• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.611-620
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• 2007

The current study was designed to define whether a blend of prunus mume extract(25%) containing lactic acid(75%) and grape seed extract(10ppm) could affect in vitro antimicrobial activity and growth performance, intestinal microflora, plasma biochemical profiles and digestive enzymes activities in broiler chickens. In paper disc agar diffusion test, we clearly observed antimicrobial activity against E. coli in response to prunus mume extract or a blend of prunus mume extract. For in vivo test, a total of ninety six 3-d-old male broiler chicks were assigned to basal diet(CON), basal diet supplemented with antibiotics (ANTI) and 0.5% a blend of prunus mume extract(PRNUS) until 35 days of age. Throughout the entire experimental period(3-35 days), there were no differences in BW and FCR between the birds fed the basal diet with antibiotics and the diet supplemented with a blend of prunus mume. However, ANTI group showed a significant increase in BW and total gain compared to CON group. The weights of digestive organs such as the pancreas and mucosal tissues were not affected by dietary treatments. There was no difference in plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol, AST and ALT activity. However, triglyceride in plasma increased(P<0.05) in the birds fed the diet supplemented with 0.5% a blend of prunus mume extract compared to those fed antibiotics supplemented diet. The activities of pancreatic trypsin and amylase, and intestinal hydrolase including disaccharidase were not affected by dietary treatment. The colony forming units(CFU) of lactobacillus in the lower ileal-cecum of the birds fed the diet supplemented with a blend of prunus mume extract was significantly(P<0.05) higher than that of birds fed antibiotic supplemented diet without affecting the CFU of E. coli. In conclusion, the birds fed the diet supplemented a blend of prunus mume as an alternative to antibiotics showed a similar growth performance and an significant increase in lactobacillus population compared with the birds fed basal and antibiotics supplemented diets.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1116-1122
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• 2008

The existing technology which is for recycling aggregate using dried swage sludge have been limited for practical application, because the properties of aggregate are not regular and don't meet the recycling aggregate standard. In this research, an innovative slag-producing technology is developed by addition of oyster shell, waste cast-sand and iron-rust as inorganic waste additives. The mixed slag with the additives was evaluated at the various ratio of CaO/SiO$_2$, SiO$_2$/Al$_2$O$_3$ and Fe$_2$O$_3$/SiO$_2$. When the waste sludge was melted at 1,400$^{\circ}C$ during 20 minutes, the optimal ratio of CaO/SiO$_2$ for the slag added the oyster shell, SiO$_2$/Al$_2$O$_3$ for added the waste cast-sand and Fe$_2$O$_3$/SiO$_2$ for added the iron-rust were 1.00, 3.00 and 0.60, respectively. At the optimal condition, the bulk density of the slag was 2.24 g/cm$^3$, 2.45 g/cm$^3$ and 2.73 g/cm$^3$, And the 24 h water adsorption was 4.72%, 1.44% and 0.37%, respectively. Therefore it is proved that adding the waste additives to the process of the slag production contributed for elevation of recycling aggregate properties. And also it is expected that production cost can be reduced by decreased melting temperature.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 2009

in the cosmetics and medical supply field as a antioxidant material. The stable nano particle emulsion of skin toner type containing VEA was prepared. To evaluate the skin permeation, experiments on VEA permeation to the skin of the ICR outbred albino mice (12 weeks, about 50 g, female) and on differences of solubility as a function of receptor formulations was performed. The analysis of nano-emulsions containing VEA 0.07 % showed that the higher ethanol contents the larger emulsions were formed, while the higher surfactant contents the size became smaller.In this study, vitamin E acetate (VEA, tocopheryl acetate), a lipid-soluble vitamin which is widely used A certain contents of ethanol in receptor phase increased VEA solubility on the nano-emulsion. When the ethanol contents were 10.0 % and 20.0 %, the VEA solubility was higher than 5.0 % and 40.0 %, respectively. The type of surfactant in receptor solution influenced to VEA solubility. The comparison between three kind surfactants whose chemical structures and HLB values are different, showed that solubility of VEA was increased as order of sorbitan sesquioleate (Arlacel 83; HLB 3.7) > POE (10) hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-10; HLB 6.5) > sorbitan monostearate (Arlacel 60; HLB 4.7). VEA solubility was also shown to be different according to the type of antioxidant. In early time, the solubility of the sample including ascorbic acid was similar to those of other samples including other types of antioxidants. However, the solubility of the sample including ascorbic acid was 2 times higher than others after 24 h. Franz diffusion cell experiment using mouse skin was performed with four nano-emulsion samples which have different VEA contents. The emulsion of 10 wt% ethanol was shown to be the most permeable at the amount of 128.8 ${\mu}g/cm^2$. When the result of 10 % ethanol content was compared with initial input of 220.057 ${\mu}g/cm^2$, the permeated amount was 58.53 % and the permeated amount at 10 % ethanol was higher 45.0 % and 15.0 % than the other results which ethanol contents were 1.0 and 20.0 wt%, respectively. Emulsion particle size used 0.5 % surfactant (HCO-60) was 26.0 nm that is one twentieth time smaller than the size of 0.007 % surfactant (HCO-60) at the same ethanol content. Transepidermal permeation of VEA was 54.848 ${\mu}g/cm^2$ which is smaller than that of particlesize 590.7 nm. Skin permeation of nano-emulsion containing VEA and difference of VEA solubility as a function of receptor phase formulation were determined from the results. Using these results, optimal conditions of transepidermal permeation with VEA were considered to be set up.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.898-907
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• 1994

