phosphate as P source, tomato seedlings with or without inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in the pots of sterile volcanic ash soil from Cheju island with two levels of phosphorus (100 and 200 mg/kg) supplied either as fused or as rock phosphate. After three months of culture, plant dry weight, P and other nutrient uptake, root colonization and spore density in the soil were determined. Treatments of rock phosphate of both levels resulted in the significantly depressed plant growth in comparison to the treatments of fused phosphate, likely due to lower P availability in soil with rock phosphate. Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation increased the dry weight of plant at 200 mg/kg level of both fused and rock phosphate. Root infection and sporoulation were reduced in rock phosphate treatments. Nitrogen, K, Ca and Mg contents in plants were not significantly different at all treatments. As a P source, rock phosphate in combination with mycorrhizae was not satisfactory for optimum plant growth at $100{\sim}200\;mg/kg$ levels in Cheju volcanic ash soil.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.1238-1241
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• 2010

우리나라의 대표적인 화산도서지역인 제주도는 연 평균 강우량이 1,975mm로 우리나라 최대 다우지역이며, 투수성이 좋은 다공질 화산암류 및 화산회토로 이루어져 있어 지하수 함양율이 총 강우량의 48.5%로 국내에서 가장 높은 수문지질 여건을 지니고 있다. 또한, 강우 후에는 143개의 하천 중 6개의 하천을 제외한 나머지 하천에서 내륙과 달리 평상시 건천의 형태로 유지되고 있으며, 지표수의 발달이 매우 빈약하다. 이러한 연유로 인해 제주도는 수자원의 대부분을 지하수에 의존하고 있으며, 향후 지속적인 수자원을 확보하기 위해서는 지표수의 개발이 절실하게 필요한 실정이다. 제주도는 지하수와 관련된 연구는 부분적으로 진행되어 왔으나 제주도 하천에 대한 유량 관측과 수문모델을 적용하여 유출량을 산정하는 연구는 거의 없는 편이다. 본 연구에서는 장기 강우-유출 모형인 SWAT 모형을 이용하여 상시 유출이 이루어지고 있는 제주도 서귀포 유역에 포함되는 예례천, 궁산천, 영천을 선정하였으며, SWAT 모형의 입력자료인 기상자료와 지형자료(DEM, Land Use, Soil Type)를 구축하여 직접유출량 및 실제증발산량을 산정하였다.(2002. 01. 01~2008. 12. 31) 각 년도별 평균 직접유출량 및 평균 실제증발산량 산정 결과 예례천 유역은 570.14mm, 444.15mm로 나타났으며, 궁산천은 570.51mm, 585.41mm이며, 영천은 444.15mm, 602.51mm로 나타났다. 위의 연구결과는 장기 일 유출량 모의에 대하여 전체적으로 우수한 결과를 보이고 있으며, 향후 많은 유출량 자료를 확보하여 본 연구의 결과와 비교 검정한다면 제주도 하천의 장기 일 유출량 모의 할 수 있을 것이라 판단된다. 또한 제주도의 유역 전반의 통합 관리 측면에서 뛰어난 적용성과 폭 넓게 활용함으로써 우수한 연구 결과를 도출할 것으로 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.500-512
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• 2009

