• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.549-559
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• 2014

The increasing demand of maritime transportation and port development especially due to increased international trade resulted in a strengthening of regulating the greenhouse gas emissions mainly from ships by International Maritime Organization (IMO). Responding to these international environmental regulation and enforcement, the United States and the European seaports have expanded their Green Port Policy, which can promote the public welfare by reducing pollution caused by ships and ports. Accordingly, in 2010, Korean government enacted "The Framework Act on Low Carbon, Green Growth" and had pushed for all Korean ports to establish and implement their own green port policies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to establish the Green Port Policy Plan for sustainable and environmental friendly operations and developments of Ulsan port, which plans to be the oil hub port of Northeast Asia. To this end, we studied the current status of the environmental policy issues in Ulsan Port and international-&-domestic case studies on establishment of green port policy. With these studies, Ulsan green policy alternatives were identified that through the experts advice, and then were prioritized by adopting AHP survey analysis. As the result of this study, it was notified that LED lights replacement and AMP establishment as the hardware policy and the port environmental management department as the software policy were equally important policy options for the implementation of sustainable Ulsan Green Port Policy to meet port's characteristics.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2015.05a
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• pp.519-519
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• 2015

2007년 발간된 IPCC의 4차 평가보고서에서 자연재해, 환경, 해양, 농업, 생태계, 보건 등 다양한 부분에 미치는 기후변화의 영향에 대한 과학적 근거들이 제시되면서 기후변화는 현세기 범지구적인 화두로 대두되고 있다. 또한, 기후변화에 의한 지구 온난화는 대규모의 수문순환 과정에서의 변화들과 연관되어 담수자원은 기후변화에 대단히 취약하며 미래로 갈수록 악영향을 받을 것으로 6차 기술보고서에서 제시하고 있다. 특히 우리나라는 지구온난화가 전 지구적인 평균보다 급속하게 진행될 가능성이 높기 때문에 기후변화에 대한 담수자원 취약성이 더욱 클 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 지표수에 용수의존도가 높은 우리나라의 댐 저수지를 대상으로 기후변화에 따른 수환경 변화의 정확한 분석과 취약성 평가는 필수적이다. 본 연구에서는 SRES A1B 시나리오를 적용하여 기후변화가 주암호 저수지의 수환경 변화에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 지역스케일의 미래 기후시나리오 생산을 위해 인공신경망(Artificial Neural Network.,ANN)기법을 적용하여 예측인자(강우, 상대습도, 최고온도, 최저온도)에 대해 강우-유출모형에 적용이 가능한 지역스케일로 통계적 상세화를 수행하였으며, 이를 유역모델에 적용하여 저수지 유입부의 유출량 및 부하량을 예측하였다. 유역 모델의 결과를 토대로 저수지 운영모델에 저수지 유입부의 유출량을 적용하여 미래 기간의 방류량을 산정하였으며, 최종적으로 저수지 모델에 유입량, 유입부하량 및 방류량을 적용하여 저수지 내 오염 및 영양물질 순환 및 분포 예측을 통해서 기후변화가 저수지 수환경에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 기후변화 시나리오에 따른 상세기 후전망을 위해서 기후인자의 미래분석 기간은 (I)단계 구간(2011~2040년), (II)단계 구간(2041~2070년), (III) 단계 구간(2071~2100년)의 3개 구간으로 설정하여 수행하였으며, Baseline인 1991~2010년까지의 실측값과 모의 값을 비교하여 검증하였다. 강우량의 경우 Baseline 대비 미래로 갈수록 증가하는 것으로 전망되었으며, 2011년 대비 2100년에서 연강수량 6.4% 증가한 반면, 일최대강수량이 7.0% 증가하는 것으로 나타나 미래로 갈수록 집중호우의 발생가능성이 커질 것으로 예측되었다. 유역의 수문 수질변화 전망도 강수량 증가의 영향으로 주암댐으로 유입하는 총 유량이 Baseline 대비 증가 하였으며, 유사량 및 오염부하량도 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 저수지 수환경 변화 예측결과 유입량이 증가함에 따라서 연평균 체류시간이 감소하였으며, 기온 및 유입수온 상승의 영향으로 (I)단계 구간대비 미래로 갈수록 상층 및 심층의 수온이 상승하는 것으로 나타났다. 연중 수온성층기간 역시 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 남조류는 (I)단계 구간 대비 (III)단계 구간으로 갈수록 출현시기가 빨라지며 농도 역시 증가하였다. 또한 풍수년, 평수년에 비해 갈수년에 남조류의 연평균농도 상승폭과 최고농도가 크게 나타나 미래로 갈수록 댐 유입량이 적은 해에 남조류로 인한 피해 발생 가능성이 높아질 것으로 예상된다.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2019

