• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.649-659
• /
• 2005

A window presentation style, either tiled window or single page design, determines the spatial arrangement of information in a modern computer-based instructional design. This study investigates the interaction between spatial ability and window presentation style in terms of student's achievement of cognitive knowledge through Web-based instruction. Seventy-one students from the Falk School in Pennsylvania were pre-tested to determine their level of spatial ability, then randomly divided into two treatment groups in order to study a Web-based instructional unit on flowering plants. The Web-based instructional package was organized with either tiled window presentation or single page presentation. A posttest measured participants'acquisition of the instructional content. Posttest and spatial ability test scores were analyzed using multi-variate linear regression for the full sample (n=71) and three sub-samples: (a) 4th and 5th grade students only, (b) female students only, and (c) 4th and 5th grade female students only. The goals of the data analysis included the examination of (i) the correlation between spatial ability and posttest scores; (ii) the correlation between window presentation style and posttest score; and (iii) the interaction between spatial ability (aptitude) and presentation style (treatment).The data from all four sample groups showed a significant relationship between spatial ability and achievement of cognitive knowledge at the 1% level of significance. The aptitude-treatment interaction between spatial ability and style of window presentation was not significant in the full sample, but was significant in the sub-samples either at the 10% or 5% level. In neither the full sample nor any sub-sample data did window presentation style have an impact on average posttest score. In all analyses, the higher the level of spatial ability, the higher the posttest score. The sub-samples revealed that students with low spatial ability performed better with the tiled window presentation, while those with high spatial ability did better with the single page presentation. Neither window presentation style was shown to better foster learning by children of all levels of spatial ability.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.303-312
• /
• 2008

Multi-axial compression tests have been frequently adopted for the evaluation of material properties of rock cores and rock fracture model tests. Special care has to be applied on the boundary condition between the specimen and loading platen to draw the precise test results of the multi-axial compression tests. With the use of dry steel platen, the stress rotation will occur, due to the frictional restraint from the boundary between the specimen and loading platen. The restraint will deviate the expected test results under the conditions of the given external pressures. Various methods have been applied to reduce the side restraint along the specimen/loading platen interface. The steel brush type loading platen is one example of the attempts. In this paper, a new type of loading platen is introduced to overcome the limitation caused by the use of the brush type loading platen, which requires some internal space for the installation of the brushes. The new type of loading platen, roller supported steel piston type loading platen. is constituted of shot steel pistons which have sufficient stiffness to deliver the external pressure and the shaft type roller installed at the rear of the pistons. The pistons are designed to follow the local deformation of the specimens. In this paper, structural details of the loading platen are presented and frictional and biaxial compression tests results are shown to verify the required functions of the loading platen. Furthermore, calibration process is followed by a comparison between the test results and numerical analyses.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2004.05b
• /
• pp.731-736
• /
• 2004

강우-유출과정의 수문학적 현상을 보다 정확히 분석하고 예측하는 기법으로 강우에 의한 유출의 반응을 나타내는 지체시간, 도달시간 등 수문학적 반응시간을 유역의 지형형태학적 인자들과 연계하는 방법이 많이 이용되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 Clark방법과 지형형태학적 순간단위도(GIUH)를 이용하여 계측유역의 강우-유출반응을 모의하였고, 이를 관측된 값과 비교하여 미계측유역의 적용성 여부를 검토해보았다. 대상 유역의 하상지형인자 및 지형형태학적 특성은 Arc-View를 이용하여 구하였으며, 이를 기존의 문헌자료와 비교해보았다. Clark방법의 매개변수의 결정에 있어서 시간-면적곡선은 HEC-1의 무차원 식을 이용하였고, 도달시간은 Kirpich 공식을 이용하여 구하였으며, 저류상수는 Clark방법에 의해 추정된 순간단위도의 첨두유량이 Horton의 차수비의 함수로 구한 철두유량과 같아지는 값으로 결정하였다. 본 연구는 전적비교를 출구점으로하는 유역면적 $8.5km^2$인 설마천을 대상유역으로 하였으며, 모의된 강우-유출반응과 비교하기 위해 사용된 강우사상은 2002년의 8월 4일과 2002년 10월 6일의 10분 단위 우량이다. Clark방법과 GIUH를 이용하여 모의한 유출곡선과 관측된 유출곡선을 비교해본 결과 첨두유량은 8월의 강우사상 때는 $21\%$크게, 10월의 강우사상 때는 $35\%$작게 나타났다. 첨두시간은 모의된 경우가 각각 10분, 20분 빨리 도달하였다. 또한 이러한 결과는 유역의 도달시긴에 가장 민감하게 반응함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 유역의 도달시간 산정에 주의를 요한다면 프랙탈 차원이 유사한 미계측유역의 수문곡선 산정에 있어서 Clark방법과 GIUH를 이용하는 방법도 유용하다고 사료된다. 주는 각 수문인자 중 강우시간분포와 유효우량 산정방법 그리고 유출모형에 대해 자자 검토하였으며, 최종적으로 면적에 따른 임계지속기간과 유출량의 변화를 검토해 보았다.이를 각각의 경우의 해석해 결과와 비교${\cdot}$분석하였다. 후방추적 퍼프모형은 전방추적 퍼프모형에 비하여 사용된 퍼프수와 관계없이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프 모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 향후, 보다 다양한 흐름영역에서 장${\cdot}$단점 분석 및 오차해석을 수행한 후에 각각의 Lagrangian 모형의 장점만을 갖는 모형결합 방법을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유아기에 심근경색 및 허혈성 심근증 또는 선천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술적 교정을 해줌으로써 좋은 성적을 기대할 수 있음을 보여주었다.특히 교사들이 중요하

