• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2008

Background : Kigong(氣功) is to develope a nature-therapy by controling and recovering Jinki(眞氣) and it has common features in Yangsaengbeob(養生法), Doinbeob(導引法) and Jeongkisin(精氣神), but it is rarely researched and applied in clinic examine. Objectives : it is compared and contrasted among Kukseondo(國仙道) Yeonjeongwon(硏精院), Seokmunhoheub(石門呼吸). Result : Kukseondo, Yeonjeongwon, Seokmunhoheub have the same point that beginners breath slowly, deeply and naturally. The breathing in each group becomes deeper gradually by mental and physical relaxation although each group has a different breathing method, and it is similar to Jogigyeol(調氣訣) in Dongeuibogam. Ywasik(臥式) is distinguished by the presence of sensation. The breathing in Kukseondo is Yidanhoheub(二段呼吸), the breathing in Yeonjeongwon is Yugi(留氣) and the breathing in Seokmunhoheub is that the ratio of inhaling and blowing are 6 to 4. The breathing in each group is deep and small, Ki also accumulates in the Below-abdomen between blowing and inhaling. This is confirmed by Sinjunapgi(腎主納氣) theory in Oriental-medicine. There is the breath, which is through skin, in Kigonghoheub(氣孔呼吸) of Samhabdanbeop(三合丹法) and Jolidanbeop(造理丹法) in Kukseondo, it is also in Gwiilbeop(歸一法) of Seokmunhoheub. In Kukseondo's case, the breathing is through skin mainly instead of a respiratory organ. In Seokmunhoheub's case, the circulation of Ki is through skin during breathing. In Oriental-medicine, this is called as Pyejupimo(肺主皮毛) which is connected with lung and skin. The breathing coincide with tension and relaxation of body while the breathing through skin and the absorption of Ki spread sensation over the whole body, but the breathing through skin is just a specific ability from a training.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.13 no.1 s.19
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2007

Objectives : The study investigated the actual condition of the class for Qi-gong gymnastics among health promotion service programs using oriental medicines, which the public health center has been conducting for local residents. Method : Of a total of 964 oriental medical physician in public health center across the country, it examined 27 places consisting of public health centers and public health sub-centers, and public hospitals, all of which were running the class for Qi-gong gymnastics. Then, it carried out the tele research of those oriental medical physicians in charge of the class there. Result : As a result, area that is enforcing the Class for Qi-gong Gymnastics was expose each attempt that difference is particularly, and appeared by thing which form and practice law that operate the classroom are various. Also, in many cases, the oriental medical physicians instructed the gymnastics directly instead of inviting an external lecturer. Conclusions : In conclusion, based on the contents surveyed, by making the well-organized system of the class for Qi-gong excercise; by developing the common excercise and texts; and by publicizing and educating the oriental medical physicians engaged in public health, that the Class for Qi-gong Gymnastics is real in health promotion of local residents.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.1047-1056
• /
• 2008

If we can evaluate the training results more appropriately and analyze the psychological changes in more objectively, the training can be more efficient and it can help to solve the problems during the training. This research analyzed the similarity and differences of Yangseng Qigong and psychological skill training's components and measurement methods. Also, the research further studied psychological skill training's measurement method. Results : The measurement type of Yangseng Qigong are Sagong, a record of Sagong, Damgong, IIgi, and Sogyeol. Similarly, the measurement type of psychological skills training are questionnaire, interview, personal profile, and observation of a single subject. Despite the similarities between the measurement type of Yangsaeng Qigong and psychological skills training, unfortunately there are differences in the contents. Thus, If we introduce strengths of each method to the other, we may have better measurement methods. The questionnaire method of psychological skills training is the most commonly used method, because it gives concrete, objective, reliable and highly reproducible results. If we refer to the questionnaire development process in psychological skills training, we can have objective and concrete measurement tool for Yangsaeng Qigong training. In the psychological skills training measurement tool development process, there are 5 stages; test conception, test preparation, test execution, question analysis, and test modification. Furthermore, the requirements for the good survey are reliability, validity, practicality, and cultural appropriateness. Through this study, we reached the conclusion that we need to combine two methods together to develop a better method because Yangsaeng Qigong places importance on comprehensive method and realization while psychological skills training places importance on analytical method and objective evaluation. And It seems that a practical study is needed to resolve the concerete problems of Yansaeng Qigong through these concrete cases.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.84-89
• /
• 1986

A newflexible $N_2O_2$-type tetradentate ligand. Ethylenediamine-N,N'-di-${\alpha}$-isobutyric acid(eddib), has been synthesized, and dichloro cobalt(III) complex of eddib has been prepared via the air-oxidation technique. Only S-cis isomer has been yielded during the preparation of complex. Ring strain and steric hinderance are cited as the cause for the preference for the S-cis geometric configuration. On series of cobalt(III) complexes of eddib, $[Co(eddib)L]^{n+}$ $(L = Cl{\cdot}(H_2O),\;CO_3^{2-},\;(H_2O)_2)$have been prepared in situ. In their electronic absorption spectra, the absorption maxima and their intensities of the above series of complexes are on the ordinary line of the spectrochemical and hyperchromic series. Elemental analysis, IR, NMR and electronic absorption spectra have been used to characterize the complex and geometries of the complex.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.157-171
• /
• 2010

This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Electroencephalogram (EEG) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. There were significant changes in HRV components compared with EEG power spectra in the standing position. Especially, the ratio of low-to-high frequency (LF/HF) which represents a state of balance of autonomic nervous system was increased. In the sitting position, $\beta$ wave which reflects a state of alert consciousness was increased and both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, $\theta$ wave which signifies a state of relaxation was increased and heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied in the choice of appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.85-100
• /
• 2011

Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the effect of four common types of Qigong position (standing, sitting, supine, and horse-riding position) on the autonomic nervous system. Method : Thirty healthy subjects participated in this study once a week for four weeks. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) was measured three times (before, during, and after the position) while the subject maintained one of four positions for ten minutes. Result : There were significant changes HRV in the standing position. In the sitting position, both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves were activated. On the other hand, in the spine position, heart rate (HR) was decreased. Activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves was also observed in this position. Significant increases of indices related to awakening and concentration were observed accompanied by increase of HR and a sympathetic nerve was activated in the riding-horse position. Conclusions : In the present study, it was shown that each Qigong position caused various and significant changes in autonomic nervous system. It would be expected that these results can be applied to choose appropriate Qigong position according to objective of Qigong therapy although it is remained to further evaluate the effects of long-term maintenance of Qigong positions and repeated Qigong training.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.14 no.9
• /
• pp.4142-4148
• /
• 2013

Because of effective fruit growing and management in the slope land, the use of orchard vehicle with lifting utilities has been increased. For this reason the study on the stability of that vehicle for worker's safety is needed. This study is investigated on the stability estimation of orchard vehicle with four wheels and dual rectangular-type lifting utilities which can be moved on the dirt sloping load. Through the multi-body dynamics analysis on the vehicle mechanism, overturning angles of 19.2 and $34.6^{\circ}$ in the right-left and front-rear direction can be calculated. It is determined tractive resistances and required powers of the wheels. And through the finite element analysis on the frame of lifting utility its maximum von-Mises stress is 146 MPa and it is structural stable. Therefore it is known that the orchard vehicle with wheels and lifting utilities has static and dynamic stability.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.58-70
• /
• 2002

In an attempt to compare the antioxidation effects of constrain the oxidation and improve the structural stability, retinol and various antioxidants were together encapsulated by liposome. Four water soluble and four oil soluble antioxidants were tested for performance. The influence of tertiary butylhydroquinone(TBHQ), ${\alpha}$-glycosyl rutin(${\alpha}$-G rutin), licorece, pycnogenol as water soluble antioxidants and butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT), ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid, ferulic acid, natural concentrated tooopherol(no-tocopherol) as oil soluble antioxidants on the constraint of oxidation of retinol were investigated. Additional study was conducted to compare the synergic effect of antioxidation for retinol with licorice, pycnogenol, ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid and BHT. All the antioxidant used at the study constrained oxidation of retinol. The effect of antioxidation for retinol increased in order of licorice, pycnogenol, TBHQ, ${\alpha}$-G rutin as water soluble antioxidants and ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid, BHT, no-tocopherol, ferulic acid as oil soluble antioxidants. In conclusion, ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid is more effective retinol antioxidants than BHT. And the combination of ${\alpha}$-lipoic acid and BHT gave best synergic among six combinations.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2018

Objectives : It is necessary to manage herbal medicines based on effectiveness by comparing the efficacy of herbal medicines by region. In this study, we compared anti-oxidative activity and marker compounds of Eucommiae Cortex by regional groups. Methods : Eucommiae Cortex grown and harvested in Gangjin, Sancheong, Yeongwol, Jangsu, and Jecheon were used. Eucommiae Cortex was extracted in distilled water at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3 hours, and filtered. filtered. Extract samples were freeze-dried at $-80^{\circ}C$. Comparison of anti-oxidant activity in Eucommiae Cortex samples from regional groups was measured in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) between regional groups of Eucommiae Cortex. In addition, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was conducted to compare pinoresinol diglucoside concentration by regional groups. Results : HPLC analysis found that pinoresinol diglucoside concentration, widely known as the marker compound of Eucommiae Cortex, was the highest in Gangwon Yeongwol. There was a significant difference in anti-oxidative activity of Eucommiae Cortex between regional groups as discovered in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP assays. DPPH free radical scavenging was the highest in Jeonbuk Jangsu. ABTS free radical scavenging was the highest in Jeonbuk Jangsu and Chungbuck Jecheon. FRAP was the highest in Jeonbuk Jangsu. Conclusions : Although pinoresinol diglucoside concentration was high, anti-oxidative activity was not proportionately high. Pinoresinol diglucoside concentration was the highest in Gangwon Yeongwol. Anti-oxidative activity was the highest in Jeonbuk Jangsu.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.27-41
• /
• 2022

Objectives: There should be an objective analysis on the academic competency for incorporating Computer-based Test (CBT) in the education of traditional Korean medicine (TKM). However, the Item Response Theory (IRT) for analyzing latent competency has not been introduced for its difficulty in calculation, interpretation and utilization. Methods: The current study analyzed responses of 390 students of 8 years to the herbology test with 14 items by utilizing Rasch model, and the characteristics of test and items were evaluated by using characteristic curve, information curve, difficulty, academic competency, and test score. The academic competency of the students across gender and years were presented with scale characteristic curve, Kernel density map, and Wright map, and examined based on T-test and ANOVA. Results: The estimated item, test, and ability parameters based on Rasch model provided reliable information on academic competency, and organized insights on students, test and items not available with test score calculated by the summation of item scores. The test showed acceptable validity for analyzing academic competency, but some of items revealed difficulty parameters to be modified with Wright map. The gender difference was not distinctive, however the differences between test years were obvious with Kernel density map. Conclusion: The current study analyzed the responses in the herbology test for measuring academic competency in the education of TKM using Rasch model, and structured analysis for competency-based Teaching in the e-learning era was suggested. It would provide the foundation for the learning analytics essential for self-directed learning and competency adaptive learning in TKM.