• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.488-496
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• 2023

Ship and bridge structures are a type of long box-shaped structure, and resistance to vertical bending moment is a key factor in their structural design. In particular, because box girders are repeatedly exposed to irregular wave loads for a long time, the continuous collapse behavior of structural members must be accurately predicted. In this study, plastic collapse behavior, including buckling according to load changes of the box girder receiving pure bending moments, was analyzed using a numerical analysis method. The analysis targets were selected as three box girders used in the Gordo experiment. The cause of the difference was considered by comparing the results of the structural strength experiment with those of non-linear finite element analysis. This study proposed a combination of the entire and local sagging shape to reflect the effect of the initial sagging caused by welding heat that is inevitably used to manufacture carbon steel materials. The procedures reviewed in the study and the contents of the initial sagging configuration can be used as a good guide for analyzing the final strength of similar structures in the future.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.17-17
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• 2020

일반적인 연안 해역에서 창조지속시간과 낙조지속시간은 거의 동일한 수준을 보여 조위곡선은 대칭적인 형태를 띠게 된다. 그러나 M4분조나 MS4분조와 같은 천해조가 발달된 해역에서는 그 모체가 되는 M2분조나 S2분조와의 상대적인 위상차에 따라 조위곡선이 비대칭적인 형상을 띠기도 한다. 창조지속시간이 길 경우 낙조시 최대조류속이 크게 되는 낙조우세가 형성되는 반면 낙조지속시간이 길 경우에는 반대로 창조우세가 형성된다. 소류사의 움직임은 유속의 6승에까지 비례하므로 이러한 최대조류속 차이에 따라 창조우세 또는 낙조우세 해역에서 소류사 이동량에는 큰 차이가 발생할 수 있다. 감조하천의 경우 상류로 갈수록 창조우세화하는 것이 일반적인 것으로 알려져 있으며 국내에서는 금강을 비롯한 군산해역이 대표적이다. 창조우세인 군산해역과 반대로 영산강하구 및 목포해역의 경우 낙조우세를 보이고 있는데, 그 근원은 황해에서의 순환특성과 함께 목포해역 인근의 드넓은 조간대에 기인하는 것으로 추정하고 있다. 특히 인접한 무안만에서는 낙조지속시간이 창조지속시간에 비해 2시간 이상 짧아 국내에서 가장 심한 수준의 낙조우세를 보이고 있으며, 영산강하구 낙조우세의 근원으로 평가되고 있다. 한편 조간대가 발달된 해역은 천해조 생성에 따라 낙조우세 경향이 있음과 관련하여 Kang and Moon(2001)은 조간대가 조석파의 전파와 천해조 발생에 미치는 영향성에 대하여 수치실험을 통해 연구한 결과 무안만의 낙조우세는 조간대의 발달에 기인함을 재확인한 바 있다. 따라서 낙조 우세를 수치모형을 통해 재현하기 위해서는 조간대 모의가 필수적임과 동시에 낙조우세를 재현하기 위해서는 천해조 개방경계 설정이 필요하다고 알려져 있다. 또한 이렇게 천해조가 발달된 하구에서 조석비대칭 현상은 퇴적물 이동에 직접적인 영향을 미치게 되는데 Kang et al.(2002)은 소류사 및 부유사 이동에서 이러한 영향성에 대한 연구를 수행한 바 있다. 그 결과 천해조가 발달된 이러한 해역에서 퇴적물 이동과 관련된 수치모의시 M2분조와 같은 천문조 경계조건에 부가하여 M4분조의 천해조까지 포함시킬 것을 제안한 바 있다. 이와 같이 하구역에서는 천해조 발달로 인해 조석비대칭이 두드러지게 발달되어 있는 경우가 많으며, 감조하천 상류로 갈수록 비대칭은 더욱 심화되는 경향이 있다. 따라서 감조하천 하류부에서 조석을 고려한 경계조건을 부여하여 하천의 흐름양상을 수치적으로 모의할 경우 천해조가 발달된 하구역에서는 천해조가 포함된 경계조건은 필수적이라 할 수 있다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5B
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• pp.441-452
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• 2009

This paper describes the evaluation technique for climate change effect on daily precipitation frequency using daily precipitation generator that can use outputs of the climate model offered by IPCC DDC. Seoul station of KMA was selected as a study site. This study developed daily precipitation generation model based on two-state markov chain model which have transition probability, scale parameter, and shape parameter of Gamma-2 distribution. Each parameters were estimated from regression analysis between mentioned parameters and monthly total precipitation. Then the regression equations were applied for computing 4 parameters equal to monthly total precipitation downscaled by K-NN to generate daily precipitation considering climate change. A2 scenario of the BCM2 model was projected based on 20c3m(20th Century climate) scenario and difference of daily rainfall frequency was added to the observed rainfall frequency. Gumbel distribution function was used as a probability density function and parameters were estimated using probability weighted moments method for frequency analysis. As a result, there is a small decrease in 2020s and rainfall frequencies of 2050s, 2080s are little bit increased.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.29 no.5A
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• pp.487-494
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• 2009

