• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.128-132
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• 1983

The apple seed contained 25.96% of crude fat and 37.62% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by cilicic column chromatography were mainly composed of about 93.52% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 6.48% level. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 92.17%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.53, 2.25, 1.44 and 0.56, respectively. The predominent fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid (59.79-69.37%) and oleic acid (20.04-29.82%), but those of glycolipid and phojspholipid were linoleic acid (29.20-36.04%). The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (44.31%), linoleic acid (36.66%) and palmitic acid (12.48%). The salt soluble protein of apple seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 37%, Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The eletrophoretic analysis showed three bands in apple seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 76.6%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main apple seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the apple seed was estimated to be 45,000.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1968

A low yielding paddy soil was water logged at $30{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ with soluble starch as a easily decomposable organic matter for 3 weeks in the laboratory. The relation of pH and Eh changes and soluble iron, manganese and silica was investigated. The experimental results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. When organic matter was applied, reduction of the soil was severer, that is, Eh value was lower by 200 mv. for a week in the beginning of submergence. 2. pH of the untreated soil was dropped a little just after submergence, and then gradually increased to 60. When treated, pH was increased due to abrupt drop of Eh in the beginning but decreased to 4.5 after a week, and became constant at this pH value. 3. Slight increase in soluble iron, manganese and silica was observed in the untreated soil whereas soluble iron, manganese and silica in the treated soil were increased about 20, 10, and 3 times, respectively. 4. When soluble starch was treated, pH and soluble silica or manganese was highly correlated[($H^+$) and Mn ${\gamma}=0.734^{**}$, ($H^+$) and $SiO_2$ ${\gamma}=0.923^{**}$] and below pH 5.0, release of these element was rapidly increased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 1977

The mineralization of soil nitrogen, amino acid composition of acid hydrolizable organic nitrogen of four Korean soils were investigated in comparison with four Japanese (Hokuriku district) soils which is similar in nitrogen content but different in characteristics of clay minerals. The mineralization rate and pattern were quite different between Korean and Japanese soils; Korean soils were low in amount of mineralized nitrogen but porduced much ammonium nitrogen during the later stage of incubation. In Korean soils the ratio of acid hydrolizable nitrogen to total; especially ${\alpha}$-amino nitrogen and hydrolizable ammonium nitrogen were low while hexosamine content was considerablly high (greater than 10%) In all soils the amount of mineralized nitrogen showed significant positive correlation with ammonium nitrogen and ${\alpha}$-amino nitrogen in acid hydrolizate. The amino acid composition of acid hydrolizate of paddy soils showed higher in basic amino acids and lower in acidic amino acids than those of up land soils (humic volcanic ash soil) from both countries. Alanine content was low in Korean soils. Proline showed increasing trend with nitrogen content but aspartic acid decreasing.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.48
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• pp.259-285
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• 2016

As the need for anti-terrorism legislation has been continuously argued, Anti-terrorism act has been enacted and enforced. On the other hand, there still remain a lot of points to be discussed regarding the definition of the concept of terrorism, matters of human rights violations, strengthening authority of the investigation and intelligence agencies, and mobilization military forces for the suppression of terrorism. Also, reviewing Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft, this legislation seems to regulate terrorist groups like IS. If so, in the case of terrorism of North Korea or domestic anti-government organizations, whether this law would be applied could become an issue. In the case of terrorism of North Korea, Ministry of National Defense has a right of commandership in the military operations, however, it is also possible to apply the article 4 of Natural Security Act a crime of performing objective-or a crime of foreign exchange on Criminal law as legal grounds for not military terrorisms but general investigations. Therefore, it is necessary to involve consideration about this matter. Furthermore, in the view of investigation, Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft do not mention Supreme Prosecutors Office and Ministry of Justice that conduct investigations. In the case of terrorism, the police and prosecution should conduct to arrest criminals and determine crimes at the investigation stage, however, any explicit article related to this content in Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft was unable to be found. Although Anti-terrorism act is certainly toward preventive aspects, considering some matters such as prevention, actions on the scene, maneuver after terrorism, arresting terrorists, investigation direction, cooperation, and mutual assistance, it is necessary to reflect these contents in Anti-terrorism act. In other words, immediately after terrorists attacks, it is possible to mobilize the military operations by Integrated Defense act in order to arrest them in the case of military terrorism. Nevertheless, because both military terrorism and general one are included in the investigation stage, it needs to begin an investigation under the direction of the prosecution. Therefore, above all, a device for finding out the truth behind the case at the investigation stage is not reflected in the current Anti-terrorism act and its enforcement ordinance draft. Accordingly, if National Intelligence Service approaches information at the prevention level in this situation, it may be necessary to come up with follow-up measures of the police, the prosecution, and military units.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.330-335
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• 1998

