• Development and Reproduction
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 2007

In order to monitor the developmental features of embryos, larvae, and juveniles of Konoshiro Gizzard Shad Konosirus punctatus, the fertilized eggs were gotton using artificial insemination. Konosirus punctatus were caught in Mankyung-myeon, Kimjae, Jeollabuk-do at June of 2004, and experiments were carried out in Ichthyology laboratory in Chonnam National University. Konosirus punctatus spawned draft egg from March to June. The fertilized eggs were cultured in $19.0{\sim}23.0^{\circ}C$(mean, $21.2^{\circ}C)$. The eggs had spherical shape and the diameter is $1.14{\sim}1.34\;mm$(mean, 1.21 mm). The lens began to appear from 35 hr 53 min after fertilization. At the moment, the movement of larvae was more active, and the tail was separated completely from yolk, the heart had forms, and melanophore appeared. Hatching was observed from 37 hr 10 min after fertilization. The total length of the hatched larvae was $4.26{\sim}5.30\;mm$(mean, 4.96 mm), but the mouth and anus were not opened at the time when the larva had yolk sack, and had $22{\sim}27$ myometium, and the anus located just abdominal front of the tail fin, and melanophore accumulated in the eye. Post-larvae used yolk completely after 2 day of hatching, and the total length was $4.96{\sim}5.74\;mm$(mean, 5.24 mm). From 16 days after hatching, the tail had curved tail end, and appeared the stems for pectoral, dorsal, and caudal fins. At 53 days after hatching, the total length of post-larvae was $27.11{\sim}34.09\;mm$(mean, 30.11 mm), and the frontal part of head developed like an adult one. At this time, fins and body are transferred to those of adult Konosirus punctatus. Fishes have a different shape and location of melanophore even in the same family. This research was tried to elucidate the early developmental features of Konosirus punctatus, together with species-specific pattern of melanophore.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.12-18
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• 1983

Changes in the quality and amino acid composition of soymilk prepared from soaked and germinated soybeans were investigated. Soybeans were soaked in water for 3 hrs and germinated at $18{\pm}1^{\circ}C$ for 5 days followed by water extraction at room temperature, and then the soymilk was boiled for 30 min. The initial yields of total solid and protein after soaking were 80.7% and 88.6%, respectively and decreased slowly during germination. A slow decrease in lipids and a rapid reduction in total sugar content were found during germination. The change in protein fraction content of soymilk showed an initial increase followed by a gradual decrease. The intrinsic viscosity increased rapidly after 3 days of germination to maximum value at 4th day, then decreased. The amino acid composition of protein fraction of soymilk showed little change while that of nonprotein fraction changed significantly. After 4 days of germination, aspartic acid and alanine increased more than twice, and methionine and tyrosine decreased to half of their initial composition in soymilk prepared from soaked soybean.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 1999

This study was carried out to obtain some information on the sustainability of paddy rice through the long-term variation of nitrogen use efficiency. The experiment was conducted during 30-year with the same amount of N, P, K and compost at Milyang, southern part of Korea. The results were as follows. Grain yield was increased significantly in the plots of compost incorporation only. However, yield productivity was decreased slightly in the plots with nil and unbalanced fertilization. The effects of rice straw compost on grain yield was not clear at the early crop years but was shown slightly at the late period of the experimental. The grain yield in the plots of compost incorporation at 30th crop year was come to about 80% of NPK plots. The amount of nitrogen uptaken by rice plant was the highest as $167kg\;ha^{-1}$ in NPK plus compost incorporation. Recovery efficiency)($RE_N$) was higher as 0.48~0.74 in compost incorporation plots than in other plots of balanced and unbalanced application. Average agronomic efficiency($AE-N$) and partial factor productivity from N fertilizer applied($PFP_N$) during 30 crop years in NPK plots was 12.8 kg/kg N and 37.7 kg/kg N, respectively, and difference of $AE-N$ and $PFP_N$ shown as indigenous soil nitrogen supply(INS) was higher as 28.4 kg/kg N in NPK + compost plot than NPK plot and was widened at the late period of experiment.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.169-176
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• 1997

Gibberellin (GA) has been widely used to break seed dormancy for better stand establishment. The experiment was done to clarify the effect of $GA_3$ (concentration; period) and light quality (red; white; dark) after sowing on seed germination and radicle elongation of Campanulaceae (Platycodon grandiflorum; Codonopsis lanceolata; C. pilosula) to get an information on their field emergence. The germination test was carried out with 12 hours irradiation for 9 days after priming treatment. In the darkness, the mean germination rate of all the species was decreased in the order to P. grandiflorum, C. lanceolata, C. pilosula. Their mean germination rates and radicle lengths were increased with increased concentration to 0.1mM of $GA_3$. Earlier germination rate was higher but later one was less in 4-day $GA_3$ treatment than in 1- or 2-day $GA_3$ treatment. Light treatment. especially red light given after $GA_3$ treatment. eliminated the $GA_3$ treatment effect. Red light done after $GA_3$ treatment nearly blocked the germination of P. grandiflorum and C. pilosula but delayed that of C. pilosula compared to the other light quality treatments having the similar rate. In addition. the radicle elongation of all three species affected by light quality treatment showed the same result as the germination rate.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.219-226
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• 2010

