• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2007.09a
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• pp.115-123
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• 2007

설계 하중이 큰 대형 구조물의 기초로 많이 사용되는 현장타설말뚝은 현장에서 지반을 굴착하여 조립된 철근망을 삽입한 후, 콘크리트를 타설하여 제작되므로 복잡한 시공 과정과 현장의 특수한 지하수 및 지반 조건으로 인하여 현장타설말뚝의 내부에는 결함이 포함될 수 있다. 발생 가능한 대표적인 결함으로 연약한 말뚝 선단, 말뚝체 콘크리트의 품질 저하, 말뚝과 지반의 접촉 불량, 주 철근의 부식 등이 있으며, 이들 결함을 감지하기 위한 건전도 시험법으로 공대공초음파 검층, 충격반향시험, 충격응답시험, 감마-감마 검층법 등이 있다. 결함은 말뚝의 수평지지력을 감소시키며, 일반적으로 발생하는 비대칭단면 결함에 의한 응력 집중현상과 수평 하중에 의한 휨모멘트는 연직지지거동에 영향을 준다. 따라서 결함을 감지하고 평가하는 것이 현장타설말뚝의 품질관리에 있어 매우 중요하다.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.15-22
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• 2003

In the conventional load transfer analysis for a steel pipe drilled shaft, it was assumed that the concrete's strain is the same as the measured steel's strain and the elastic modulus of the steel and the concrete calculated by the formular as prescribed by specification is used in the calculation of pile axial load. But, the pile axial load calculation by conventional method differed to some extent from the actual pile load. So, the behavior of a steel pipe drilled shaft could not be analyzed exactly. Thus, the necessity to measure the strain for each pile component was proposed. In this study, a new approach for load transfer measurement of large diameter drilled shafts was suggested ; the strain of each pile component(i. e., steel and concrete) was measured by DRS(Deformable Rod Sensor), the elastic modulus was determined by the uniaxial compression test for concrete specimens made at test site and a value of elastic modulus was evaluated as average tangential modulus corresponding to the stress level of the (0.2-0.6)$f_{ck}$. Field application was confirmed by the results of load transfer measurement tests for 3 drilled shafts. The errors for calculated pile head load were -11 ∼16% and 3.4% separately.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.5-13
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• 2008

Just as infill material can reduce the shear strength of a rock joint, a layer of soft material between concrete and the surrounding rock socket can reduce pile shaft resistance of drilled shafts socketed in rocks. This can also result from construction methods that leave smeared or remoulded rock or drilling fluid residue on the sides of the rock sockets after concrete placement. The nature of the interface between the concrete pile shaft and the surrounding rock is critically important to the performance of the pile, and is heavily influenced by construction practice. Characteristics of the concrete-rock interface, such as roughness and the presence of the soft materials deposited during or after construction can significantly affect the shaft resistance response of the pile. In this study, we conducted the parametric study to examine the performance characteristics of drilled shafts socketed in smeared rock under the vertical load with the code of finite difference method of FLAC 2D. As the results of the current research, the parameters that affect the settlement of the pile head and the ultimate unit shaft resistance could be identified.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.11
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• pp.111-123
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• 2010

The steel pipe of steel-concrete composite drilled shafts increases the pile strength and induces the ductile failure by constraining the deformation of the inner concrete. In this research, pile loading tests were performed to analyze the field applicability of a steel-concrete composite drilled shafts. The test ground consisted of 5~7 m thick soil underlying rock mass. The test piles consisted of two steel-concrete composite drilled shafts, which were the concrete filled steel pipe piles with the diameter of 0.508 m, and a concrete pile with the same diameter. The test results showed that the boundary between the upper steel composite section and the lower concrete section was structurally weak and needs to be reinforced by using a inner steel cage. If the boundary is located in deep depth, which is not influenced by lateral load, the allowable strength of the lower concrete section increases, so an economical design can be performed by increasing the design load of steel-concrete composite drilled shafts.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.139-152
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• 1999

These days we broadly apply drilled shafts for deep foundations to build infrastructures. The defects of the deep foundations cause the decrease of their support load capacity and the increase of settlement, and the subsequent damage of the super-structures. In consequence, non-destructive testings techniques of concrete piles are important for their integrity evaluation. To improve understanding and reliable application of the impact echo method for the integrity evaluation of the drilled concrete piles, numerical studies of the impact response of concrete piles by using axi-symmetric three-dimensional finite element method are peformed for (a) sound piles: (b) piles containing necks, voids and layers of low-quality concrete: and (c) piles in soil and/or above rock. The results of these studies show that the finite element method is effective for evaluating the impact response of drilled concrete piles.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.423-430
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• 1999

