• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.1-21
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• 2016

This article examined the different types of Jeonuhwa as recorded in 16 royal palace studies from the Joseon dynasty (1392-1909). The ingredients used in Jeonuhwa during the Joseon dynasty were categorized as follows: 16.0% for gray mullet(秀魚) and fish(生鮮), 14.2% each for liver and cow stomach, 12.3% for sea cucumber(海蔘), 4.7% each for crab(蟹), clam(生蛤), and chunyup(千葉), 3.9% each for pork meat(豬肉), octopus, 2.8% each for oyster(石花), pheasant(生雉), and chicken(鷄), 2.0% each for croaker(民魚), and brain (骨), 0.9% each for duck(鴨子), pigeon(山鳩), dobi(都飛), snapper, white fish(白魚), mussel(紅蛤), haeran(蟹卵), quail(鶉鳥), egg(鷄卵), and sesame(實荏子). This observation may be associated with commercial industrial development that prevailed during the late Joseon dynasty. Further studies will be conducted on recipes and ingredients recorded in Euigwe in order to develop a standardized recipe for Jeonuhwa.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2017

Quality changes of dried sea cucumber (Stichopusjaponicus) after applying a cyclic rehydration and retorting process were investigated during 4 weeks of storage. The length, volume, and weight of dried sea cucumber increased significantly as the number of rehydration cycles increased. Sea cucumber (SC) was bottled in the glass jar and a retort thermal process ($121.1^{\circ}C$, 0.15 MPa) was applied. The total thermal processing time (TTT) was 24 min based on the temperature at the cold point. The size and texture of retorted SC were significantly changed until the first week of storage. However, regardless of the number of rehydration cycles, the size and texture of samples at different rehydration cycles showed no significant difference during the whole storage. The length, volume, weight, rehydration ratio ($R_R$), hardness, and chewiness at the maximum degree of swelling during rehydration of dried SC were estimated as 100.86 mm, 38.62 mL, 41.05 g, 6.39 of $R_R$, $249.19g_f$, and 4.05 mJ, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.681-687
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• 2018

Recently, several researchers have been developing cosmetics from natural ingredients for skin whitening and anti-aging products. The red sea cucumber (RSC), Apostichopus japonicas, is a species of sea cucumber in the family stichopodiae, which is widely distributed in China, Japan, and Korea. To use Red Sea Cucumber as a cosmetic ingredient, its inhibitory effects on melanogenesis and the anti-aging effects of RSC extracts were investigated. First, a tyrosinase activity assay was performed, which showed that RSC inhibited tyrosinase activity at a concentration of $200{\mu}g/ml$. An MTT assay was carried out to evaluate cell toxicity, and the results showed that RSC extract has no cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP-1), tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP-2), microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), and matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) genes treated with RSC extract in B16F10 and HaCaT cells decreased. Moreover, a wound-healing assay was performed to identify the cell regeneration effect of RSC extracts. Also, a skin turnover effect was confirmed by creating a three-dimensional cell culture with HaCaT and human fibroblasts. Altogether, the results suggested that Red Sea Cucumber may possess a high ability to induce whitening and anti-wrinkle effects as a cosmeceutical ingredient.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.331-336
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• 2011

The present study investigated survival and growth of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai and sea cucumber, Stichopus japonicus co-cultured and supplied with abalone formula feed (AFF) and dry sea tangle (DST) in indoor tank. During the experimental period from April 20 to July 15 in 2011, we used abalone with shell length of $28.54{\pm}1.23mm$ and total weight of $2.92{\pm}0.26g$. The sea cucumber used in the experiment weighed $3.0{\pm}0.2g$ in wet weight. For the experiment, 3 types of feeds including AFF, DST and AFF-DST mixed (1:1) group were supplied to abalone and sea cucumber. During the experiment, survival of abalone reached over 97.0% and 87.0% for sea cucumber in three experimental tanks. Survival of the abalone was found to be higher in DST group, while it was lower among sea cucumber, although the survival was not significantly different among three experimental group. Growth of abalone fed with AFF was significantly higher, while the growth rate of sea cucumber was highest in the tank fed with AFF+DST mixed diet (P < 0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 1983

