• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.588-592
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• 2007

In this study, we evaluated the recovery effects of dietary fiber extracted from soybean hulls on diarrhea in rats. Diarrhea-induced Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided randomly into 4 groups and fed experimental diets for 24 hours. The diets, based on the AIN93G diet, were as follows: CON (control diet), S-COTL (67.2 g/kg soybean cotyledon fiber diet), S-HULL (59.6g/kg soybean hull fiber diet), CHI (55.6g/kg chicory fiber diet). The results showed significant (10-20%) reductions of fecal water content in the CON and S-HULL groups, as compared to the S-COTL and CHI groups. The change in serum osmolality, a measure of dehydration symptoms, was significantly reduced in CON and S-HULL as compared to the S-COTL and CHI groups. Based on the results, it is suggested that soybean hull fiber functions well for diarrhea recovery in rats. Consequently, soybean hull fiber is an important food source that could be used as a medical food in patients suffering from diarrhea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2010

Pepper mild mosaic virus(PMMoV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are important pathogens in various vegetable crops worldwide. We have found that hot water extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium strongly inhibit PMMoV and CMV infection. Based on these results, the inhibitor named as 'PLM-WE1' formulated from extract of Phellinus linteus mycelium was tested for its inhibitory effects on PMMoV and CMV infection to each local lesion host plant (Nicotiana glutinosa: PMMoV, Chenopodium amaranticolor: CMV). Pretreatment effect of PLM-WE1 against infections of each virus (PMMoV and CMV) to local host plant was measured to be 99.2% to PMMoV and 80.3% to CMV, and its permeability effect was measured to be 45.0% to PMMoV and 41.9% to CMV. Duration of inhibitory activity of PLM-WE1 against PMMoV infection on N. glutinosa was maintained for 3 days at 75% inhibition level and CMV infection on C. amaranticolor maintained for 3 days at 62% inhibition level. Inhibitory effects on systemic host plants of PLM-WE1 were measured to be 75~85% to PMMoV and 75% to CMV. Under electron microscope, PMMoV particles were not denatured or aggregated by mixing PLM-WE1. It is suggested that the mode of action of PLM-WE1 differ from that of inactivation due to the aggregation of viruses. The methanol extract of P. linteus mycelium was sequentially partitioned with haxane, ethyl acetate, BuOH and $H_2O$. The $H_2O$ fraction was showed high activity than the other fractions. The active compound was isolated with a partial acid hydrolysis, fractional precipitation with ethanol. The inhibitory effect of the precipitate isolated from 70% ethanol fraction was 99.1% to PMMoV and 88.0% to CMV. The structure of isolated compound was determined by $^1H$-NMR and $^{13}C$-NMR. This compound was identified as a polysaccharide consisting alpha or beta-glucan.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.289-295
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• 2008

We studied the difference between the clay mineral content in the bulk marine sediments (absolute clay mineral composition) and clay mineral content only in total clay minerals (relative clay mineral composition) of the Yellow Sea marine sediments, and correlated the relationship between their distribution patterns. We used 56 Yellow Sea Surface sediments collected at the second cruise in 2001 of KORDI, and determined the absolute mineral composition using the quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. Yellow Sea surface sediments consist of primary rock forming minerals including quartz (average 44.7%), plagioclase (15.9%), alkali feldspar (10.0%), hornblende (2.8%) together with clay minerals (illite 15.3%, chlorite 2.6% and kaolinite 1%) and carbonates (calcite 1.7%, aragonite 0.6%). Absolute clay mineral contents are very high in the region extending from the southeast of Sandong Peninsula to the southwest of Jeju Island. In contrast, it is very low along the margin of the Yellow Sea. Such distribution patterns of absolute clay mineral content are very similar to those of fine-grained sediments in the study area. The average relative clay mineral composition of illite, chlorite, and kaolinite is respectively 80.3%, 14.9% and 4.8%. The distribution pattern of relative mineral composition shows very different phenomenon when compared with those of absolute mineral composition, and also do not exhibit any positive relationship with that of fine-grained sediments in which clay mineral composition is abundant. Therefore, we suggest that the relative clay mineral compositions and their distribution patterns must be used very carefully when interpreting the origin of sediment provenance.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.151-159
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• 1991

As a part of investigation on causes of drop in egg production in domestic chicken breeding farm, bacteriological contamination on air, feed, drinking water and artificial insemination instruments of randomly selected three farms was surveyed. Total bacterial population in the air was very high in all of the chicken houses tested and was not significantly different among these farms . However, total bacterial counts in the air of the problem house having egg drop problem and colibacillosis was higher than normal house within the problem farm. Bacterial population in the assorted feed was low before or after administration on the normal farm while it was much more increased after administration than before administration on the problem farm. Bacterial population of the drinking water in the source of water supply was very low and has no differences among farms tested. Also, bacterial population in the normal farm was not significantly different between source of water supply and after administration. However, population of total bacteria and coliform bacteria after administration was increased. Bacterial population was much higher in the artificial insemination instrument of problem farm than normal farm. However, this bacterial population in the problem farm was decreased to those of normal farm after these instruments were sanitized.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.941-957
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• 2007

