• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.617-626
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the petrographic characteristics and physical property of the Rock-carved Seated Buddha at Bugmireugam hermitage of Daeheungsa temple in Haenam. The Buddha Statue was carved on micrographic granite, and the rock was composed of the fine quartz encircled by orthoclase. The results of diagnosis for deterioration evaluation have shown a highly damage rate of black contaminants (8.4%) and crack index (6.6). The ultrasonic velocity have detected SW (slightly weathered) grade of weathering coefficient (mean 0.18). Various weathering factor on the surface of the Buddha Statue was affected by precious shelter, and physical property with ultrasonic was directly influenced by the structural characteristics and fissure of host rock.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 2011

The Mireuksaji stone pagoda was built foundation in the reign of King Moo (AD 639) in the Baekje Kingdom of ancient Korea. The stone properties of the pagoda were quarried from Mountain Mireuk, which are medium to coarse-grained light gray biotite granite formed during the Jurassic, and are composed of quartz, feldspar, biotite, muscovite, apatite and allanite. It was strong relatively but became weak from prolonged weathering, and as a result its durability fell to $883kgf/cm^3$ (moderate weathering degree). In the process, cut-off (31%), deletion (57%) and crack (44%) occurred in foundation materials by the influence of bending, shear and compressive force. Hereat, the original materials were treated through a preservation process. As a result, approximately 74% of original materials have been able to be reused, inclusive of 55 materials that were to be partially replaced by new stones. On the other hand, it is inevitable that the other 26% including exterior stones and support-based stones have to be partially replaced by new stones. It implies that there is a need to find stones that are identical or similar to those of the pagoda. Consequently, a lithological study was conducted on stones in quarries located in Iksan and an investigation was made into their properties. The results showed that stones in the Hwangdeung area were most similar to those of the pagoda mineralogically and their properties were most stable.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.91-106
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• 2019

The Donghachong tomb from Royal Tombs at Neungsanri is composed of 15 sides including the floor, and the most highly proportion of rock, two-mica granite, are used on the 7 sides (46.6%). Also, augen gneiss consist with another 3 sides (20.0%), and each of the remaining 3 sides (6.7%) are made up of granodiorite, gneissous granite and leucocratic granite, all of which were used to comprise the tabural stone. Meanwhile, the two floors of the burial chamber and the front chamber, are made up of brick-shaped amphibole schist (13.3%). These rocks are occurred in the Buyeo area and their provenance sites are located at the side of Guemgang river. The Memorial Stone for Liu Renyuen in Tang China is a typical augen gneiss showing distinct schistosity and augen texture. This rock has the same petrographic characteristics with the rocks used to build the Donghachong tomb, Sanjikri dolmens and Setapri pagoda in Buyeo. This augen gneiss is distributed from the Jeungsanri in Buyeo to Dukjiri in Gongju as a large scaled rock body, and where currently are the quarries to produce stone aggregates, garden and landscape rocks. Thus, it is highly probable that the site around Buyeo was the source area of augen gneisses since the Bronze Age. However, while augen gneiss is easier to form into shapes it should have disadvantages when it comes to painting on the tomb wall because of their petrographic characteristics of low strength and dark color. Therefore, it is very intriguing to investigate which transportation method the people of Baekje chose with consideration of the distance and terrain, efficiency and convenience.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.101-108
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• 2005

Because the stone cultural properties located outdoors, they have been altered and deteriorated in external appearance due to environmental factors such as acid rain, extreme change in temperature, and salts. Damage to stone cultural properties is accelerated particularly due to recent industrial development and environmental pollution. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental contaminants on the weathering of granite. And as part of the developing of conservation method, $TiO_2$ catalyst was prepared and tested. When fresh granite was dipped into the salt and acid solutions, dissolution rate of eight minerals (Si, Mg, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mn, Al) are abruptly increased at initial stage of reaction and then increased steadily until 100 cycles. After salt and acid solution experiments, the mineral compositions of the granite surface were lower then that of the fresh granite and density of the weathered granite was steadily decreased from $2.60\;g/cm^3$ to $2.56\;g/cm^3$, but Poissions ratio and absorption ratio were slightly increased. It was expected at stone cultural assets could be weathered by salts and acid rain. In the case of $TiO_2$ was coated to the granite, the dissolution rate of minerals and absorption ratio of $TiO_2$ coated granite were decreased. Therefore, the $TiO_2$ coating method tested in this study considered to be a viable method to assist in the conservation of stone cultural properties from environmental contaminants.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.661-673
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• 2007

Rock materials of the three-storied stone pagoda in the Cheongryongsa temple in Korea are mainly composed of gneissose two-mica granite and fine-grained granite. This stone pagoda shows structural instability due to cracks and breaking-out of the stones. The surface properties of the stone is highly degraded by various inorganic pollutants and epilithic biospecies. Therefore, this study carried out comprehensive deterioration diagnosis by non-destructive methods, and some conservation treatments base on the diagnosis were carried out to reduce weathering progress. As the treatments, the biospecies and lichen that covering on the stone surfaces were removed by dry and wet cleaning, and degraded concrete applied to the pagoda for restoration in the past was removed and repaired with epoxy resin. Oxidized iron plates inserted between the rock properties were also substituted titanium stainless steels. After all processes are completed, we sprayed consolidant on the rock surface. Finally, the ground of the stone pagoda was rearranged using small rock aggregates, and the fence was established for control of artificial deterioration by visitors and environmental maintenance.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1995

