• Clean Technology
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.284-291
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• 2010

Nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) is a greenhouse material which is hard to remove. Even with a catalytic process it requires a reaction temperature, at least, higher than 670 K. This study has been performed to see the effects of Ce addition to the mixed oxide catalyst which shows the highest activity in decomposing $N_2O$ completely at temperature as low as 473 K when CO is used as a reducing agent. Mixed metal oxide(MMO) catalyst was made through co-precipitation process with small amount of Ce added to the base components of Co, Al and Rh or Pd. Consequently, the surface area of the catalyst decreased with the contents of Ce, and the catalytic activity of direct decomposition of $N_2O$ also decreased. However, in the presence of CO, the activity was found high enough to compensate the portion of activity decrease by Ce addition, so that it can be ascertained that the catalytic activity and stability can be maintained in the CO involved $N_2O$ reduction system when Ce is added for the physical stability of the catalyst.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-36
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• 2000

중원지역 지열수의 CO2 가스의 용축과 수반된 탄산염 침전물의 광물학적 특성을 밝히기 위하여 탄산염 침전물에 대해 광물학적 및 지구화학적 분석방법을 적용하여 보았다. 이들은 매년 수 mm의 두께로 저수조내에 침전되며 미세한 층상으로 결정화되어 있고, 검은 갈색의 얇은 층들이 반복적으로 존재하고 있다. 침전물은 비교적 순수한 방해석으로 되어 있으며 1M HCl로 처리하여 잔류물을 XRD 분석한 결과는 카올린 광물 및 일라이트질 광물이 확인되었다. 전자현미분석에 의하면 검은 갈색층은 주로 방해석과 Fe나 Mn 산화광물의 집합체이며 소량의 점토광물도 함께 섞여 있는 것으로 추정된다. Fe의 경우에는 주로 방해석내 Ca자리를 치환하여 존재하며 일부 산화광물로 함께 침전된 것으로 보인다. 반면에 Mn의 경우는 일부는 Fe처럼 방해석결정구조 내에서 Ca를 치환하면서 존재하기도 하지만 주로 산화물의 형태로 존재하는 것으로 보인다. 후방산란전자상(BSEI) 관찰에 의하면 Fe와 Mn 모두 매우 미세한 입자의 산화광물들로 밀집해 있는 부분이 관찰되기도 한다. 중원지역 탄산수로부터 방해석이 침전되는 과정은 CO2 가스가 방출되면서 pH가 증가하면서 방해석 및 Fe, Mn 산화물이 과포화상태가 되어 침전되는 것으로서 해석할 수 있다. 또한 지하 심부를 순환하면서 활발한 물-암석반응의 결과로 Si나 Al 및 기타 이온들의 함량이 상대적으로 높았던 탄산수가 pH가 높아지면서 카올린 광물이나 일라이트질 광물, 석영등의 규산염 광물들이 함께 침전하였을 것이다. 그러나 방해석의 침전과정이 이루어지는 과정 동안에, 온천공으로부터 채수되는 탄산수의 양이 수요에 따라 매우 불규칙해서 탄산수의 수요가 많은 경우 탄산수가 지속적으로 과잉 채수되면 주변 천층지하수가 탄산수에 혼합되어 Fe, Mn 등의 농도를 상대적으로 낮추게 되어 산화물형태로 침전되기가 어려워져서 거의 순수한 방해석만이 침전하게 된다. 결과적으로 거의 순수한 방해석 층에 검붉은 층이 불규칙하게 반복되고 있는 중원지역 탄산염침전물은 침전작용이 일어나는 대부분의 기간 동안 지속적으로 주변 전층지하수의 유입이 일어났음을 지시하고 있다. 또한 Fe, Mn 등의 함량이 높은 탄산수로부터의 침전은 매우 짧은 기간동안 단속적으로 일어났음을 지시한다.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.318-325
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• 2006

Polypropylene-clay nanocomposites were studied by the modification of clay with amino silanes to introduce covalent bonds in nanocomposites, and prepared by melt-compounding with polypropylene, clay modified with amino silanes and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene. The . .structure and surface properties of modified clay were determined by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectrum, and solid-state $^{29}Si$ nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum. The modification of clay with aminosilanes led to the increase of the silicate interlayers to about $19.8{\AA}$, the weakening effects of hydroxy group at $3650cm^{-1}$ and the signal of amine groups at -69 ppm proved that the modification had taken place.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2004