Friction coefficients of the prestressing tendon are the basic information required to control the prestressing force introduced to PSC structure during jacking. However, the friction coefficients show considerable differences depending on the specifications, causing much confusion to designers. In this study, the ranges of the friction coefficients presented in domestic and foreign specifications are compared together to clarify the differences. Then, a procedure is proposed that can be used to estimate the wobble and curvature friction coefficients from field data such as elongation and prestressing force and from theory related to the friction. The procedure is applied to various tendon profiles of several PSC bridges constructed by ILM, FCM and MSS. The resulting values are compared with those presented in some specifications and assumed in jacking and a reasonable range of the friction coefficient is discussed. Lift-off tests are also performed in some bridges to further verify the results. The resulting wobble friction coefficients are not as small as those presented in AASHTO specifications but range from the lower limit to mid point of domestic specifications, while the curvature friction coefficients approach or slightly exceed the upper limit.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.182-192
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• 2023

In this study, the efficacy of Engineered Cementitious Composite(ECC) jacket for masonry fences subjected to lateral dynamic load was experimentally verified through a shaking table test, comparing it with the performance of an unreinforced masonry(URM) fence. Firstly, dominant frequencies, modal damping ratios and deformed shapes were identified through an impact hammer test. URM and ECC-strengthened fences with heights of 940mm and 970mm had natural frequencies of 6.4 and 35.3Hz, and first modal damping ratios of 7.0 and 5.3%, respectively. Secondly, a shaking table test was conducted in the out-of-plane direction, applying a historical earthquake, El Centro(1940) scaled from 25 to 300%. For the URM fence, flexural cracking occurred at the interface of brick and mortar joint(i.e., bed joint) at the ground motion scaled to 50%, and out-of-plane overturning failure followed during the subsequent test conducted at the ground motion scaled to 30%. On the other hand, the ECC-jacketed fence showed a robust performance without any crack or damage until the ground motion scaled to 300%. Finally, the base shear forces exerted upon the URM and ECC-jacketed fences by the ground motions scaled to 25~300% were evaluated and compared with the ones calculated according to the design code. In contrast to the collapse risk of the URM fence at the ground motion of 1,000-year return period, the ECC-jacketed fence was estimated to remain safe up to the 4,800-year return period ground motion.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.23-29
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• 2023

The goal of this study is to evaluate the bursting characteristics and fire resistance performance of mixed cement concrete containing fibers at very high temperatures. For this purpose, FA-based, Slag-based, and each mix according to the amount of fiber mixed were heated to room temperature, 150℃, 300℃, 600℃, and 900℃, and then the burst shape, compressive strength, and elastic modulus were measured and evaluated. As a result of the experiment, it was found that relatively more surface damage occurred in FA-based specimens when heated at ultra-high temperatures than in slag-based specimens, and there was a difference between the mix without fibers and the mix with fibers when heated at ultra-high temperatures, that is, at 900℃. In the mix without fibers, a decrease in strength of more than 5% occurred. In addition, the elastic modulus also showed the same phenomenon as the compressive strength, and in particular, the decrease in elastic modulus was found to be greater than the amount of decrease in compressive strength. Meanwhile, estimation equations for compressive strength and elastic modulus according to heating temperature were statistically proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.565-572
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• 2001

The spatial genetic structure of Needle fir(Abies holophylla Max.) seedlings on forest gap within a Needle fir forest at Mt. Odae in Korea was analyzed on the basis of ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) marker analysis. The gap size was $1,500m^2(50m{\times}30m)$, and we sampled 416 one- or two-year-old seedlings by 2m intervals. Some trees at the upper crown layer except Needle firs and all trees at the middle and lower crown layers were removed, and Needle firs at the upper crown layer showed very weak growth strength or to be withering to death. The results of spatial autocorrelation using 31 polymorphic ISSR markers revealed that it was genetically homogeneous within spatial distance of 15.6m and the randomness of genetic distribution was from 15.6m to 31.2m. The genetic patch size of seedlings in forest gap might be restricted by the density of mother trees, making allow for the average height of adult Needle firs, the seed dispersal area, and the average distance between adults. For the directionality of seedling distribution, we investigated the variography using 'genetic configuration' which was the value of configuration in Multidimensional Scaling by genetic distance. In directional variogram, the increment of spatial distance from East to West direction was inversely proportional to genetic homogeneity. We presumed that this anisotrophy of seedling distribution at this forest gap resulted from the directionality of seed dispersal rather than the difference of fecundity between mother trees or the microhabitat variation, taking the evenness of forest floor condition, a vast seed production and the random distribution of seedlings at the studied site into consideration.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.659-672
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• 2001