The objectives of this study are summarized with two. The one is to remove of $COD_{Cr}$, color and turbidity with coagulation and ozonation in nonbiodegradable landfill leachate, the other is to compare of water qualities with pre-ozonation and post-ozonation. The results are summarized as follows ; 1) 90 minutes ozonation with $75mgO_3/min$($4.5gO_3/hr$) was conducted at pH 4,7, 10 to remove $COD_{Cr}$. Removal efficiencies were investigated with 48.2%, 52.6%, and 62.3% respectively. As increasing pH, $COD_{Cr}$ removal efficiencies were increased, it was considered that hydroxyl radical($OH{\cdot}$) which strongly oxdize and nonselectively react with organic compounds, was rapidly produced by ozone self-decomposition at high pH. 2) Alum, ferric chloride and ferrous sulfate were used for coagulation as inorganic coagulant. Ferric chloride was investigated with optimal coagulant, and it removed $COD_{Cr}$ about 12.0% at pH5 and dosage of $2,000m{\ell}/{\ell}$. Cation(C-101P), anion(A-601P) and nonion(SC-050) were tested to remove organic pollutants in landfill leachate. Cation(C-101P) was investigated with the most effective organic coagulant, and removal efficiency of $COD_{Cr}$ was 19.8% at pH5 and dosage of $100m{\ell}/{\ell}$. 3) Color and turbidity were removed up to 88.6%, 97.0% at pH10, when contacted 90 minutes with ozone, respectively. These removal efficiencies were much higher than those of $COD_{Cr}$ and $COD_{Mn}$. It was considered that ozone could oxdize the triggering materials of color and turbidity selectively and preferentially. 4) $COD_{Cr}$, color and turbidity were more effectively removed with pre-ozonation than post-ozonation about 8%, 3.5% and 1% respectively. These results were well corresponed with other's studies that pre-ozonation will increase the effect of coagulation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.803-810
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• 2009

This study is conducted to examine spatial variations of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) in stream and waste waters of the different watershed areas (agricultural, residential, and industrial complex area) by using fluorescence 3D-EEMs (3 Dimensional Excitation Emission Matrix Spectroscopy). Furthermore, the research investigates the changes of DOM characterization by synchronous and 3D-EEMs during a rainfall event. The characterizations of DOM obtained by 3D-EEMs show two noticeable peaks at humic and protein-like regions. Humic-like substances (HLS) are found in rural and urban areas, and humic and protein-like substances (PLS) are shown in industrial area. According to the fluorescence peak $T_1:C_1$ ratios, it is observed that high amount of HLS was discharged from Banweol Industrial Complex (3TG). Additionally, linear relationships (Regression rate, $r^2$=0.65, $r^2$=0.66) have been shown between PLS (peak $T_1,\;B_1$) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which indicates the impact of sewage. For the rainfall event (30 mm), no remarkable difference of DOM was found at rural area except increment of fluorescence intensity comparing dry period. In contrast, HLS at urban area is highly discharged within 30 minutes from the beginning of rainfall. Also, there are high influences of HLS and PLS within 20 minutes at industrial complex (4TG). Fluorescence 3D-EEMs has not only verifies a watershed of DOM origination but also monitors diffuse and point source impacts.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1983

In order to find out the possibility of utilizing red pepper seed as food resources of fats and proteins, a series of studies were conducted. The red pepper seed contained 27.6% of crude fat and 22.2% of crude protein. The lipid fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of 95.4% neutral lipid, where as compound lipid were 4.6%. Among the neutral lipid separated by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 85.6%, sterol ester 4.9%, free fatty acids 3.4%, diglyceride 2.5%, sterol 2.2% and monoglyceride 1.1%, respectively. The predominant fatty acids of red pepper seed oil were linoleic acid (57.1-75.4%), palmitic acid (13.9-21.3%) and oleic acid (8.0-15.1%), especially glycolipid contained 1.7% of linolenic acid and small amount of myristic acid and arachidic acid. The salt soluble protein of red pepper seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was about 25.0%. Glutamic acid and arginine were major amino acids of red pepper seed protein. The electrophoretic analysis showed 6 bands in seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by sephadex G-100 and G-200 was about 62.2%. Glutamic acid (19.9%) was major amino acid of the main protein, followed by glycine and alanine. The molecular weight of the main protein was estimated to be 93,000.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2009