This study monitored marine environments and ecological characteristics of phytoplankton in southern coastal waters during June to October in 2004-2006 and provided an information to how Cochlodinium blooms have occurred. A total of sampling sites was 16 (Dukyang bay, Goheung, Yeoja bay, Gamak bay, Gwangyang bay, Yeosu, and Namhae). Temperature ranged from $19^{\circ}C\;to\;29^{\circ}C$, which all of sampling in Yeoja bay was the highest temperature of $27^{\circ}C\;and\;29^{\circ}C$ during summer. On June, July, September, and October did not show a remarkable difference regardless of sampling sites. Yeoja and Gwangyang bays had 25-27 in salinity that was lower approximately 5-6 compared with other sampling sites. Chlorophyll had considerable fluctuations depending on sampling sites on July and October, in particular, Gwangyang bay was the highest value of $15{\mu}gl^{-1}$ that had five times as much as. Unlikely to temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll, transparency ranged from 2 m to 5 m regardless of sampling sites. Gwangyang bay was the highest DIN (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen) of $0.53mgl^{-1}$ on July and August that had ten times as much as, whereas DIP (Dissolved Inorganic Phosphorus) did not show a significant difference between sampling sites. On July, the correlation of DIN and chlorophyll was a negative that should extremely require DIN to grow phytoplankton, but was a positive liner on August. Mean cell number of phytoplankton reached to encounter a peak of 500 cells $ml^{-1}$ in July and August, which diatoms were dominant species and attained an abundance of >60% regardless of months. In August, the occurrence of dinoflagellates ranged from 20% to 30%. Skeletonema costatum, one of dominant speicies, was the highest occurrence to throughout sampling sites during 2004 to 2006. On the basis of cluster analysis for phytoplankton, they were distributed in all of sampling sites. Consequently, significant fluctuations of marine environments were shown in summer and S. costatum was regarded as the representive phytoplankton in southern coastal waters. In particular, the outbreaks of Cochlodinium polykrikoides have occurred in Dukyang bay, Gamak bay, Goheung, Yeosu, and Namhae, but Yeoja and Gwangyang bays did not occur. The distinguish characteristics of occurring sampling sites and non-occurring in Cochlodinium blooms based on this study was DIN that was enough to persistently grow and maintain them even a litter dissolved in water. This suggests that Cochlodinium red tide seems to be occur in off waters.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.24-32
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• 1985

The worm development and egg laying pattern of Echinostoma hortense (Trematoda; Echinosto-matidae) were studied in albino rats and the brief clinical course was observed in human volunteers. A total of 21 rats were infected with 20~69 metacercariae each and two humans were with 7 and 27 metacercariae, which were collected from the loaches. For recovery of worms, the rats were sacrificed at irregular intervals from the 6th to 150th day after infection and the human volunteers were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium salt on the 26~27th day. The stools of the rats and humans were examined for the eggs. The results were as follows: 1. The worm recovery rate from the rats was not affected by the increase of infection time but varied individually; 9.1~50.0% (31.1 % in average). From humans, 14.3% and 37.0% (32.4% in average) of challenged were recovered. 2. In the rats, it was revealed that the worms rapidly grew for the first 14 days to become 7.59mm in average length and 1.17mm in average width but the growth became much slower thereafter until the 150th day; 7.95mm in length on the 21 th day, 9.04mm on the 28th day, 10.21mm on the 49th day and 12. 62mm on the 150th day. During the early stage of infection, the growth of genital organs (male or female) was expressed as sigmoid curves whereas non-genital organs (such as suckers) was simply as straight lines. 3. The prepatent period of this fluke was 10~12 days in the rats and 16~17 days in men. After the start of oviposition, the egg production by the worms remarkably increased, reached maximum on the 32~33th day, followed by decrease thereafter. The maximum value of E.P.G./worm was 390. 4. The major subjective symptoms in human volunteers were abdominal pain and diarrhea during the early stage of infection. The results show that human is as susceptible as the rats to E. hortense infection and the amount of egg production in the rats is greatly affected by the age of worms.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.16-34
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• 2015

Impervious covers(IC) are artificial structures, such as driveways, sidewalks, building's roofs, and parking lots, through which water cannot infiltrate into the soil. IC is an environmental concern because the pavement materials seal the soil surface, decreasing rainwater infiltration and natural groundwater recharge, and consequently disturb the hydrological cycle in a watershed. Increase of IC in a watershed can cause more frequent flooding, higher flood peaks, groundwater drawdown, dry river, and decline of water quality and ecosystem health. There has been an increased public interest in the institutional adoption of LID(Low Impact Development) and GI(Green Infrastructure) techniques to address the adverse impact of IC. The objectives of this study were to construct the modeling site for a samll urban watershed with the Storm Water Management Model(SWMM), and to evaluate the effect of various LID techniques on the control of rainfall runoff processes and non-point pollutant load. The model was calibrated and validated using the field data collected during two flood events on July 17 and August 11, 2009, respectively, and applied to a complex area, where is consist of apartments, school, roads, park, etc. The LID techniques applied to the impervious area were decentralized rainwater management measures such as pervious cover and green roof. The results showed that the increase of perviousness land cover through LID applications decreases the runoff volume and pollutants loading during flood events. In particular, applications of pervious pavement for parking lots and sidewalk, green roof, and their combinations reduced the total volume of runoff by 15~61 % and non-point pollutant loads by TSS 22~72 %, BOD 23~71 %, COD 22~71 %, TN 15~79 %, TP 9~64 % in the study site.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1337-1346
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• 2006