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
• /
• v.30 no.4
• /
• pp.317-324
• /
• 2003

목 적: 본 실험의 목적은 자궁내막세포를 분리 및 배양법 확립과 함께 불멸화 시키는 것이다. 방 법: 자궁내막에서 상피세포(epithelial cells)와 기질세포(stromal cells)의 분리는 Satyawaroop 등(1979)의 방법에 기초를 두었다. 자궁내막에서 상피세포와 기질세포의 순수 분리도를 확인하고, 불멸화된 기질세포에서 SV40 large T antigen을 확인하기 위하여 면역형광 염색(immunocytochemistry)과 Western blot 기법을 이용하였다. 정상 기질세포의 경우 subconfluence (60%) 상태에서 transfection을 진행하였다. 순수 분리된 plasmid DNA와 Qiagen 사의 superfect를 이용하여 transfection을 실시하였다. 결 과: 본 연구에서 우리는 두 가지 형태의 자궁내막 세포의 분리 및 배양에 성공하였다. 상피세포는 다면체의 형태를 띠며, 선(grandular)조직의 조각으로부터 나선형으로 자란다.기질 세포는 길쭉한 형태를 띠며, 상피세포에 비해 오래 살고, 빠르게 증식하여 나란한 형태로 배열된 세포 다발(cell bundle)을 형성한다. 이렇게 분리된 세포들은 95%의 균질성을 보였으며, 면역형광염색과 western blot을 통해 확인 하였다. 한편 SV40(Simian Virus 40) large T 항원을 암호화 하고 있는 염기 서열을 포함한 플라스미드 벡터로 안정적인 트랜스펙션을 시킴으로써 불멸화 된 자궁내막의 기질 세포주를 확립하였다. 불멸화 된 세포는 그 세포가 유래한 정상의 세포와 동일한 표현형을 가지고 있었다. 결 론: 본 연구에서, 우리는 자궁내막에서 상피세포(epithelial cells)과 기질세포(stromal cells)를 분리하여 배양법을 확립하였다. 동시에 SV40 large T antigen을 이용하여 불멸화된 세포주를 확립하였다. 이렇게 확립된 세포주는 자궁의 생리작용 연구 및 자궁내막증(Endometriosis)과 자궁암(Endometrial cancer) 등과 같은 여러 자궁관련 질병 연구에 많은 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.44 no.6
• /
• pp.503-511
• /
• 2011

The Upper Devonian Grosmont Formation in northern Alberta, Canada, underlies the erosion unconformity that formed between the Cretaceous and Upper Devonian. The formation is divided into four units on the basis of intercalated shales and showing a typical shelf environment of shallowing-upward. It was possible to separate four units(LG~UG3), considering the seismic interpretation attributes of polarity, continuity, frequency/spacing and amplitude and showing the reflection characteristics of the medium-high amplitude, medium-low frequency, good continuity, and subparallel reflection events. The formation can be interpreted as shelf or platform, based on in-situ core data. However, it is difficult, only with reflection attributes and features, to recognize the boundaries and sedimentary environment of parasequence. Therefore, we try to interprete by parasequence set in this study. The parasequence set was formed by erosion unconformity with systems tracts. The erosion unconformity can be recognized by facies data and karst, erosional surface. Grosmont carbonate deposits ranging from platform and shelf to shelf slope are; by wedge-shaped strata of characterized by complex sigmoid-oblique progradational configurations, reflecting a depositional history of upbuilding and outbuilding in response to sea-level changes. Most of the sedimentary units is interpreted as platforms under regression and lowstand environments that support is evidences. In particular, shale layer at the basal part of the highstand systems tracts represents the regressive to lowstand of sea level.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.297-304
• /
• 2007