Polymer-clay nanocomposite containing the low amounts of clay shows improved physical, mechanical properties. In this study, allyl ester prepolymer was synthesised by reactions of the diallyl terephthalate monomers and the 1,3-butanediol monomers. Nanocomposites of allyl ester prepolymer and the two kinds of the organically layered silicate were prepared by using the intercalation method as well as the in-situ polymerization method using. By varying the amount of clay content, curing conditions, and feeding conditions. the nanocomposite was studied using X-ray diffraction. From XRD results, allyl ester-Cloisite 30 B nanocomposite made by the in-situ polymerization method shows better exfoliation behavior compared with the intercalation method. It can be said that the transesterification reaction between functional groups (-OH) of intercalant and monomers results in the increased gallery distance. Also mechanical and thermal properties indicate that the dispersity of clay is an important factor for improving physical properties of the nanocomposite.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 2012

The composites of expanded graphite oxide and magnetic nanoparticle (Ni and Co) were synthesized by using simple chemical method. From the raw material natural graphite, the expanded graphite was fabricated using sulfuric acid and $1^{st}$ heat treatment at $600^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour. The expanded graphite was changed to expanded graphite oxide by 2nd heat treatment at $1050^{\circ}C$ for 15 sec and chemical oxidation. The expanded graphite oxide/1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solution reacts with the magnetic nanoparticle to form a magnetic graphite oxide composite. These graphite-based materials were characterized by x-ray diffractometer, Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscope, and vibration sample magnetometer. We expect that these results of this paper were become basis research of graphite oxide composite.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.455-465
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• 2009

In this study, Organo-montmorillonite(MMT) was synthesized by intercalation of various amine(Octylamine, Dodecylamine, Dimethyldodecylamine, Octadecylamine) compounds into layered silicate. Natural Rubber(NR)/MMT nanocomposites were prepared by reinforcement of Organo-MMT. X-ray diffraction(XRD) and Scanning electron microscope(SEM) were employed to characterize the layer distance of Organo-MMT and the morphology of the NR/MMT nanocomposites. The structures of the synthesized Organo-MMTs were analyzed by the measurement of FT-IR. Cure characteristics, surface free energy and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus and hardness of NR/MMT nanocomposites were carefully studied by contact angle meter, ODR, UTM, and hardness tester. FT-IR analysis showed a insertion of the alkyl and amine chains into the interlayers of the MMT. It was shown that the cure time of the organo-MMT was more decreased than that of $Na^+$-MMT. Surface free energy and tensile strength of the NR/DDA-MMT nanocomposite were the highest. NR/ODA-MMT nanocomposite was the highest in hardness.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.42-42
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• 2007

티타네이트 나노튜브는 10 nm 이내의 내경과 0.74nm 정도의 크기를 갖는 층상 구조를 이루고 있어 높은 비표면적을 이용한 수소의 물리적 흡착뿐만 아니라 Ti-H 결합에 의한 화학적 흡착이 동시에 가능하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 전이금속 원소 중 Ni을 첨가한 티타네이트 나노튜브를 합성하고 수소저장특성을 평가하고자 하였다. 티타네이트 나노튜브는 저온균일침전법으로 제조된 침상형의 $TiO_2$ 분말을 출발원료로 염화니켈을 $TiO_2$의 질량 비로 1~5wt% 첨가하고 10 M의 NaOH 수용액에서 일정시간 혼합한 후 $150^{\circ}C$에서 24시간 수열합성하였다. 합성된 분말의 입자형상 및 결정상은 전자현미경과 X-선 회절 시험을 이용하여 분석하였고, 입자의 비표면적은 액체질소흡착법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 전자현미경 관찰결과 이온교환 전후의 입자형상은 큰 변화가 없었던 반면 이온교환 후 입자의 비표면적이 30% 이상 증가함을 확인하였다. 특히 Ni의 도핑량이 증가함에 토라 입자의 비표면적도 함께 증가하였으며, 전자현미경 관찰결과 더욱 미세한 나노튜브가 형성됨을 확인할 수 있었다. P-C-T를 이용하여 측정한 순수한 티타네이트 나노튜브의 수소저장량이 20기압에서 1.2 wt% 정도로 측정된 반면 Ni이 5 wt% 첨가된 티타네이트 나노튜브의 경우 같은 압력에서 1.6 wt%를 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2017