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of temperature on soil microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and PLFA content in the volcanic(VAS) and the non-volcanic ash soil(NVAS). The soils were treated with organic materials such as organic fertilizer pelleted(OFPL), organic fertilizer powdered(OFPD), pig manure compost(PMC), and food waste compost(FWC). Two grams of organic materials were well mixed with 30g of dried volcanic and non-volcanic ash soil(< 2 mm) with 50% of soil moisture content. And the soils were incubated at 10, 20, $30^{\circ}C$ in incubator. Soils were analysed on the incubation times as followed; soil pH, total nitrogen, organic matter(at 75, 150, 270 days), microbial biomass C and PLFA (at 75, 270 days), microbial biomass N and soil enzyme(at 150, 270 days). pH values of soils treated with PMC and FWC had no changes on soil type, and incubation temperature. However, the pH was increased with temperature in the soils treated with OFPL. The changes in NVAS was higher than in VAS. Soil microbial biomass C content were high in the condition of high temperature and organic fertilizers treatment in VAS. But the contents were gradually decreased with incubation period in both NVAS and VAS. Soil microbial biomass N was high in NVAS treated with organic fertilizers and in VBS treated with PMC and FWC. PLFA content was higher in NVBS than in VBS at 75 days but showed high in VBS at 270 days. Urease activity of NVBS treated with OFPL showed $10^{\circ}C$ (75.0)> $20^{\circ}C$ (16.3)>$30^{\circ}C$ ($4.6ug\;NH{_4-}N\;g^{-1}\;2h^{-1}$) at 150 days. It were decreased gradually high temperature and time passes. And it showed high at $10^{\circ}C$ in VBS. Glucosidase activity was higher in NVBS than in VBS. Correlation coefficient of between soil microbial biomass C and microbial activity indicators showed that PLFA was high significantly at $r^2=0.91$ in NVBS and ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was $r^2=0.83$ in VBS. Soil microbial activities showed differences in the relative sensitivities of soil type and soil temperature.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 1995

This study was conducted to investigate the adsorption characteristics, distribution coefficients, and movement of alachlor(2-chloro-2', 6'-dimethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide) and chlorothalonil(tetrachloroisophthalonitrile) for the 3 soils sampled from major soil groups in Cheju Island. Namwon, Jeju, and Mureng soils used in this study were classified as black volcanic ash soil, dark brown volcanic ash soil and dark brown nonvolcanic soil, respectively. Organic carbon content and CEC of Namwon soil were very high and those of Mureung soil were very low. Linear and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were the best to fit the adsorption of alachlor and chlorothalonil in the soils. K value, Freundlich coefficient, of alachlor for Namwon soil was 21.38, being 5.4 and 97.2 times higher than that for Jeju and Mureung soils respectively. The values of chlorothalonil for the soils were similar to those of alachlor but were much higher than them. When Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were leached with a solution containing 10.25 mg/l of alachlor and 1.50 mg/l of chlorothalonil, alachlor was first detected at 0.265, 0.47, and 1.86 pore volume (PV) and chlorothalonil was 3.71, 4.7 and 17.5 PV, respectively. The pore volumes at $C/C_o=1$ of alachlor in the leachates from Mureung, Jeju and Namwon soil columns were 1.1, 3.7 and 6.6 PV and those at $C/C_o=0.2$ of chlorothalonil were 7.5, 8.5 and 27.5, respectively. This means that the deceasing order of the mobility of the chemicals in soils was Mureung soil>Jeju soil${\gg}$Namwon soil. The pore volumes detecting $C/C_o=0.5$ of alachlor and $C/C_o=0.05$ of chlorothalonil in leachate were positively correlated with the distribution coefficients for the soils.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.211-211
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• 2019