For large and rapid screening of high-yielding mutants of lovastatin produced by filamentous fungal cells of Aspergillus terreus, one of the most important stage is to test as large amounts of mutated strains as possible. For this purpose, we intended to develop a miniaturized cultivation method using $7m{\ell}$ culture tube instead of traditional $250m{\ell}$ flask (working volume $50m{\ell}$). For obtaining large amounts of conidiospores to be used as inoculums for miniaturized cultures, 4 components i.e., glucose, sucrose, yeast extract and $KH_2PO_4$ were intensively investigated, which had been observed to show positive effect on enhancement of spore production through Plackett-Burman design experimet. When optimum concentrations of these components that were determined through application of response surface method (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) were used, maximum spore numbers amounting to $1.9\times10^{10}$ spores/plate were obtained, resulting in approximately 190 fold increase as compared to the commonly used PDA sporulation medium. Using the miniaturized cultures, intensive strain development programs were carried out for screening of lovastatin high-yielding as well as highly reproducible mutants. It was observed that, for maximum production of lovastatin, the producers should be activated through 'PaB' adaptation process during the early solid culture stage. In addition, they should be proliferated in condensed filamentous forms in miniaturized growth cultures, so that optimum amounts of highly active cells could be transferred to the production culture-tube as reproducible inoculums. Under these highly controlled fermentation conditions, compact-pelleted morphology of optimum size (less than 1 mm in diameter) was successfully induced in the miniaturized production cultures, which proved essential for maximal utilization of the producers' physiology leading to significantly enhanced production of lovastatin. As a result of continuous screening in the miniaturized cultures, lovastatin production levels of the 81% of the daughter cells derived from the high-yielding producers turned out to be in the range of 80%$\sim$120% of the lovastatin production level of the parallel flask cultures. These results demonstrate that the miniaturized cultivation method developed in this study is efficient high throughput system for large and rapid screening of highly stable and productive strains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.2
• /
• pp.261-266
• /
• 2009

All of the subjects of the investigation (n=141) were schools that have food services under direct management. The number of students who get food services at the schools were $1,001{\sim}1,500$ students with 46.8% investigation. In school food services, fried foods were highly preferred and the biggest merits of fried foods were (in order of highest importance) 'improvement of food services satisfaction'> 'source of calories supply'> 'easiness of cooking process'. Service frequency of fried food were in the order of 'twice a week'> 'three times a week'> 'once a week', and for the factors to decide service frequency of fried food, 'preference leaning on fried food', and 'excessive fat intake' were the most considered. The most considered factors in the case of choosing fried food were 'preference' and 'calories and nutritional value'. For the cautious steps during the frying process, 'keeping after frying' was picked the most, and the reasons were 'lack of containers to keep in appropriate temperature and quality' and 'time consuming'. For preference and service frequency of ingredients in fried foods, 'chicken' and 'pork' were very high. As the result, it was analyzed that preference by ingredients matched service in school lunches by using a ranking test. Total cooking and processing time of fried foods required in school lunches were approximately $237{\pm}99$ minutes ${\sim}291{\pm}141$ minutes which showed total required time was about same no matter what ingredients were used. As the result of comparing and analyzing the processes, vegetables took less thawing and frying time, but the processing time for vegetables was more complicated since handling time before frying was longer compared to meat. In the important management process by the main groups of fried foods, the frying process was the most cautious cooking process in the category of meat or fish and shellfish used as ingredients. In addition, if vegetables were used as ingredients, storing it after frying was the process that needed the most care.

• Geotechnical Engineering
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.5-18
• /
• 1989

The Seokchook has been designed and constructed on the basis of the empirical standard cross sections depending mainly on its height. And there have been felts experimental studies to deft.Glop the analytical methods to analyze the stability of the Seokchook. Hendron presented from his experimental results a method for the design of the Rockery which is very similar to the Seokchook. This study evaluates the stability of the various standard sections of the Seokchook using Hendron's method. It is concluded that most sections are stable when the internal friction angle exceeds 30 degrees. However, when the internal friction angle is smaller than 30 degrees, there can be some limitations in making use of the standard cross sections.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.118-134
• /
• 2003

The first purpose of this study is to take a better look it the background of Formalism art in the cultural society and to examine the aesthetic value of the formative arts of formalism architecture that are ail basically founded upon the study of Formalism. Secondly, it analyzes the aesthetic value of Formalism Art to Wear, Which can be explained as a mixture of art and fashion, by investigate to the features of art history. The results are as follows; First, Formalism Art to Wear of Simultaneity does not represent continuance but simultaneous. In other words. inside the same time and place of dimension, events art visualized without transformation. Secondly, formalism Art to Wear of Geometrical Aesthetics deals with a purely genuine atmosphere that pursues absolute perfection, composed abstract of geometrical shapes. Thirdly, Fomarlism Art to Wear of Deformation breaks analysis from balance and symmetry showing extreme transformation nil new vitality. Fourthly, Formalism Art to Wear of Space Extension experiments with post-corporeality. Post-corporeality centers the human body extension that is open to various boundaries of implosion and electronic technologies, providing us with a new Cyborg of the digital body.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.541-561
• /
• 2016

In this paper we discussed about the contents which were related with geometric construction in elementary school. We examined how the compass has been used in the curriculum and textbooks. Thus we found several features. And we inspected the ideas and sequences about geometric construction in Waldorf mathematics education. Finally, we suggested how to change the contents to make the relationships between elementary school and middle school better.