• 재활복지
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-173
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to develop a stuttering therapy device to aid in stutter therapy. The research method used for this study was as follows: First, the stuttering therapy device based on analysis of the prolonged speech method used at home and abroad was designed to achieve the goal of research. Second, the stuttering therapy device was to be developed to maintain a vocalization state, to use bio-feedback visualization, to have enough inspiration, to use Korean language in this device, and to use transfer and maintenance training in daily life. Third, the stuttering therapy device effectiveness was to be verified through use in clinical cases. The results of subjects receiving speech therapy and using the breathing control prolonged speech device and SI(stuttering Interview) evaluation programs for 3 months were as follows: For subject A, the stuttered word rate was reduced from 3.20 SW/M to 0.5 SW/M. For subject B, the stuttered word rate was reduced from 1.90 SW/M to 0.75 SW/M. For subject C, the stuttered word rate was reduced from 3.37 SW/M to 0.34 SW/M. For Subject D, the stuttered word rate was reduced from 0.51 SW/M to 0 SW/M. Follow-up evaluations verified the effectiveness of how the stuttering therapy device can reduce subjects' SW/M.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.385-386
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• 2000

어류의 아가미는 호흡, 삼투조절, 질소 노폐물의 배설과 산, 염기의 평형 조절을 담당하는 기관이다. 특히 아가미는 좌운 4쌍의 새궁으로 구성되며, 각각에서 여러 개의 새엽이 그리고 각각의 새엽으로부터 좌우로 새판이 돌출된 구조로 호흡상피의 표면이 확장된 구조적 특징을 갖는다. 이 호홉층판구조가 직접 그리고 계속해서 서식수의 흐름과 맞닿게 되므로 서식수의 변화에 의해 영향을 받게 되어 빠른 세포의 재생율을 가진도고 알려져 있다.(중략)

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.65-68
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• 1993

탄산가스는 탄소나 그 화합물이 완전연소할 때, 생물이 호흡할 때, 발효 등에 의하여 생성되는 무색, 무취의 기체로 분자식은 $CO_2$(이산화탄소)이며, 분자량은 44, 비중은 공기 1에 대하여 1.529이다. 식물은 탄산가스와 물을 원료로 태양에너지를 이용하여 탄수화물을 합성하므로 탄산가스는 광합성에 절대적으로 필요하며, 탄산가스가 충분하게 공급되지 않으면 광합성이 원활하게 이루어질 수가 없다. 일반적으로 식물은 대기중의 농도(0.03%)보다 높은 농도에서 포화점을 갖고 있으므로 대기중에서의 탄산가스의 농도는 식물의 광합성작용에 충분하지 못하며, 생육촉진을 위해서는 인위적인 방법으로 탄산가스 농도를 증가시키는 방법이 실용화되고 있다.(중략)

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 1995

During sleep, relatively major respiratory physiological changes occur in healthy subjects. The contributions and interactions of voluntary and metabolic breathing control systems during waking and sleep are quite different Alterations of ventilatory control occur in chemosensitivity, response to mechanical loads, and stability of ventilation. The activities of intercostal muscles and muscles involved in regulating upper airway size are decreased during sleep. These respiratory physiological changes during sleep compromise the nocturnal ventilatory function, and sleep is an important physiological cause of the nocturnal alveolar hypoventilation. There are several causes of chronic alveolar hypoventilation including cardiopulmonary, neuromuscular diseases. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is an important cause of nocturnal hypoventilation and hypoxia. Coexistent cardiopulmonary or neuromuscular disease in patients with OSAS contributes to the development of diurnal alveolar hypoventilation, diurnal hypoxia and hypercapnia. The existing data indicates that nocturnal recurrent hypoxia and fragmentation of sleep in patients with OSAS contributes to the development of systemic hypertension and cardiac bradytachyarrhythmia, and diurnal pulmonary hypertension and cor pulmonale in patients with OSAS is usually present in patients with coexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease. Recent studies reported that untreated patients with OSAS had high long-term mortality rates, cardiovascular complications of OSAS had a major effect on mortality, and effective management of OSAS significantly decreased mortality.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.242-247
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• 2014

To see the discrepancies between the calculated and the delivered dose distribution of IMRT fields for respiratory-induced moving target according to the motion ranges. Four IMRT plans in which there are five fields, for lung and liver patients were selected. The gantry angles were set to $0^{\circ}$ for every field and recalculated using TPS (Eclipse Ver 8.1, Varian Medical Systems, Inc., USA). The ion-chamber array detector (MatriXX, IBA Dosimetry, Germany) was placed on the respiratory simulating platform and made it to move with ranges of 1, 2, and 3 cm, respectively. The IMRT fields were delivered to the detector with 30~70% gating windows. The comparison was performed by gamma index with tolerance of 3 mm and 3%. The average pass rate was 98.63% when there's no motion. When 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 cm motion ranges were simulated, the average pass rate were 98.59%, 97.82%, and 95.84%, respectively. Therefore, ITV margin should be increased or gating windows should be decreased for targets with large motion ranges.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.662-673
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• 1999