PIT collector를 이용한 저변형률 건전도시험(low strain pile integrity test)은 충격에 의해 발생하는 응력파장의 특성을 분석하여 말뚝의 길이와 형상을 추정하는 방법이다. PIT시험(Pile Integrity Test)은 장말뚝인 경우와 지반저항이 큰 경우 선단부의 위치가 분명하게 확인되지 않아 해석이 불가능하다는 단점이 있으며 적용할 수 있는 대상말뚝에도 종류에 따라 제한된다. 그러나 이밖의 경우 간편성과 말뚝의 대략적인 단면형상을 파악할 수 있다는 점에서 다른 방법에 비하여 유리하다. 이 때문에 국내에서도 PIT시험의 적용 빈도가 증가하는 추세이며 지난 3~4년 동안 주로 대형 교량건설 현장의 대구경 현장타설말뚝에 대하여 적용되어 왔다. 최근 국내에서는 대구경 현장타설말뚝이 아닌 소구경 현장타설말뚝에 대하여 PIT시험을 실시하는 경우도 증가하고 있다. 현장 조건상 말뚝길이가 길지 않은 경우 시험분석결과 말뚝의 선단부가 분명하게 확인되었고 말뚝 중간부 및 하부의 necking 또는 bulging, 선단부의 단면이 확대되거나 축소되는 형상 등 다양한 단면형상을 나타내었다. 이 결과로부터 건전도시험의 효과적인 분석방안, 시간(양생)효과 등을 판단할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6C
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• pp.407-419
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• 2006

Situations where support is provided solely in shaft resistance of drilled shafts are where the base of the drilled hole cannot be cleaned so that it is uncertain that any end bearing support will be developed. Alternatively, where sound bed rock underlies low strength overburden material, it may be possible to achieve the required support in end bearing on the rock only, and assume that no support is developed in the overburden. However, where the drilled shaft is drilled some depth into sound rock, a combination of side wall resistance and end bearing can be assumed. Both theoretical and field studies of the performance of rock socketed drilled shafts show that the major portion of applied load is usually carried in side wall resistance. Normal stress at the rock-concrete interface is induced by two mechanisms. First, application of a compressive load on the top of the pile results in elastic dilation of the concrete, and second, shear displacement at the rough surface of the drilled hole results in mechanical dilation of the interface. If the stiffness of the material surrounding the socket with respect to normal displacement is constant, then the normal stress will increase with increasing applied load, and there will be a corresponding increase in the shear strength. In this study, the numerical analyses are carried out to investigate the behavioral characteristics of side of rock socketed drilled shafts. The cause of non-linear head load-settlement relationship and failure mechanism at side are also investigated properly and the design charts are suggested and verified for the leading to greater efficiency and reliability in the pile design.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.35-42
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• 2011

The residual stress on drilled shafts is often neglected. Neglect of the existence of locked-in loads in the shaft is the main reason for conclusions of instrumented tests which suggest that shaft resistance is smaller when the shaft is loaded in tension than when it is loaded in compression. A few researchers studied the residual stress and mentioned that the residual stress is influenced by either the physical expansion/contraction of concrete during the curing or site stratigraphy. In this study, field measurements of residual stress on test shafts were conducted and the factors influencing the residual stress were figured out.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.74-82
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• 1995

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2005

The distribution of shaft resistance is measured by the static load test with the strain gauge or stress gauge, so that the long-term load distribution must be considered for the pile design. However, the measurement by strain gauge generally assumes the 'zero reading', which is the reading taken at 'zero time' with 'zero' load and the residual stress, which is the negative skin friction(or the negative shaft resistance) caused by the pile construction, is neglected. Therefore, the measured value by strain gauge is different from the true load-distribution because residual stresses were neglected. In this study, the three drilled shafts were constructed, and the strain measurements were carried out just after shaft construction. As a result of this study, it is shown that the true load-distribution of drilled shaft is quite different with known load distribution and the true load-distribution of drilled shaft changed from the negative skin friction to the positive skin according to the load increment.