This study was carried out to develop transgenic rice cultivars with the CAX1 (accession no. U57411) gene. We successfully selected the transgenic rice plants over-expressing the Arabidopsis H+/$Ca^{2+}$ antiporter CAX1 (accession no. U57411) gene in T6 generation. The brown rice of the CAX1 expressing rice contained 13.4~68.0 % more calcium $(Ca^{2+})$ than that of the wild type and 5 lines were selected based on the phenotypes compared to the control cultivar at the GMO field. The CAX1 expressing transgenic rice plants were similar in phenotype to the wild type during the whole growth period. Also these selected 4 lines appeared to be resistant to blast, cold and water solution compared with the wild type. Difference in 1,000 grain weight of brown rice was observed among each line but grain shape did not show any morphological alternations. These results suggest the enhanced Ca-substrate specificity of CAX1 exchanger in donor plant. Therefore, intact CAX1 exchanger can be functionally useful for $Ca^{2+}$ nutrient enrichment of rice with reduced accumulation of undesirable cation.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.353-363
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• 1999

The Cretaceous and the Upper Jurassic strata of the Korean Peninsula, entirely of continental facies, form a sedimentary mega-unit subdivided into three unconformity-bounded units. The lower, Upper Jurassic-early Lower Cretaceous unit (Jasong Synthem) occurs profusely in North Korea and is characterized by volcanic rocks of intermediate to acidic, calc-alkaline to alkaline compositions; but strata of this unit is very rare in South Korea. The middle, Hauterivian-Lower Albian unit occurs commonly in the Korean Peninsula, but some alkalinesubalkaline basalt and andesite occur only in South Korea. A recently obtained U-Pb isochron age about 113.6 Ma (Chang et at, 1998) from the zircon grains of the Kusandong Tuff in the uppermost part of the Haman Formation has thrown much light on the age of this unit. The stratotype of this Hauterivian-L. Albian unit is the Sindong and Hayang Groups of the Kyongsang Basin, where the unit is about twice thick and has more conglomerates than in sedimentary basins in North Korea. The unit shows various sedimentary cycles in different basins showing that the cyclicity is controlled by local crustal motion. The upper, Upper Albian-Upper Cretaceous unit is abundant in South Korea with prolific volcanic rocks which are intermediate to acidic and notably calc-alkaline. In North Korea, however, this unit occurs in only one locality without volcanic rocks and is not voluminous. The distribution of these three unconformity-bounded units shows a stepwise younging toward the Pacific Ocean: the lower unit occurs mainly in N Korea, the middle unit occurs in both N and S Korea, and the upper unit occurs mainly in the southern part of S Korea. The Cretaceous sedimentary basins of S Korea were genetically controlled by paralleling sinistral strike-slip faults parallel to the Pacific margin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.250-256
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• 1982

A series of studies were conducted to find out the possibility of utilizing grape seed as resources of food fats and proteins, and the results of the studies are as follows: The grape seed contained 25.1%, of crude fat and 12.0% of crude protein. The lipid, fractions obtained by silicic acid column chromatography were mainly composed of about 95.5% neutral lipid, whereas compound lipid was only 4.5% level. Among the neutral lipid by thin layer chromatography, triglyceride was 91.89%, sterol ester, sterol, diglyceride and free fatty acid were 3.24%, 2.87%, 1.20% and 0.80%, respectively The predominant fatty acids of total and neutral lipids were linoleic acid $(69.72{\sim}71.72%)$ and oleic acid $18.09{\sim}19.46%)$, but those of glycolipid and phospolipid were linoleic acid $(31.49{\sim}38.18%)$, oleic acid $(20.20{\sim}35.27%)$ and palmitic acid $(26.80{\sim}39.98%)$. The major fatty acids of triglyceride separated from neutral lipid were oleic acid (43.08%), linoleic acid (38.42%) and palmitic acid (11.60%). The salt soluble protein of grape seed was highly dispersible in 0.02M sodium phosphate buffer containing about 1.0M $MgSO_4$, and the extractability of seed protein was 31%. Glutamic acid was the major amino acid in salt soluble protein, followed by arginine and aspartic acid. The electrophoretic analysis showed 3 bands in grape seed protein, and the collection rate of the main protein fraction purified by Sephadex G-100 and G-200 was 82%. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and arginine were the major amino acids of the main grape seed protein. The molecular weight for the main protein of the grape seed was estimated to be 81,000.