Background : Pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) is frequently used recently as the initial mode of mechanical ventilation in the patients with respiratory failure. Theoretically, because of its high initial inspiratory flow, pressure-controlled ventilation has lower peak inspiratory pressure and improved gas exchange than volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). But the data from previous studies showed controversial results about the gas exchange. Moreover, the comparison study between PCV and VCV with various inspiration : expiration time ratios (I : E ratios) is rare. So this study was performed to compare the respiratory mechanics and gas exchange between PCV and VCV with various I : E raitos. Methods : Nine patients receiving mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure were enrolled. They were ventilated by both PCV and VCV with various I : E ratios (1 : 2, 1 : 1.3 and 1.7 : 1). $FiO_2$, tidal volume, respiratory rate and external positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) were kept constant throughout the study. After 20 minutes of each ventilation mode, arterial blood gas, airway pressures, expired $CO_2$ were measured. Results : In both PCV and VCV, as the I : E ratio increased, the mean airway pressure was increased, and $PaCO_2$ and physiologic dead space fraction were decreased. But P(A-a)$O_2$ was not changed. In all three different I : E ratios, peak inspiratory pressure was lower during PCV, and mean airway pressure was higher during PCV. But $PaCO_2$ level, physiologic dead space fraction and P(A-a)$O_2$ were not different between PCV and VCV with three different I : E ratios. Conclusion : There was no difference in gas exchange between PCV and VCV under the same tidal volume, frequency and I : E ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.343-349
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• 2018

Dose rate regulated tracking is known to be an efficient method which adaptively delivers tracking treatments when patient breathing is irregular. The Motion Management Interface (MMI, Varian Medical System, CA), which provides beam on/off switching during treatment is available for clinic. Study is to test if delivering the adaptive tumor tracking is feasible for irregular breathing using beam switching with MMI. 55 free breathing RPM traces acquired from lung cancer patients are used. The first day RPM traces of the patients are utilized to design preprogrammed tracking MLC patterns, of which periods are intentionally reduced by 20% in order to catch up the variation of patient breathing irregularity in the treatment day. Eligibility criteria for this technique are the variation of amplitude and period less than 20%. An algorithm which determines beam on/off every 100 ms by considering the preprogrammed (MLC) positions and current breathing positions is developed. Tracking error and delivery efficacy are calculated by simulating the beam-switching adaptive tracking from the RPM traces. Breathing patterns of 38 patients (70%) met the eligibility criteria. Tracking errors of all of the cases who meet the criteria are less than 2 mm (average 1.4 mm) and the average delivery efficacy was 71%. Those of rest of the cases are 1.9 mm and 48%. Adaptive tracking with beam switching is feasible if patient selection is based on the eligibility criteria.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.113-122
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• 2010

Purpose: To evaluate the accuracy of a target position at static and dynamic state by using Dynamic phantom for the difference between tumor's actual movement during respiratory gated radiation therapy and skin movement measured by RPM (Real-time Position Management). Materials and Methods: It self-produced Dynamic phantom that moves two-dimensionally to measure a tumor moved by breath. After putting marker block on dynamic phantom, it analyzed the amplitude and status change depending on respiratory time setup in advance by using RPM. It places marker block on dynamic phantom based on this result, inserts Gafchromic EBT film into the target, and investigates 5 Gy respectively at static and dynamic state. And it scanned investigated Gafchromic EBT film and analyzed dose distribution by using automatic calculation. Results: As a result of an analysis of Gafchromic EBT film's radiation amount at static and dynamic state, it could be known that dose distribution involving 90% is distributed within margin of error of 3 mm. Conclusion: As a result of an analysis of dose distribution's change depending on patient's respiratory cycle during respiratory gated radiation therapy, it is expected that the treatment would be possible within recommended margin of error at ICRP 60.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.18 no.2 s.29
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• pp.20-44
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• 2005