This paper presents the occurrence and damage characteristics of the rice leaf-folder populations in the paddy fields of Dangsu-dong, Suwon from 2004 to 2007, and also reports the insecticide response of rice leaf-folder populations, which were collected from 2005 to 2006 in Korea and Vietnam. Laboratory measurements of the head capsule width and body length data enabled the identification of the rice leaf-folder larva stages collected in the field. The rice leaf-folder population in Suwon from 2004 to 2007 has a clear pattern consisting of two different group: the low and high density years. During the low density years (2004 and 2006), only one adult peak was noted in late August, with the damaged-hill percent less than 10% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent around 2% in September. In contrast, during the high density years (2005 and 2007), two adult peaks were noted in early August and mid-September, with the damaged-hill percent was around 30% in late July, and the damaged-leaf percent 15 to 30% in September, which was beyond the economic injury level of rice leaf-folder. High correlations existed between the occurrence of rice leaf-folder in late July and early August and damages to rice during September. Based on these results, we suggest that the information on the rice leaf-folder population monitored by the adult density or damaged-hill percent in late July and early August would be very useful for predicting the damages later in the season for aiding in decision-making for timely control. In addition, the regional populations of rice leaf-folder showed the similar responses to the insecticides tested: high susceptibility to IGRs (tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide) and organophosphates (chlorpyrifos-methyl, pyridaphenthion), but relatively low to cartap.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.273-281
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• 2004

A feeding trial was conducted with Euglena strains grown under different media. The effect of supplementation of Euglena on the performance, nutrient availability and fatty acid composition of breast muscle was studied. In experiment I, two hundred ten hatched broiler chicks (Ross) were assigned to seven dietary treatments for 5 weeks. Each treatment consisted of 3 replications with 10 birds each. Control diet was formulated to have $22\%$ CP and 3,150 kcal ME/kg for starter diet, $19\%$ CP and 3,200 kcal ME/kg for finisher diet. Euglena gracilis Z. (EG) was added to control diet at the plevel of 0.25, 0.5, $1.0\%$ and Euglena gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched (EGBD; a strain mutated by streptomycin and cultivated in DHA enriched medium) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ in the diet. In experiment 2, two hundred fifty hatched broiler chicks (Ross) were assigned to five dietary treatments: T1; Control, T2; T1 + Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched (EGD; cultivated in DHA enriched medium) $0.5\%$, T3; T1 + EGD $1.0\%$, T4; T1 + EGBD $0.5\%$, T5; T1 + EGBD $1.0\%$. The weight gain and feed consumption were measured weekly. Fatty acid composition of breast muscle was determined. In experiments I and 2, Euglena supplementation had no significant effects on weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. In experiment 1, EGBD treatments significantly increased DHA concentration but decreased concentration of linoleic acid and arachidonic acid in breast muscle. EGBD 2% treatment showed the highest DHA concentration (14.27%) which is 3.9 times of that of the control ($3.66\%$). In experiment 2, $1.0\%$ EGBD treatment showed highest EPA, lignoceric acid and DHA level in breast muscle (P<0.05). Also, EGD treatments significantly increased DHA and EPA concentration. It was concluded that EGBD and EGD can be supplemented to broiler diet to produce DHA enriched broiler meat.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2017

This study was to investigate the effect of chick weight in the early growth period on market-weight of Korean native chickens (KNCs). We measured the body weights of 1,087 chickens (male 479, female 608) of 13 KNC strains at 1-84 days of age at two week intervals. The growth performance of the 13 KNC strains was investigated. Correlation coefficients among the weights of chickens in each growth period and regression of market-weight on early chick weights were analyzed. The results showed that the average body weight of 70-day-old KNCs was 1,962g: 2,154g and 1,819.7g for males and females, respectively. The equation for regression of body weight on age was estimated as $\hat{Y}=0.1347X^2+18.738X-40.134$ ($R^2=0.9418$). Using this regression equation, the duration required to attain a KNC market-weight of 2 kg was estimated as 71.8 days. All the correlation coefficients between early chick weight and market-weight were significantly positive. Although the correlation coefficients among the chick weights in each growth period decreased with increase in age interval, early growth weight had a significant effect on late growth performance. The correlation coefficient between market-weight at 70-days and chick weight at 1-day was estimated to be a low as 0.10-0.13. In the estimations of market-weight correlation coefficients, correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination were high in the female and male chicks after 28-days and 42-days of age, respectively. The results of the analysis of correlation and regression between early chick weight and market-weight of KNCs showed that market-weight could be predicted based on the weights of 28-day-old females and 42-day-old males.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.2 s.60
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