The solvent extraction of an inorganic trace mercury in sea water samples was studied using zinc diethyldithiocabamate $Zn(DDC)_2$ as chelating agent. The $Zn(DDC)_2$ which maintained the stability of DDC- in the acidic aqueous solution in the course of extraction was synthesized from NaDDC and $ZnSO_4$ in this laboratory. The trace of mercury(Ⅱ) was extracted at pH 3.0 from 100 ml of sea water into 10ml of chloroform containing 0.05 M $Zn(DDC)_2$ by shaking for 5 minutes. And from the organic phase, the $Hg(DDC)_2$ was back-extracted into 10ml of 1 to 1 mixed acid of each 3% (v/v) nitric acid and hydrochloric acid by shaking for 25 minutes. The mercury back-extracted was determined by a cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The trace mercury(Ⅱ) was so successfully extracted that this procedure could be applied to its determination in the sea water. That is, the recoveries of mercury in two kinds of samples into which as given amount of Hg(Ⅱ) was spiked were 90.0% and 93.3%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 1992

In this study, the water soluble sulfur, lead and cadmium contents of Prunus yedoerais leaves were analysed. The water soluble sulfur content considered as a main pollution indicator was extracted by the conventional barium sulfate method and the concentrations were calculated. The results obtained are as follows ; 1. The water soluble sulfur contents of the leaves collected from the heavy traffic roadside trees were two time higher than that of control materials on average. It was presumed those trees has been under meaningful pollutants impact. The water soluble sulfur contents of leaves between Cheonju and Iri was higher than that between Iri and Kunsan. 2. The range of Pb contents from roadside trees was 11.9-34.5 ppm for exceeding the control. The trees grown on the right roadside were more heavliy Pb-contaminated. 3. The range of Cd contents from roadside trees grown between Iri and Kunsan, the site-to-site variations of Cd concentration was not significant.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.spc
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• pp.20-28
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• 2009

The sustainability of conventional agriculture which is characterized by input dependent and ecologically simplified food production system is vague. Chemicals and present practices used in agriculture are not only costly but also have widespread implications on human and animal health, food quality and safety and environmental quality. Thus there is a need for alternative farming practices to sustain food production for the escalating population and conserve environment for future generations. The present research scenario in the area of plant microbe interactions for maintaining sustainable agriculture suggests that the level of internal regulation in agro-ecosystems is largely dependent on the level of plant and microbial diversity present in the soil. In agro-ecosystems, biodiversity performs a variety of ecological services beyond the production of food, including recycling of nutrients, regulation of microclimate and local hydrological processes, suppression of undesirable organisms and detoxification of noxious chemicals. Controlling the soil microflora to enhance the predominance of beneficial and effective microorganisms can help improve and maintain soil chemical and physical properties. The role of beneficial soil microorganisms in sustainable productivity has been well construed. Some plant bacteria referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) can contribute to improve plant growth, nutrient uptake and microbial diversity when inoculated to plants. Term PGPR was initially used to describe strains of naturally occurring non-symbiotic soil bacteria have the ability to colonize plant roots and stimulate plant growth PGPR activity has been reported in strains belonging to several other genera, such as Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Arthrobacter Bacillus, Burkhokderia, Methylobacterium, and Pseudomonas etc. PGPR stimulate plant growth directly either by synthesizing hormones such as indole acetic acid or by promoting nutrition, for example, by phosphate solubilization or more generally by accelerating mineralization processes. They can also stimulate growth indirectly, acting as biocontrol agents by protecting the plant against soil borne fungal pathogens or deleterious bacteria. Present review focuses on some recent developments to evolve strategies for better biotechnological exploitation of PGPR's.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