This study was undertaken to ascertain food and nutritional evaluating data on the processing of fermented sea cucumber (Stichopus japonicus) entrails. In the experiment, the crude proteolytic enzyme from the entrails tissue of raw and fermented sea cucumber during the days of ripening was extracted. The optimal activity condition for the crude enzyme and the compositional changes of amino acid of the protein and free amino acid in the raw and fermented sample were also investigated. 1. Less than three kinds of proteolytic enzymes that each enzyme has optimal activity condition at pH 3.1 $50^{\circ}C$(A-enzyme), pH 5.7 $50^{\circ}C$(B-enzyme) and pH 7.7 $45^{\circ}C$(C-enzyme), respectively were believed to be exist in the entrails tissue of sea cucumber. 2. A-enzyme and C-enzyme were strongly inhibited with the increase of the salt concentration, and B-enzyme was activated at the 1% salt concentration and was inhibited above the 5% salt concentration. 3. The result of the effect of several salt ions on the proteolytic activity showed that A-enzyme was slightly inhibited in the presence of all salt ions added, B-enzyme was activated in the presence of the all salt ions except $Cu^{2+}$ and C-enzyme was activated in the presence of $Ca^{2+}$ and $Mn^{2+}$, and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$. 4. When the effects of the ripening days on the proteolytic activity of the crude enzymes were analysed, the activity of the A-enzyme was slightly weakened with the lapse of the fermentation days, whereas the B-enzyme was not influenced by the fermentation days. 5. In the analysis of amino acid composition of the protein of the samples, the 8 days fermented sea cucumber entrails showed the diminution of all kinds of amino acid. Apparently diminished amino acids were arginine, alanine, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, valine, threonine and lysine etc., and methionine, histidine and isoleucine were slightly decreased. 6. In the analysis of free amino acid composition of the 8 days fermented sample, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and lysine were rich, while histidine, methionine, proline and tyrosine were poor. The most of free amino acids were increased during the fermentation procedure and especially in lysine, histidine, threonine, glutamic acid, methionine, valine and leucine.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 1999

An unprecedented mass mortality of commercially important macrobenthic animals, including Haliotis discus discus, H. diversicolor, Batilus cornutus, Sticopus japonious and Hemicentrotus puzoherrimus, occurred off the west coast of Cheju Island in summer of 1996. Phytoplankton blooms were absent along the coast. The appearances of the surface low-salinity water (SLSW) off the coast of Cheju Island preceded the mass mortality, leading to speculation that the low-salinity stress may have a crucial role in the mass mortality. Since there was no heavy rain for the same period, the precipitation was not a possible explanation for the decrease of salinity. Physical oceanographic data taken by NFRDI (1997) clearly indicated that the SLSW was present in the area between China and Cheju Island in August 1996. This is most likely due to a freshwater supply resulting from the existence of large river runoff. Evidence of the current and the distance between the Yangtz River and Cheju Island also supports the hypothesis that source of the SLSW was the freshwater originated from the Yangtz River runoff.[macrobenthic animals, mass mortality, surface low-salinity water].

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.157-168
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• 2000

Sea urchin S. intermedius occurring in the Korean east coast is a cold water species that belongs to the family Strongylocentrotidae of Echinoidea. Although it is known that there are nine species in the family, species identification criteria, phylogenetic relationships, time and process of evolution of the family members have not been uncovered clearly. In the present study, I tried to find some clues to such problems for S. intermedius by means of DNA sequences. For this, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI), one of the mitochondrial genes that evolve fast and follow maternal inheritance was analyzed. DNA was extracted from the female gonad of S. intermedius, a segment of COI gene amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and finally a total of 1077 base pair sequence of COI obtained by cloning and sequencing the PCR product. The sequence was compared with homologous genes of other sea urchins and echinoderm species. Phylogenetic trees of the COI gene segment revealed that S. intenedius is a sister species of S. purpuratus which lives along the east coast of the Paciflc. With reference to the fossil records of sea urchins and genetic distances in the molecular phylogenies, it is estimated that the two species were separated about 0.89 million years ago when the earth temperature fluctuated significantly. The current disjunct distribution patterns of the two species and the climate change of the earth at the time of separation suggest that speciation might have occurred by vicariance. The COI gene sequence obtained here now can be used as a molecular character which discerns S. intermedius from the other sea urchin species of Strongylocentrotidae.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.987-994
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• 2021

The Yellow sea, as described in article 123 of UNCLOS, is semi-enclosed sea surrounded by the Republic of Korea, the People's Republic of China and North Korea. In addition, the Yellow Sea is one of the 66 large marine ecosystems as it contains large amounts of marine resources. According to article 194 of UNCLOS, states should be aware of rights and duties with respect to the protection and preservation of the marine environment to be engaged with countries directly as regional entity or indirectly. Therefore, the legal blank is urgent in terms of trans-boundary environmental pollutant issues. The UNDP has conducted a project called Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem (YSLME) which has reached the 2^nd phase. The project has some notable achievements, namely performing joint activities on analysis of diagnostic trans-boundary issues in collaboration with China and South Korea, developing a strategic action plan based on TDA, and establishing regional strategic action plan. However, on the other hand, the project could not reflect the full participation of North Korea as a state party. As a result, the project has a limitation on effective implementation of RSAP. Therefore, this study focuses on the suggestion of a legally-binding trilateral treaty as a blue print for the next, 3^rd phase of the project. By analyzing the best practice of the Wadden Sea Trilateral Treaty case, the study verifies the validity of legislative measures on establishing and managing a legally-binding trilateral YSLME Commission. By suggesting a three phase treaty, incorporating a joint declaration by establishing the commission, the signing of the treaty, and formulating an umbrella convention and implementation arrangement, the study expects to guarantee the consistency and sustainability of the trilateral treaty regardless of political issues pertaining to North Korea.