This study was carried out to remove the iron and impurities usmg hydrocyclone and HGMS for recycling of sludge from the granite stone cutting and polishing industrγ in the basic of chemi떠1 analysis and minerallogical investigation. This sludge consist of 70.9% $SiO_2$ 13.6% $Al_2O_3$ and It also contained 2.52% of $Fe_2O_7$ and 0.29% of $TiO_2$, as a main impurities to decrease the whiteness. As the result of hydrocyclone experiment, It was very good condition that are 100~150 g/l of sludge amount, 2.0~ 2.5 mm of underflow nozzle size, and 1.2~1.6 kg/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of pressure for 85% sludge product with the $-37{\mu}\textrm{m}$ size. $Fe_2O_3$ and $TiO_2$, contents by treatment of HGMS were decreased with 0.65% and 0.07% each at 10,000 gauss of magnetic field strength, and addih$\upsilon$n of Sodium tripolyphosphate as a dispersant was effected to get low grade F Fe,Ol and TiO, concentrate. PhYSIcal properties of this stone sludge product were showed 58.5% of whiteness, 1 13.4% of firing shrinkage and 3.0812 $\textrm{m}^2$/g of specific surface area.

• Journal of the Korean Geophysical Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.99-112
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• 2000

The Iksan Jurassic Granite shows relatively less fractures and homogeneous rock fabrics, and is one of the most popular stone materials for architectures and sculptures. Almost mutually perpendicular rift, grain, and halfway in the Iksan Jurassic Granite are well known to quarrymen based on its splitting directions, and therefore it should exhibit orthorhombic symmetry. Theoretically, there are 9 independent elastic stiffness coefficients $(C_{1111},\;C_{2222},\;C_{3333},\;C_{2323},\;C_{1313},\;C_{1212},\;C_{1122},\;C_{2233},\;and\;C_{1133})$ for orthorhombic anisotropy. In order to characterize the static and dynamic elastic properties of the Iksan Jurassic Granite, triaxial strains under uniaxial compressive stresses and ultrasonic velocities of elastic waves in three different polarizations are measured. Both experiments are carried out with six directional core samples from massive rock body. Using the results of experiments and the densities measured independently, the static and dynamic elastic coefficients are computed by simple mathematical manipulation derived from the governing equations for general anisotropic media. The static elastic coefficients increase ar uniaxial compressive stress rises. Among those, the static elastic coefficients at uniaxial compressive stress of a 24.5 MPa appear to be similar to the dynamic elastic coefficients under ambient condition. Although some deviations are observed, the preferred orientations of microcracks appear to be parallel or subparallel to the rift, the grain, and the hardway from microscopic observation of thin sections. This indicates that the preferred orientations of microcracks cause the elastic anisotropy of the Iksan Jurassic Granite. The results are to be applied to the effective use of the Iksan Jurassic Granite as stone materials, and can be used for the non-destructive safety test.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.189-203
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• 2014

In this study, the identification and distribution for rock types of the South Gate Wall of Myeoncheoneupseong Town Wall in Dangjin was investigated, and the homogeneity analysis of rock properties in the wall between the surrounding out crops estimated by examining the possible provenances. The Town Wall consists of variable rock types about 15 kinds. Granitic rocks (61.0%), quartzite (21.0%) and quartz feldspar porphyry (8.7%) accounted over 90% of total survey section. These rock properties are very similar to surrounding rocks of the Town Wall on the basis of occurrences, magnetic susceptibility, petrography, mineralogical and goechemical characteristics. Thus, it is probable that the rock properties of the Town Wall were supplied from the Town Wall around about 8km within at Seongsangri, Yangyuri, Seongbukri, Galsanri and Daedeokdong area. And supplied rock properties in the construction process, easy procurement rather than rock type was most likely seems to be considered.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.234-240
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• 1994

The Wongyeong site, one of massive pinkish granite quarries in the Mungyeong area, was drilled to study the physical and chemical properties following the rock classification from fresh rock to highly, moderately and slightly weathered one. The physical properties such as specific gravity, absorption ratio, porosity and compressive strength were tested from the core samples. Specific gravity and absorption ratio are 2.37-2.64 and 0.27-1.87% respectively, while porosity and compressive strength are 0.70-4.38% and 110- 1, 695 kg/$cm^2$. With increased weathering, absorption ratio vs. porosity shows a positive correlation. The absorption ratio is in reverse proportion to compressive strength. Toward the surface in the drilled core, the $SiO_2$, CaO and $K_2O$ contents slightly decrease, but the $Al_2O_3$+FeO(t) contents increase by the enrichment of residual clay in the weathered rock.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.137-150
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• 2021

The rock-carved standing Buddha triad in Seoak-dong is a large stone Buddha statue of the Unified Silla era (AD 676 to 935) in ancient Korea, built near the top of the southeastern side of mountain Seondosan in Gyeongju, is characterized by its locational importance, the powerful Amitabha and the gentle sculptural technique of the Bodhisattva. In particular, Amitabha Buddha in andesite rock slope with biotite granite pedestal and two Bodhisattva parallel made by alkali granites seems to express the dignity through the color and texture of the stones. In the Amitabha Buddha, deterioration characteristics are accelerating due to the combination of various joint systems, instability of the slopes and relaxation by the root pressure of plants occurring at the top. In addition, physical properties have deteriorated owing to the increase of discontinuous surfaces as joints, cracks and scalings, and the coverage of algae and lichen is also high. Therefore, deterioration degree in Buddha triad is accelerated due to the physical weathering characteristics from natural rock mass and various biological invasion.