Soil humin is the insoluble fraction of humic materials and play an important roles in the irreversible sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants onto soil particles. However, there have been limited knowledge about the sorption and chemical properties of humin due to the difficulties in its separation from the inorganic matrix(mainly clays and oxides). In this study, de-ashed soil humins($Hu_1-Hu_6$) were isolated from a soil residues(Crude Hu) after removing alkali-soluble organic fractions followed by consecutive dissolution of the mineral matrix with 2%-HF for 2 hr. The humin samples were characterized by elemental analysis and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopic method and their sorption-desorption behavior for 1-naphthol were investigated from aqueous solution. The results were compared one another and that with peat humin. $^{13}C$ NMR spectra features indicate that the soil humin molecules are mainly made up of aliphatic carbons(>80% in total carbon) including carbohydrate, methylene chain. Freundlich sorption parameter, n was increased from 0.538 to 0.697 and organic carbon-normalized sorption coefficient(log $K_{OC}$) values also increased from 2.43 to 2.74 as inorganic matrix of the soil humin removed by HF de-ashing. The results suggest that inorganic phase in humin plays an important, indirect role in 1-naphthol sorption and the effects on the sorption non-linearity and intensity are analyzed by comparison between the results of soil humin and peat humin. Sorption-desorption hysteresis were also observed in all the humin samples and hysteresis index(HI) at low solute concentration($C_e$=0.1 mg/L) are in order of Peat humin(2.67)>De-ashed humin(0.74)>Crude Hu(0.59).

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.455-468
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• 1998

For the objective interpretation of cerebral metabolic patterns in epilepsy patients, we developed computer-aided classifier using artificial neural network. We studied interictal brain FDG PET scans of 257 epilepsy patients who were diagnosed as normal(n=64), L TLE (n=112), or R TLE (n=81) by visual interpretation. Automatically segmented volume of interest (VOI) was used to reliably extract the features representing patterns of cerebral metabolism. All images were spatially normalized to MNI standard PET template and smoothed with 16mm FWHM Gaussian kernel using SPM96. Mean count in cerebral region was normalized. The VOls for 34 cerebral regions were previously defined on the standard template and 17 different counts of mirrored regions to hemispheric midline were extracted from spatially normalized images. A three-layer feed-forward error back-propagation neural network classifier with 7 input nodes and 3 output nodes was used. The network was trained to interpret metabolic patterns and produce identical diagnoses with those of expert viewers. The performance of the neural network was optimized by testing with 5~40 nodes in hidden layer. Randomly selected 40 images from each group were used to train the network and the remainders were used to test the learned network. The optimized neural network gave a maximum agreement rate of 80.3% with expert viewers. It used 20 hidden nodes and was trained for 1508 epochs. Also, neural network gave agreement rates of 75~80% with 10 or 30 nodes in hidden layer. We conclude that artificial neural network performed as well as human experts and could be potentially useful as clinical decision support tool for the localization of epileptogenic zones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-32
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• 2010

The capacity of natural purification was limited by the interruption of natural flow and the problems such as eutrophication were occurred by nutritive salts accumulation in stagnant stream. Moreover, the inflow of non-point sources causes non-degradable materials to increase in stagnant stream. In this study, an upflow biological activated carbon (BAC) biofilm process comprised of anoxic, aerobic 1, and aerobic 2 reactors were introduced for treatment of stagnant stream and SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP were monitored in the upflow BAC biofilm reactors with continuous cycling. In order to simulate stagnant stream, the lake water of amusement park and golf course were stored as influent in a tank of $2m^3$ and hydraulic retention time (HRT) was changed into 6, 4, and 2 hours. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of amusement park as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, and TP showed the best water quality improvement and were 69.8, 83.0, 91.3, 74.1, 74.7, and 88.9%, respectively. At HRT 4hr and the lake water of golf course as influent, the removal efficiencies of SS, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, $COD_{Cr}$, TN and TP were 78.5, 78.0, 80.2, 74.9, 55.6 and 97.5%, respectively. As the results of polymerase chain reaction - denaturing gel gradient electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE), microbial community was different depending on influent type. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) showed that nitrifying bacteria was dominant at HRT 4 hr. The biomass amount and microbial activities by INT-DHA test were not decrease even at lower HRT condition. In this study, the upflow BAC biofilm process would be considered to the water quality improvement of stagnant stream.