통과한의학화서양의학적원리연구심신적상호관계(通過韓醫學和西洋醫學的原理硏究心腎的相互關係), 득도료여하결론(得到了如下結論) 경연구심신지간재한의학상구유(經硏究心腎之間在韓醫學上具有): 심양여신음유'심신상교'적'수화기제'관계(心陽與腎陰有'心腎相交'的'水火旣濟'關係). 차외환유신양(명문화)여심양(심화)적상호의존관계(此外還有腎陽(命門火)與心陽(心火)的相互依存關係). 우유심장신여신장정적상호의존관계이지유신정충족시(又有心藏神與腎藏精的相互依存關係而只有腎精充足時), 재가이사심주신지적공능유지정상(才可以使心主神志的功能維持正常). 경연구심신지간재서양의학상구유(經硏究心腎之間在西洋醫學上具有): 제일(第一), 심장여신장재해부학상밀절연계(心臟與腎臟在解剖學上密切聯係), 즉종심장좌심실분지출신동맥(卽從心臟左心室分枝出腎動脈), 진이형성신소구등신장적혈관구화모세혈관강(進而形成腎小球等腎臟的血管球和毛細血管綱). 제이(第二), 심장향신장공응혈액(心臟向腎臟供應血液), 신장시인체중접수혈공최다적장기(腎臟是人體中接受血供最多的臟器). 제삼(第三), 심장통과심납소(ANP)적분비(的分泌), 증가신혈류양급신소체여과율(增加腎血流量及腎小體濾過率). 제사(第四), 신장통과신소(腎臟通過腎素)(renin)적분비조절혈압(的分泌調節血壓). 제오(第五), 신공능부전대심장구성부면영향(腎功能不全對心臟構成負面影響). 제육(第六), 심장여신장지간종서양의학적각도고려(心臟與腎臟之間從西洋醫學的角度考慮), 야존재착상생화상극관계(也存在着相生和相克關係). 경연구심신적상호관계재수행중적작용(經硏究心腎的相互關係在修行中的作用), 득출여하결론(得出如下結論): 제일(第一), 수행영인안정심지(修行令人安定心志), 사심화하강(使心火下降). 제이(第二), 수행시적호흡조절조폐금생신수(修行時的呼吸調節助肺金生腎水), 저시소유적수행법도재중시호흡조절적근본이유(這是所有的修行法都在重視呼吸調節的根本理由). 제삼(第三), 수행시발생수승화강(修行時發生水昇火降). 저실제상시의뢰심화중적일음효여신수중적일양효적발동내완성(這實際上是依賴心火中的一陰爻與腎水中的一陽爻的發動來完成). 제사(第四), 통과수행(通過修行), 가이달도보정적목적(可以達到保精的目的), 유차보장생명적지보(由此保藏生命的至寶). 제오(第五), 통과수행(通過修行), 가이달도연정화기(可以達到煉精化氣), 약능주도연정화기(若能做到煉精化氣), 가사인체불누설정액(可使人體不漏泄精液), 반이화기이증강인체기능(反而化氣以增强人體機能), 시보정적유효수단(是保精的有效手段). 수행적관건시'남자수성불누정(修行的關鍵是'男子修成不漏精), 여자수성온불누경(女子修成不漏經)'.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.462-474
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• 1994

Background : In acute lung injury, activated neutrophils play an important role in tissue damage. For neutrophils to participate in lung inflammation, chemotactic factors released from mononuclear phagocytes are needed to bring these cells to the local site of inflammation, with interleukin-8 (IL-8) being one of the most specific and important chemotactic factors for neutrophils. IL-8 also induces the expression of adhesion molecules and activates neutrophils to release various inflammatory mediators. Lipopolysaccharide(LPS) is one of the most important causes of adult respiratory distress syndrome and can cause release of many inflammatory cytokines including IL-8 leading to acute lung injury. But little is known about the regulatory mechanism of LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression in mononuclear phagocytes. Method : Human alveolar macrophages(HAM) and peripleral blood monocytes(PBMC) were isolated from healthy volunteers. Time and dose relationship of LPS-induced IL-8 mRNA expression was observed by Northern blot analysis. To evaluate the regulatory mechanism of LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression, pretreatment of actinomycin D(AD, $5{\mu}g/ml$) and cycloheximide(CHX, $5{\mu}g/ml$) was done and Northern blot analysis for IL-8 mRNA and ELISA for immunoreactive IL-8 protein in culture supernatant were performed. Results : 1) In HAM, dose and time dependent LPS-induced IL-8 mRNA expression was observed with peak mRNA level at 8 hours post-stimulation. 2) In PBMC, dose and time dependent LPS-induced IL-8 mRNA expression was also observed with peak mRNA level at 4 hours post-stimulation. 3) AD decreased expression of LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression at both mRNAand protein levels in both types of cells. 4) CHX decreased expression of LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression at protein level in both cell types but in HAM, superinduction of IL-8 mRNA was observed while decreased expression of IL-8 mRNA was observed in PBMC. Conclusion : Time and dose dependent LPS-induced IL-8 gene expression was observed in mononuclear phagocytes which is at least partly regulated pretranslationally. LPS-induced IL-8 mRNA expression in HAM needs no de novo protein synthesis and may be under the control of a labile repressor protein while de novo protein synthesis may be needed in PBMC.