• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.25
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• pp.63-77
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• 2006

The definition of 'critical cancer' in critical insurance(CI) is more insurance meanings than medical meanings. The difference between critical cancer of insurance and critical cancer of medical cancer is made difficult problem to the underwriting of insurer, contractor and medical doctor. The limited factors of underwriting in critical cancer of critical insurance as follows: (1) the limitation factors in the definition of 1st item critical cancer in CI 1) the definition differences of meanings in insurer, contractor, and medical doctor 2) the meanings of "the table of malignance" 3) the definition difference between 'critical cancer' and 'a large of medical expense cancer' (2) the limitation factors in the definition of second item critical cancer in CI 1) The limitation in the change of cancer character 2) The missing malignancy in pathological result due to localized cancer 3) The differences in the test result of hospital (3) the limitation factors in the definition of third item critical cancer in CI. 1) the lower items disobey the higher items 2) clinical malignancy of benign cancer pathologically 3) others: (1) low grade of malignant melanoma (2) early prostate cancer. (3) malignancy related HIV (4) all skin cancer excepted malignant melanoma (5) accepted clinically and a medical certificate by medical doctor as critical cancer of premalignant lesion, carcinoma-in-situ, and borderline cancer.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.597-602
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• 2005

The Late Quaternary palynoflora from an archaeological site in Piseo-ri, Muan, Korea consists predominately of deciduous broadleaved angiosperms and subordinately of herbs and conifers. Dominant taxa are Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Alnus, Carpinus, deciduous Quercus, Compositae and Gramineae. The palynoflora dated 43,000-18,000 yr BP, corresponding to the last glacial period, is similar to the modern vegetation of the cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Based on palynofloral composition, three palynozones are recognized. Zone I represents a cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest, composed of Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Alnus and D. Quercus, and is characterized by persistent occurrence of warm temperate taxa. Zone II shows drastic decrease in Polypodiaceae, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, and increase in herbs. This zone reflects a cool temperate deciduous broadleaved forest with scattered open grasslands. Zone III is characterized by dominance in herbs and increase in conifers. The palynofloral composition suggests a cool temperate climate, and variation in occurrences of main taxa indicates that climatic conditions gradually became cold and dry.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.446-456
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• 2005

Nerve growth factor(NGF) has a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration. The aim of this study is to construct a well-functioning hNGF-$\beta$ recombinat adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with adenovirus mediated hNGF-$\beta$ gene transfection into Schwann cells. First PCR associated cloning of GFP-tagged hNGF-$\beta$ which was ligated into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector was performed and tranfected into E. coli to construct hNGF-$\beta$ recombinant adenovirus. After production of recombinat adenovirus in a large scale, its transfection efficiency, expression, and function were evaluated using cell lines or primarily cultured cells of HEK293 cells, Schwann cells, fibroblast(NIH3T3) and myocyte(CRH cells). GFP expression was observed in 90% of infected cells compared to uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from hNGF-$\beta$ recombinat adenoviru infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however, LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected or uninfected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of 18.865 +/- 0.31ng/mL at 4th day. PC-12 cells exposed to media with hNGF-$\beta$ recombinant adenovirus infected Schwann cell demonstrated higher levels of differentiation compared with controls. We generated hNGF-$\beta$ recombinant adenovirus and induced over expression of NGF successfully in nonneuronal and neuronal cells. Following these result, it is expected to develop an improved treatment strategy peripheral nerve regeneration using the hNGF-$\beta$ gene transfected cells.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.43-53
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• 2005

Objective : The use of herbal therapy is becoming an increasingly attractive approach for the treatment of various inflammatory disorders. The Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma is popular in Aisa as a traditional herbal medicine. Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma is a species of the ginger family(Zingiberacease). Method : This study was performed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract by the methods of 'carrageenan induced paw edema' and 'Lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory mediators in mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells'. Result : We suggest that Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract decreased paw volume induced by plantar injection of carrageenan. Also Alpiniae officinari Rhizoma extract inhibited nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$ production and induced nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression in Mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion : This study shows that Alpinia officinari Rhizoma extract seems to have anti-inflammatory effect by inhibition of nitric oxide, prostaglandin $E_2$ production and nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 protein expression.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.510-522
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• 2005