Generally, design flood for a hydraulic structure is estimated using statistical analysis of runoff data. However, due to the lack of runoff data, it is difficult that the statistical method is applied for estimation of design flood. In this case, the synthetic unit hydrograph method is used generally and the models such as NYMO method, Snyder method, SCS method, and HYMO method have been widely used in Korea. In this study, these methods and KICT method, which is developed in year 2000, are compared and analyzed in 10 study areas. Firstly, peak flow and peak time of representative unit hydrograph and synthetic unit hydrograph in study area are compared, and secondly, the shape of unit hydrograph is compared using a root mean square error(RMSE). In Nakayasu method developed in Japan, synthetic unit hydrograph is very different from peak flow, peak time, and the shape of representative unit hydrograph, and KICT method(2000) is superior to others. Also, KICT method(2000) is superior to others in the aspects of using hydrologic and topographical data. Therefore, Nakayasu method is not a proper in hydrological practice. Moreover, it is considered that KICT model is a better method for the estimation of design flood. However, if other model, i.e. SCS method, Nakayasu method, and HYMO method, is used, parameters or regression equations must be adjusted by analysis of real data in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.234-244
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• 2013

This study was conducted to determine the factors affecting to seed characteristics and seedling growth of Zelkova serrata. The seeds were collected from sixteen populations of Z. serrata and the seed characteristics (i.e., seed length, width, weight and full seed rate) were measured. We also measured the 1-year-old seedling growth of each population at nursery. All seed characteristics showed significant differences in population level. Seed length and seed width were positively correlated with latitude, longitude, altitude and distance from coast line of sampling site. Seed length and seed width also negatively correlated with annual mean temperature, mean temperature of growing season (Mar.~Oct.). The ratio of seed length/seed width showed inverse trend in case of seed length and seed width. Seed weight/1,000 grains had no correlation with geographic factors but showed negative correlation with annual mean dryness index. Seed weight/L showed negative correlation with latitude and longitude and positive correlation with mean temperature of growing season of sampling site. Full seed rate showed negative correlation with latitude, longitude and annual mean dryness index of sampling site. There were significant differences among populations, among family within population and among individuals within family in seedling growth. Height and diameter of root collar of seedling showed negative correlation with longitude and mean humidity of growing season of sampling site. Height growth of seedlings was not correlated with any seed characteristics but, diameter at root collar showed low negative correlation with seed weight/1,000 grains and seed weight/L. We discussed the implications of the results in view of tree improvement of Z. serrata.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.4
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• pp.678-688
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• 2021

This study was conducted to provide growth characteristics and stand information in preparation for natural regeneration method and silvicultural treatment of seed tree method in Korean red pine stands by using the field inventoried data 18 years after the seed tree regeneration method in 2001 and analyzing the stand and sapling characteristics. The study area was located in the Research Forest of Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do. In November 2018, we collected tree measurement factors, such as diameter at breast height (DBH), height, crown class, stem quality, tree age, and annual height increment on the established plots. We calculated the basal area, volume, height-diameter ratio (HD ratio), and additional stand density variables such as the relative density and %stocking to analyze the managed stands. The number of mother trees was 58 trees/ha, with a 17.7% stocking level, whereas the number of saplings was 2,330 trees/ha, with a 79.0% stocking level. In germination, the age distribution of saplings ranged from 2001 to 2007, with most belonging to 15-16 years. The development condition of saplings was 10 cm in DBH and 8 m in height. DBH and height were higher as the crown class is more dominant, and this difference was statistically significant in the analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple comparison test (p<0.0001). HD ratio ranged mostly between 80% and 90%, and more than 95% of sapling stems were of high quality, with a straight, unbroken top, non-sweep, and non-diseased stem. On average, the annual height increment of saplings was 21.9 cm at 1 year, 43.3 cm at 5 years, 54.3 cm at 10 years, and 64.3 cm at 15 years. The overall height growth with age increased smoothly. According to the analysis of covariance, the annual height growth by crown class differed significantly. The regression analysis parameters revealed that annual height growth increased with age and dominant crown class.