The large intestine of the chicken differs both anatomically and physiologically from the pig's large intestine and the men of the cow. The chicken's large intestine is less developed than the pig's large intestine or the cow's lumen. This paper summaries these differences. The chicken's large intestine contains a microbiological population similar to that found in the rumen. The chicken's caeca especially contains a large number of microorganisms, but this population varies according to age, fred, maturity, antibiotic use and etc.. Protein is an essential nutrient for the formation of intestinal microvilli. A study showed that the length of the small intestine was 63 % of the total gastrointestinal tract (GIT) length, while caecum was 8.1 %, and the colon and rectum were 4.6 %. The establishment of the microbial population of the small intestine occurs earlier than that of the caeca, but the identity of approximately 90 % of microbial population of the chicken GIT is hon. Recent studies have shown that energy, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and electrolytes that are found in the large intestine may be absorbed to a certain degree. The chicken small intestine is the primary location for digestion with a variety of enzymes being secreted here. Much research is being conducted into the digestion of sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel (STOP), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and isomalto-oligosaccharides (IMO) in the chicken caeca and large intestine. Excessive fibre content in the feed has detrimental effects, but proper fibre supplementation to chicken diets can improve the length and capacity of the small intestine.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.179-185
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• 2016

An effective analytical method has been developed for the determination of β-blockers(atenolol, metoprolol and propranolol) and 6 β-lactams(amoxicillin, penicillin G, cefaclor, cefadroxil, cephalexin and cephradine) in water samples using two different cartridges. The samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE) with the usage of polymeric hydrophile-lipophile balance(HLB cartridges) and strong cation-exchange mixed-mode polymeric sorbent (MCX cartridges). A XDB-C₁₈ column(1.8 μm; 3.0 mm × 100 mm) was used for the sufficient chromatographic resolution. The calibration curves showed good linearity with high correlation coefficients (>0.995). The method detection limits (MDL) and the limits of quantification(LOQ) were from 1.1 to 3.9 ng/L and from 5 to 13 ng/L, respectively. The method was applied for the determination of the target compounds in tributaries and raw water of the Han River and these were found at N.D. to 0.209 μg/L.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.5
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• pp.27-32
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• 1987

To isolate and identify degradation products of propanil in solution which propanil concentration was 2000ppm with a certain temperature, degradation products and pathway were investigated every 2 weeks for 12 weeks. Extracted mixture was developed with benzene on TLC plate, and Rf values of isolated DCA and TCAB were 0.65 and 0.94 respectively. At the GC analysis, propanil and its degradation products could seperate at the column temperature $200^{\circ}C$, but in order to more good resolution, the column temperature of DCA and TCAB was $140^{\circ}C$ and $250^{\circ}C$ respectively. Functional group of OCA was determined by IR spectrum $3400cm^{-1}$ and $800cm^{-1}$. Proton peaks of OCA were NMR spectrum $6.7{\delta}$ and $3.7{\delta}$. As the results, the major degradation products of propanil in solution were seperated on TLC plate, and thus identified by the analysis of GC, IR and NMR. Proposed degradation pathway of propanil in solution was from DCA to TCAB.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 1998

Based on the differential growth response to exogenous gibberellic acid ($GA_{3}$) between semi-dwarf wheat(Triticum aestivum) and wild oat(Avena fatua), we examined the possibility of improving the selective performance of several herbicides by $GA_{3}$ application and the physiological background of $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity. Growth of wild oat was 4 to 5 times higher than that of wheat by $GA_{3}$ treatment. Pretreatment of wild oat seed with 300 ppm $GA_{3}$ increased the herbicidal activities of trifluralin and isoproturon by soil-surface application, but not of alachor and metsulfuron-methyl. $GA_{3}$ applied simultaneously with post-emergence herbicides resulted in a significant or moderate improvement of the efficacy of such herbicides as tralkoxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, metribuzine and isoproturon, but not in the mixtures of oxyfluorfen or paraquat with $GA_{3}$. In the sequencial treatment of tralkoxydim and $GA_{3}$ at interval of one-day, $GA_{3}$ applied prior to tralkoxydim significantly increased a chlorosis and desiccation of leaf without affecting the growth inhibition by tralkoxydim. Tralkoxydim followed by $GA_{3}$ application had lower herbicidal activity than that of $GA_{3}$ followed by tralkoxydim treatment. Electrolyte leakage response of $GA_{3}$-pretreated or $GA_{3}$-untreated wild oat leaf against several compounds inducing membrane. peroxidation was compared. Differencial responses were observed in oxyfluorfen and isoproturon treatments with an increased electrolyte leakage in $GA_{3}$-pretreated tissue, but not in paraquat and rose bengal treatments. These results suggest that $GA_{3}$-induced increase in herbicidal activity is likely to be dependent on a herbicide type and may be due to activation of a metabolic ability related with herbicidal reponse as well as an increase in the herbicide absorbtion and translocation, rather than due to membrane and cell wall extention induced by $GA_{3}$, which in turn makes the herbicides easily enter.