To assess the clinical applicability of bio-artificial mucosa which was made with autologous oral keratinocytes and human acellular dermal matrix, the formation of basement membrane and stratification of oral keratinocytes were evaluated. Six New Zealand white rabbits (around 2kg in weight) were anesthetized and its buccal mucosa was harvested (1.0 $\times$ 0.5cm size). Oral keratinicytes were extracted and cultured primarily with the feeder layer of pretreated NIH J2 3T3 fibroblast. These confluent cells were innoculated on the human acellular dermal matrix and cultured in multiple layer by air-rafting method. After 3, 5, 7, 10, 14 days of culture, each cultured bio-artificial mucosa was investigated the number of epthelial layer of by H&E stain and toluidine blue stain. The immuhohistochemical methods were used to evaluate the cell division capacity, the formation of basement membrane, and it's property of specific cells (PCNA, cytokeratin 14, laminin). Transmission electromicroscopy was used for the attachment between cells and matrix with the number of hemidesmosome. In result, the numbers of layer of stratified growth of oral keratinocyte cultured on the human acellular dermal matrix and the number of hemidesomal attachment between epithelial cells and human acellular dermal matrix were similar to the layers of normal oral mucosa after 10 days of culture. The cell division rate, basement membrane formation and proliferation rate increased as culture period increased. With these results, bio-artificial mucosa with autologous oral epithelial cells cultured on the acellular dermal matrix had clinically adaptable properties after 10 days' culture and this new bio-artificial mucosa model with relatively short culture time can be expected clinical applicability.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.15 no.3 s.56
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• pp.223-227
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• 2005

The physical and mechanical properties of volcanic glass, which is distributed in the Samho area, South Korea were studied. Laboratory rock tests were carried out in order to obtain the various properties of rocks. Specific gravity, water content, absorption, porosity and wave velocity were measured for the physical properties. Uniaxial and triaxial compressive tests, Brazilian test and point load test were also performed for the mechanical properties. The tests of volcanic glass revealed that the apparent specific gravity, water content and absorption were 2.28, $1.67\%$ and $1.72\%$, respectively. Porosity $(3.87\%)$ was lower, whereas P-wave velocity (5330m/s) and S-wave velocity (2980 m/s) were relatively higher. Brazilian tensile strength ot 7.2MPa, and point load strength of 2.6MPa were among the mechanical properties of the rock. Uniaxial compressive strength (62.4MPa) estimated ken point load strength was very closed to the value (66.0MPa) from the uniaxial compressive test. Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were E=43.2 GPa and v=0.28, respectively. Drawing the tangent line to Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion showed the cohesion of 20.1MPa and internal fraction angle of $28.6^{\circ}$.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.29-42
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• 2017

Jeongeuihyanggyo(旌義鄕校) is a kind of traditional, Confucian cultural landscapes that is located in Jeju special self-governing province. Its historical background illustrates that the first erection was started at Goseong-li of Seongsan-eup(城山邑 古城里) at Taejong(太宗) of 16 years(1417) and it moved to the west gate of Hyunseong(縣城) at Heojong(憲宗) of 15 years,(1849) Joseon. The aim at this study is to reveal characters of these Confucian Spatial Composition and Order, which are valuable resources that can be created into the cultural contents. The results demonstrate the characters of the Confucian cultural landscape as followings; the changing process of new building and its relocation, the utilization of antique maps in location interpretation of Jeongeuihyanggyo, Confucian symbolic elements of it, the spatial compositions and layouts of its buildings, physical structures, main buildings and their characters, locational points of topographic profile, changes of axial line at Daeseongjeon(大成殿), the D/H ratio of its courts. This study can show that Jeongeuihyanggyo is a case for realizing the Confucian reformation to enhance Seongeup Hyun's education standard considering the locality of the site which is an isolated island like Jejudo(濟州島). The author can see that the example of Confucian space is applied to various layout techniques, both horizontally and vertically, in a limited space condition of being in the castle. Therefore, it is necessary to revive this point so that it can utilize unique Confucian cultural landscape possessed only by Jeongeuihyanggyo.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.226-237
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• 2005