The demand and importance of adhesives and paint coatings applied to solid surfaces such as metals, ceramics, and plastics are increasing. In this study, the influencing factors on the adhesive strength between the polymer coating and the metal adherend were investigated by Dolly test when the adhesive or the paint coating was applied on the metal adherend. Two-component epoxy adhesive was used as the adhesive, and EH2350, a two-component epoxy paint for anti-corrosion, was used as the paint. Especially, the effect of adherend metals(Al, Fe, STS, Cu, Zn), surface roughness and surface contamination(tap water, salt water) on adhesive strength was studied as influencing factors. The adhesive strength between adhesive and adherend was different when the type of metal adherend was different even when the same adhesive was used. It was found that spray water cleaning was necessary before the paint coating process on the surface of the oxide contaminated adherend with tap water or salt water. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that Dolly test can be widely used in the future to measure adhesive strength between paint coating and adherend.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.23-29
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• 2011

The oxidation slag has been widely used in civil engineering project, whereas the reduced slag from electric furnace has yet to be applied. Consequently in order to find out the recycling method in civil engineering field, the mineral compositions of the reduced slag were analyzed and some tests on water quality were performed to estimate the potential release of toxic compounds. Slag-soil mixtures of 0, 10, 20 and 30%(dry weight) soil were prepared in lysimeter columns and the effluents were collected with the period of one, two and four week options in closed system, respectively. The result from qualitative and quantitative analysis using X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and X-ray Fluorescence(XRF) indicates that the main mineral of the reduced slag is $Ca_2(SiO_4)$, a kind of calcium silicate. Also, the leaching medium analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy(ICP-OES) showed that main heavy metals such as Al, Fe and Mn are included in the reduced slag due to the effect of steel production process. It can be seen that the leachate does not violate the regulation guide line of waste material of heavy metal. Also the pH levels were increased from pH 6.9 for 0% soil to pH 10 for 30% soil. However the influence on leachate circulation period of one through four weeks was negligible.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.5_3
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• pp.811-818
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• 2022

Recently, the number of natural and environmental disasters is rapidly increasing due to extreme weather caused by climate change, and the scale of economic losses and damage to human life is increasing accordingly. In addition, with urbanization and industrialization, the characteristics and scale of extreme weather appearance are becoming more complex and large in different ways from the past, and need for remote sensing and artificial intelligence technology for responding and managing global environmental disasters. This special issue investigates environmental disaster observation and management research using remote sensing and artificial intelligence technology, and introduces the results of disaster-related studies such as drought, flood, air pollution, and marine pollution, etc. in South Korea performed by the i-SEED (School of Integrated Science for Sustainable Earth and Environmental Disaster at Pukyong National University). In this special issue, we expect that the results can contribute to the development of monitoring and management technologies that may prevent environmental disasters and reduce damage in advance.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.360-368
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• 2009

Tributyltin (TBT) use has been prohibited by the IMO (International Maritime Organization), as well as Korea, since 2003. This prohibition has affected a gradual reduction in TBT use in maritime environs (seawater, sediment, and biosamples) in several countries. In this study, Crassostrea gigas (oyster) and Tapes philippinarum (manila clam) were chosen and measured for butyltin compound concentrations to verify TBT pollution levels since its 2003 ban. Specimens were taken directly from farms for concentration measurement, where Crassostrea gigas and Tapes philippinarum are cultivated, as well as prevalent locations predicted to have been polluted. Concentrations of MBT, DBT, and TBT of Crassostrea gigas were measured to be N.D -N.D., N.D. -N.D., and N.D. -60.21 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt), respectively. Regarding Tapes philippinarum, MBT, DBT, and TBT were N.D. -12.27 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt), N.D. -45.95 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt), and N.D.-7.30 ng Sn $g^{-1}$ (wet wt), respectively. For this research, a correlative study was conducted to determine butyltin compound concentration in Crassostrea gigas at the locations where measurements were made in 1994 to determine to what extent TBT pollution level decreased. A decrease in all 7 sites was observed. In 4 of the 7 samples, butyltin compounds were measured to be below the detection limit, while that of the Tapes philippinarum did not appear high compared to foreign research data.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.277-289
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• 1992

Kyeonggi Bay, a macrotidal coastal embayment in the Yellow Sea coast of central korea, is fringed by vastly developed tidal flats. About 400 surface sediment samples were collected from the intertidal and subtidal zones of Kyeonggi Bay for a study of the sediment distribution pattern and the surface sediment characteristics of this environment. The kyeonggi Bay surface sediment becomes progressively finer in the shoreward direction, from offshore sand to shoreward silty sand and sandy silt. This shoreward-fining trend is repeated again on the tidal flat and, as a consequence, a grain-size break occurs near the low-water line which separates the intertidal area from the subtidal one. The intertidal and subtidal sediments differ from each other in textural characteristics such as mean grain size and skewness and this can be interpreted to result from differences in hydraulic energy and morphology between the two environments. The mineral and chemical compositions of the Kyeonggi Bay sediments are largely controlled by the sediment grain size. Smectite was nearly absent in the clay mineral assemblage of Kyeonggi Bay sediment. The contents of Co, Cu and Ni were high in the Banweol tidal flat, which suggests a continuous process of accumulation of these metals. the intertidal environment appears to respond rapidly to artificial coastal modifications, the effects of which should be taken into consideration when planning a dam construction or coastal reclamation.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.248-255
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• 2017