Today's advertisement is dominated by visual images, which deliver messages in the most efficient and engaging way. Vivid and live images, through multimedia, attract the viewer to consume the products being advertised. In this course, the effect of 'Verfremdung' or alienation is often detected. This terminology was at first used in a epic play of Bertolt Brecht to signify a specific effect to block the empathy of the audience by reminding them of their position as the audience separate from the play. 'Verfremdung' helps them to have a sense of objectivity and critical attitude toward the performance. Multimedia commercials nowadays exhibit such a quality together with 'viewer participation:' criticism on reality: and 'speed.' In an advertisement for Shinsegi Communications' mobile system titled <017-I-Touch series, the hand transformed into a web>, the copy, 'my blood type is 'i', ' is accompanied by six unrelated fictitious scenes in which the same ocean appears as a common denominator. Because there is no connection between the scenes, free imagination of the viewer has to be involved and thus plays a significant role in making them into a context. This fact dearly exhibit some characteristics of post- modern advertisement. Momentary 'Gap' and 'Difference' between scenes contribute to 'Verfremdung' or alienation' that makes it hard for the consumers to comprehend the content on the spot. Such an uneasy situation, however, keeps the viewers thinking about the advertisement itself. While repeatedly exposed to the alienated images, the viewers come to get involved in the advertisement, trying to make the fragmented images into a coherent context. In addition, the leaps between the scenes produce a sense of 'speed' in a context, which adds more impact to the way of delivering messages using multimedia. With the help of multimedia, 'Verfremdung: which was originally intended to bring about objective and critical altitude of the audience in a play, plays a crucial role in attracting the viewer's attention and conveying a specific message in a moment in contemporary advertisement.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.15 no.2 s.42
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• pp.169-184
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• 2005

Unagsan and Sogrisan granites are widely distributed in the northern Gyeonggi massif and middle Ogcheon belt, respectively, and they show different petrologic characteristics as follows. The former has compact textures and light grey colors, and the latter has spotted miarolitic textures and pink colors. Most of the samples selected for tests are fresh and coarse-grained. And bored core samples were prepared so that they are vertical to the rift plane. The results of modal analysis show that Unagsan granite has significantly higher quartz and plagioclase contents (Qz+Pl) than Sogrisan granite. In contrast, alkali feldspar content (Af) of Sogrisan granite is much higher than that of Unagsan granite. Therefore, it is believed that the light grey colors of Unagsan granite are due to relatively high Qz+Pl, and the pink colors of Sogrisan granite are caused by higher Af. Fractures in Sogrisan granite have strongly perpendicular strike patterns and more dip values close to vertical compared with the fractures in Unagsan granite. Results of the fracture pattern analysis suggest that the Sogrisan granite has better potential to produce dimension stones than the Unagsan granite. However, miarolitic textures often found in the Sogrisan granite may be one of the factors reducing the granite quality. The Unagsan and Sogrisan granites have similar specific gravity values of 2.60 and 2.57, respectively. Absorption ratios and porosity values of Sogrisan granite are higher than those of Unagsan granite, and they shows linearly positive correlations. Compressive and tensile strengths of the Unagsan granite are generally higher than those of Sogrisan granite. These differences and variation trends found in physical properties of Unagsan and Sogrisan granite can be explained by the differences in the textures of Unagsan and Sogrisan granites, namely compact and miarolitic textures respectively. For Unagsan granite, compressive and tensile strengths are negatively correlated with porosity but for Sogrisan granite no specific correlations are found. This is probably due to the irregular dispersion patterns of miarolitic textures formed during the later stages of magmatic processes. Contrary to the trends found in absorption ratios, both granites have similar values of abrasive hardness, which can be explained by higher Qz+Af of the Sogrisan granite than those of the Unagsan granite and that quartz and alkali feldspar have relatively larger hardness values. For Sogrisan granite, compressive strength shows slightly positive correlations with Qz+Af+Pl and negative correlations with biotite and accessory mineral contents (Bt+Ac).

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2007

The ultimate objective of this study is to develop oxygen-enriched combustion techniques applicable to the system of practical industrial boiler. To this end the combustion characteristics of lab-scale LNG combustor were investigated as a first step using the method of numerical simulation by analyzing the flame characteristics and pollutant emission behaviour as a function of oxygen enrichment level. Several useful conclusions could be drawn based on this study. First of all, the increase of oxygen enrichment level instead of air caused long and thin flame called laminar flame feature. This was in good agreement with experimental results appeared in open literature and explained by the effect of the decrease of turbulent mixing due to the decrease of absolute amount of oxidizer flow rate by the absence of the nitrogen species. Further, as expected, oxygen enrichment increased the flame temperatures to a significant level together with concentrations of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ species because of the elimination of the heat sink and dilution effects by the presence of $N_2$ inert gas. However, the increased flame temperature with $O_2$ enriched air showed the high possibility of the generation of thermal $NO_x$ if nitrogen species were present. In order to remedy the problem caused by the oxygen-enriched combustion, the appropriate amount of recirculation $CO_2$ gas was desirable to enhance the turbulent mixing and thereby flame stability and further optimum determination of operational conditions were necessary. For example, the adjustment of burner with swirl angle of $30\sim45^{\circ}$ increased the combustion efficiency of LNG fuel and simultaneously dropped the $NO_x$ formation.