본 연구의 목표는 제주도를 대상으로 한 강우-유출 과정에서 적절한 CN값의 결정 및 초기손실의 규모를 판단하는 것이다. 제주도는 화산 활동으로 형성된 섬으로 투수성이 좋은 다공질 화산암류 및 화산회토로 이루어져 침투가 쉽게 발생한다. 이러한 토양 특성으로 인해 제주도 유역의 유출해석 수행 시 내륙지역과 동일한 방법을 적용하는 데 한계가 있다. 기존 제주도의 강우-유출연구를 살펴보면 초기손실의 고려방법이나 선행함수조건의 고려방법이 달라 상대적인 비교가 모호해지는 문제가 있다. 또한 고려방법에 따라 유출해석 결과가 서로 상충되기도 하여 유의한 결론을 제시하는데 무리가 따른다. 이에 본 연구에서는 제주도 지역의 CN 및 초기손실에 대한 검토를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 대상유역은 한천 유역으로 선정하였으며, 호우사상은 2012년과 2014년에 발생한 태풍 '카눈', 태풍 '볼라벤', 태풍 '산바', 태풍 '나크리' 호우사상을 적용하였다. 한천 유역의 CN과 초기손실에 대한 검토를 위해 강우 자료는 대상 유역 인근 제주(184), 아라(329), 어리목(753), 진달래밭(870), 윗세오름(871) 지점의 강우 자료를 이용하였으며, 유출량 자료는 한천 하류에 위치한 제4한천교에 관측된 수위 및 유속 자료를 이용하였다. 먼저 각 호우사상별 총 유출량을 기저유출과 직접유출으로 분리하고 직접유출량에 대한 유호우량을 산정하였다. 다음으로 산정된 유효우량을 NRCS의 유효우량 산정방법에 적용되는 총 유량-유효우량 관계모형에 적용하여 유역의 최대잠재보유수량을 산정하였다. 이때 초기손실량은 유역의 최대잠재보유수량의 20%, 30%, 40%로 가정하였다. 마지막으로 산정된 최대잠재보유량을 최대잠재보유수량-CN 관계식에 적용하여 CN을 산정하고, 기존 연구에서 적용한 한천 유역의 CN과 비교하여 그 결과를 검토하였다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.149-157
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• 1994

The conditions for formation of allophane in volcanic ash soils in Cheju Island were investigated. Soils of toposequence distributed along the sourthern slope of Mt. Halla, and the major soil groups such as dark brown soils, very dark brown soils, black soils, and brown forest soils were colleted and analyzed for Al, Fe and Si extracted with solutions of pyrophosphate and oxalate. Mean annual temperature decreased $0.8^{\circ}C$ and mean annual precipitation increased 110mm with increase elevation of 100m. Organic carbon content increased and soil pH decreased with elevation, and the formation of allophane in soils formed a climosequence. Dark brown soils widely distributed in the northern and western coastal areas, where the mean annual precipitation ranged 1,240~1,420mm and the evaporation ranged 1,290~1,320mm, contained only small amounts of allophane and Al-humus complexes. For other soils, organic carbon content, pyrophosphate extractable Al, and $Al_p/Al_o$ were inversely correlated with $pH(CaCl_2)$. Allophane content showed close relationships wlth $pH(CaCl_2)$, and inverse relationships with organic carbon content and $Al_p/Al_o$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.110-116
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• 1981

Soil surface charge which manipulates some important soil physico-chemical properties such as nutrient and water holding abilities, colloidal stability and soil erosion was investigated in wide range of soil pH, using soils developed originally from same volcanic ash deposit but under different rainfall condition in Hawaii. The results can be summarized as follows : 1. Ustollic Camorthid (Kawaihae soil) which was developed under the lowest rainfall (less than 500 mm/yr) revealed low Z.P.C. (4.5-5.0) and less dependence of net charge on concentration of indifferent electrolytes. 2. Typic Hydrandepts (Akaka and Hilo soils) which were developed under the high rainfall (3050-7600 mm/yr) showed the Z.P.C. in between 5.5-7.0 and high dependence of net charge on concentration of indifferent electroytes. 3. It was found by X-ray diffraction together with total chemical analysis that amorphous materials were dominant (above 6.0%) in Typic Hydrandepts while dehydrated halloy-site (1 : 1 clay minerals) was dominant (45-50%) in Ustollic Camorthid. 4. In spite of little difference in particle size distribution of the soils, the difference of specific surface area was remarkable showing the order of Akaka (289) > Hilo (268) > Kawaihae (93). 5. It was evident, taking account of apparent field pH values, 5.2 of Akaka, 5.5 of Hilo and 7.0 of Kawaihae soil, respectively, that Akaka, and Hilo soils would show either positive or near zero (+ or 0) of ${\Delta}pH$ while Kawaihae soil would exhibit negative (-) of ${\Delta}pH$ at natural field condition.