Layered Ni-rich NCM cathode materials $Li[Ni_xCo_{(1-x)/2}Mn_{(1-x)/2}]O_2$ ($x{\geq}0.6$) have advantages of high energy density and cost competitive over $LiCoO_2$. The discharge capacity of NCM increases proportionally to the Ni contents. However, there is a problem that it is difficult to realize the stable electrochemical performance due to cation mixing. In this study, synthesis conditions for the layered Ni-rich NCMs are investigated to achieve deliver the ones having good electrochemical performances. Synthesis parameters are atmosphere, lithium source, synthesis time, synthesis temperature and Li/M (M=transition metal) ratio. The degree of cation mixing gets worse as the Ni content is increased from $Li[Ni_{0.6}Co_{0.2}Mn_{0.2}]O_2$ (NCM6) to $Li[Ni_{0.8}Co_{0.1}Mn_{0.1}]O_2$ (NCM8). It is confirmed that higher level of cation mixing affects negatively on the electrochemical performance of NCMs. Optimum synthesis conditions are explored for NCMx (x=6, 7, 8) in order to reduce the cation mixing. Under optimized conditions for three representative NCMx, a high initial discharge capacity and a good cycle life are obtained for $180mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 96.2% (50 cycle) in NCM6, $187mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 94.7% (50 cycle) in NCM7, and $201mAh{\cdot}g^{-1}$, 92.7% (50 cycle) in NCM8, respectively.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.147-159
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• 2002

Weathered bentonites occcur as surficial alterations of some domestic bentonite deposits in the Tertiary formations, with the thickness of less than about 50 cm, along naturally-formed weathering surface with slopping in gentle. 7 $\AA$-halloysite was found together with montmorillonite in the weathered bentonite. Compared to normal bentonite, the weathered one is generally more clay-rich and contains little amounts of original rock-forming minerals and residues. In the electron microscopy, fine-scale occurrence of the clay minerals tends to be somewhat discrete and segregated rather than closely associated. h curled margin of montmorillonite lamella is deformed to become obtuse in the weathered bentonite. Halloysite occurs as acicular to tubular crystals with the length of less than 2 $\mu$m and the width of about 0.3 $\mu$m, which commonly forms bundle-shaped aggregates. Electron microscopic observations on the fine-scale occurrence and texture of the wtathered bentonites indicate that the clay mineral transition from montmorillonite to halloysite has undergone without accompanying any intermediate phases of both clay minerals such as a mixed-layered type (M/H). The alteration reaction between these two clay minerals probably took place in the form of dissolution and precipitation mechanism in oxidation condition. An intense chemical leaching of SiO$_2$, Na, K and Ca might occur during the alteration reaction, forming a lot of dissolution cavity and residual concentration of A1$_2$O$_3$ and Fe, relatively. As the result of the chemical change, a fsvorable condition for halloysite formation seemed to be provided.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 1988

Nonstoichiometric solid solutions of the $Sr_{1+x}Dy_{1-x}FeO_{4-y}$ system (x = 0. 00, 0. 25, 0. 50, 0. 75 and 1. 00) with layered $K-2NiF_4$ type structure were prepared at 1200$^{\circ}$C under atmospheric pressure. X-ray powder diffraction spectra show that the crystallographic phases of the samples are tetragonal within the x range. Nonstoichiometric chemical formulas have been determined by Mohr salt analysis and it shows that the amount of $Fe^{4+}$ ion or ${\tau}$ value increases with increasing x. Electrical conductivities of the samples which were measured in the temperature range of $-100{\sim}200^{\circ}$C under atmospheric air pressure are varied within the semiconductivity range of $l0^{-8}{\sim}10^{-2}(ohm^{-1}{\cdot}cm^{-1}$) and the activation energies are also varied from 0.02 to 0.08 eV. Mixed valency state of $Fe^{3+}$ and $Fe^{4+}$ in the sample of $Sr_{1.00}Dy_{1.00}FeO_{4.04}$ was identified again by Mossbauer spectrum at 200K.