Purpose : Extensive defect of oral and maxillofacial area is usually reconstructed with composite flap including skin paddle. However, if the defects are lined with only skin components, the mucosa's role in mastication and texture are not restored. Furthermore, stiffness and hair-growing prevent denture rehabilitation and good oral hygiene. This study was performed to overcome the disadvantages of composite soft tissue flaps including the skin and to make a model for myo-mucosal flaps. Materials and methods : Buccal mucosa sized $0.5\times1.0\;cm^2$ from New Zealand rabbit (around 1.5kg) was harvested and cultivated by the modification of Rheinwald and Green's keratinocyte culture method. Cultured mucosa was grafted on the fascia of latismus dorsi as form of mucosal sheet. After 7, 10, 14 days, the myomucosal flap was excised and evaluated under light microscope with H & E and immunohistochemical staining. As control group, harvested buccal mucosa from rabbit was transplanted to gracilis muscle(n=6). Results : From 7 days after prelamination, the basal layer of the grafted mucosa resembled that of normal mucosa. As control group, transplanted mucosa had original shape but there's slight inflammatory reaction. Prelaminated mucosa has 19.8$\pm$4.59 cell layers and some samples have more than 20 layers. The expression rate of PCNA was relatively strong (42.9%$\pm$14.1) at the basal layer of grafted mucosa and the laminin was found at the basal layer. On the contrary, prelaminated mucosa at 10 days showed moderate expression rate of PCNA(32.4%$\pm$4.62). We found the mucosal layer was somehow disappeared and there is strong inflammatory reaction. After 14 days prelamination, the grafted oral keratinocytes were almost disappeared and expression of PCNA was not observed. Conclusion : We can make 75 fold large mucosal($3850mm^2$) sheet from small samples of mucosa $(50mm^2)$. Epithelial sheet that grafted on the fascia of muscle underwent differentiation and proliferation. But after 10, 14 days, there was strong inflammatory reaction and the grafted mucosa was destroyed from surface layer. In rabbit model, transfer of fascio-mucosal flap should be done from 7 to 10 days after prelamination.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2005

This study aims to study the distribution and formation age of Quaternary deposits in the downstream of Yeongsan Estuarine River, encompassing Muan, Illo and Donggang counties. For this purpose the authors examine several borehole data, and step trench survey for excellent profiles was studied in connection with grain size population and magnetic susceptibility. As a result, it is interpreted that the coastal plain of the Yeongsan River was formed by sea level rise after Last Glacial Maximum(LGM). The fore edge/escarpment of coastal terraces distributed 7-10 m asl is assumed to be formed during the last glacial period, while the coastal terraces distributed above 7-10m asl formed during MIS 5a. In addition, the fore edge/escarpment of coastal terraces distributed above 15 m asl is presumed to be have been formed during the stadial of last interglacial period, while the formation age of coastal terraces distributed above 15m(asl) is assumed to be MIS 5e. This formation age can be estimated by the coastal terrace ages of the southeastern coast of Korean Peninsula. The characteristics of Quaternary deposits linked to paleolithic culture will eventually lead to the reconstruction of ecosystem environment of paleolithic peoples.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.142-154
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• 2012

This study aimed at learning the characteristics of place identity of the Buan county hall garden and Sangsosan(上蘇山) by looking over the pattern and content of letter-engraved rocks and nearby facilities and history. Especially, we focused on the meaning and contents of the letters in Sangsosan and a Government Office of Buan engraved on rocks in order to learn what the place means. The results of our study are as follows. Buan-hyun(扶安縣) in the Joseon dynasty period blossomed literary culture of enjoying poetry and melody, and this was faithful realization of the concept of "Rakto(樂土)" of 'Saengubuan(生居扶安).' The grand scale letters written by Si-SooPark(朴蓍壽: 1767~1876), head of the office in the early 19th century, in the cursive style on the basis stone of the garden of Buan county building, which was the site of the office of Buan-hyun in the Joseon dynasty period, such as 'Bongraedongcheon(蓬萊洞天)', 'Jurim(珠林)', and 'Okcheon(玉泉)' mean that "'Bongrae', the another name of Buan', is a place where Taoist hermits would live because the spring water of Seorim flows down to be Okcheon.", showing his pride of living Buan. The regions like Seorimjeong, Geumdae(琴臺), and Hyecheon(惠泉) where letters engraved on rocks are located intensively are closely related with those who communicated with Mae-ChangLee(李梅窓: 1573~1610), the slave of the government, and are local attractions and garden traces where the literary culture and scholar's spirit of Buan are well-harmonized. Most of the letters were written from the 19th century to the early 20th century, showing that 4 for landscapes, 8 for Kyungseck(景色: imaginary scenry), 5 for figures, 15 for poems and 2 for others. The ratio of poems is much higher than that of poems in other regions' letters on rocks, and the keyword of the letters is Haecheon. A piece of the place identity heavily influenced by the Taois thermit ideology is revealed by the expressions of 'Bongraedongcheon', 'Sosansaho(蘇山四皓)' or 'the spring water of Haecheon' that was considered as an elixir of Taoist hermits. Seorim the forest, which had been managed after Yeon-Myeong Cho(趙然明: 1797~?), head of the office, planted trees in the 11th year of the reign of King Heonjong(1845), Seorimjeong in the forest, and rocks with engraved letters on them are proof of literary culture and the garden traces showing the characteristics and aspect of Imcheon(林泉) Garden of the office heavily influenced by the Taoist hermit ideology. Along with Naebyeon-san national park and Kyeokpo region, the center of Buan tourism, we hope that cultural heritages including rocks with engraved letters over Seorim park would become a representative cultural heritage and attraction of Buan.