Many rivers and seas have been affected by environmental contamination. Therefore, city water supplies often require a high-degree purification treatment to provide safe drinking water. However, in order to achieve a high-degree purification treatment, a large amount of chlorine has to be added to sterilize city drinking water. The added chlorine reacts chemically with water and forms hypochlorous and chlorine ions. The hypochlorous ionizes with hypochlorous ions and hydrogen ions. As a result, the city water contains a large amount of chlorine ion. As such, when city water is used with domestic boilers, many kinds of heat exchangers, and the engines of vehicle and ships, there are often corrosion problems. In this study, alkali water was electrochemically made by electrolysis of city water, and corrosion properties between alkali and city water were investigated with an electrochemical method. Most of the chlorine ions are thought to not be contained in the alkali water because the alkali water is created in the cathodic chamber with an electrolysis process. In other words, the chlorine ion can be mostly removed by its migration from a cathodic chamber to an anodic chamber. Moreover, the alkali water also contains a large amount of hydroxide ion. The alkali water indicated relatively good corrosion resistance compared to the city water and the city water exhibited a local corrosion pattern due to the chlorine ion created by a high-degree purification treatment. In contrast, the alkali water showed a general corrosion pattern. Consequently, alkali water can be used with cooling water to inhibit local corrosion by chlorine ions in domestic boilers, various heat exchangers and the engine of ships and for structural steel in a marine structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.372-382
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• 2006

Most of the conventional breakwaters impermeable breakwaters which block seawater exchange between the outside and inside of the harbors. The blocking of seawater exchange may cause pollution of water in harbors. To solve the water pollution problem, various kinds of seawater exchange breakwaters have been proposed. Their types can be classified into the current type which uses tidal current, and the overtopping type which uses the wave energy. The overtopping type breakwaters require a discharge coefficient to calculate the rate of overtopping into the harbor. The present study is to compute the rate of overtopping with introduction of a correct discharge coefficient and to evaluate the effect of the overtopping type breakwater on the water qualify inside a harbor. The rate of overtopping was computed by using Forchheimer formula with time dependent mild-slope equation for various wave conditions. The formula has been generally used to calculate the overflow discharge in steady state river flows. The discharge coefficient, which is the key parameter of the calculation, was determined by a series of hydraulic model tests. The present scheme was applied to the seawater exchange section of the western breakwater of Jeju New Harbor's and the efficiency of that section was examined. The calculated results showed that the rate of overtopping into the harbor reached about $27.5m^3/s$ in the wave condition (wave height 3.7 m, wave period 8.5s, and wave direction NNW).

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 1992

An investigation on the benthic polychaete community in Youngil Bay was conducted during four seasons of 1991. Polychaetes. the dominant macrofaunal group occupying 71.3% in total macro-faunal density, comprised a total of 72 species with a mean density of 1,485 indiv. m/SUP -2/. The highest species number of 54 spp. and density of 3,207 undiv. m/SUP -2/ was recorded in summer, while the lowest in autumn. The most abundant species was Spiophanes nombyx (37.5%), followed by Pseudopolydora sp.(8.4%), Lumbrineris longifolia(7.0%), Madden cristata(6.5%), Polydora ciliata(4.9%) and so on. Maldane cristata was dominated in winter, Polydora ciliata in spring and Spiophanes bombyx in summer and autumn. The density and species number of Polychaetes were high in the southeastern area of Youngil Bay, and poor near the mouth of Hyoungsan River. Based on the species composition, study area was divided into three regions. Each region sustained its specific benthic faunal assemblage; Maldane-Praxillella assemblage from the middle to the southeastern region of Youngil Bay, Spiophanes-Nephtys assemblage in the northwestern region, and Pseudopolydora-Polydora-Capitella assemblage from the mouth of Hyoungsan River to Pohang Hobour. Maldane Praxillella assemblage showed the highest species number of 55 spp.. and the highest species diversity and species richness indices. Spiophanes-Nephtys assemblage had the highest density of 2,675 indiv. m/SUP -2/ and the highest dominance index because of the predominance of Spiophanes bombyx with a density of 2,073 indiv. m/SUP -2/. Pseudopolydora-Polydora-Capitella assemblage was found in the polluted area and it was a specific assemblage mainly composed of the dominance of organic pollution indicator species. The dominant Polychaetes were Pseudopolydora sp., Polydora ciliata, Capitella capitata, and Dorvillea sp.