• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.537-541
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• 2005

A bubbling fluidized bed reactor was used to study $CO_2$ capture from flue gas using a sodium-based dry regenerable sorbent, sorbA which was manufactured by Korea Electric Power Research Institute. A dry sorbent, sorbA, consists of $Na_2CO_3$ for absorption and supporters for mechanical strength. $CO_2$ capture was effective in the lower temperature range of $50-70^{\circ}C$, while regeneration occurred in the range of $120-300^{\circ}C$. To increase initial $CO_2$ removal, some amount of steam was absorbed in the sorbents before injecting simulated flue gas. It was possible to remove most $CO_2$ for 1-2 minutes at $50^{\circ}C$ and residence time of 2 seconds with steam pretreatment. Little or no reduction in initial reaction rate and capture capacity was observed in multicycle tests. The carbonated and regenerated sorbent samples were analyzed by NMR to confirm the extent of reaction. The results obtained in this study can be used as basic data for the scale-up design and operation of the $CO_2$ capture process with two fluidized bed reactors.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.952-959
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• 2012

The photocatalytic reactor was designed to have improved efficiency by enhancing a light intensity of photocatalytic reactor using a reflector coated on the surface at the outer radius of annular shaped photocatalytic reactor. The improved photocatalytic reactor performed to treat waste air containing malodor and VOC with the enhanced light intensity, of which the effect on their removal efficiency was investigated. The intensities of illumination of the improved photocatalytic reactor filled with porous silica-based media and nonporous glass bead media carrying photocatalyst were observed to increase by 28.5% and 30.1%, respectively, compared to those of photocatalytic reactor without any reflector. Using the improved photocatalytic reactor filled with porous silica-based media and nonporous glass bead media carrying photocatalyst, the removal efficiencies were enhanced by 2~3% and insignificantly, respectively. The removal efficiencies of the optimized photocatalytic reactor with reflectors, filled with porous silica-based media carrying photocatalyst, were observed to increase by 26% and 60%, compared to those of photocatalytic reactor (i.e., 19% and 53%), without any reflector, filled with nonporous glass bead media carrying photocatalyst, for hydrogen sulfide and toluene, respectively. The roughness of used reflector surface was measured to be ca. four times as big as that of a commercial mirror. However, their removal efficiencies are expected to be enhanced by increasing an light intensity resulting from lowering the roughness of used reflector coated on the improved photocatalytic reactor in the future.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.107-115
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• 2006

As the use of computers and the Internet become more commonplace, many children are using the Internet. The Internet is rapidly permeating into the daily lives of elementary school students. There are some positive effects of using the Internet: it helps children's studies and communication skills and relives stress. However, some negative effects are arising, such as aggressive behavior caused by Internet games, sleeping disorders, and Internet addiction. The goal of this disquisition was to find out how an upper class of elementary school children are using the Internet and also the degree of their Internet addictions. The effects that Internet addiction had on various aspects, such as on the individual, family, and school were observed. In the individual aspect, self-respect, self-control, awareness of stress, depression, and personal taste were observed. In the aspect of family, communication with parents, the nursing behavior of parents, family functions, friendliness within the family, and the family's emotional support were observed. In the aspect of school, relationships with teachers, relationships with friends, study activities, compliance to rules and participation in events were observed. By analyzing each cause of Internet addiction, this disquisition hopes to help prevent Internet addiction and to support educational guiding about Internet addiction of elementary school children.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.454-463
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• 1992

세계가 일일 생활권화 됨과 더불어 국제교류가 활발해지므로써 횡문화 간호 연구는 전문직 간호(Professional Nursing)에 있어서 매우 중요한 부분을 차지하고 있음을 많은 문헌을 통해서 알 수 있다(Brink, 1976 : Leininger, 1977 : Roberston & Boyle, 1987). 횡문화 간호연구는 서로 다른 문화적 배경을 가진 사람들을 잘 이해하고 그들의 건강을 돌봄에 있어서 더욱 효과적이고, 안전한 간호를 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 간호이론 개발, 간호모형(Model) 개발에 있어서도 매우 중요한 역할을 한다고 믿는다. 본 연구는 1984년에서 1987년 사이에 전문적 간호연구지에 실린 10편의 횡문화 간호연구와 관련된 논문들을 발췌하여 간호지식체의 본질적인 과정인 비판적 문헌고찰을 통해 각 논문들을 비교 분석 한 것으로써, 미래의 간호연구를 위한 간호실무, 간호교육, 간호연구 방법 및 간호 행정면에서 그 적용성을 높여줄 것이다. 비판적 문헌고찰을 위한 기준은 Burns와 Grove(1987)의 방법을 참고하여 아래와 같이 선정하였다. 1. 분석대상 : 목적, 가설 진술, 문헌고찰, 표본조사, 방법론적 논점, 결과 해석 2. 이론적 틀의 유도 흑은 통합 3. 발전적인 간호수행을 위한 중요성, 적용성 및 제언 이상의 내용으로 비교 분석을 해본 결과 1984년에서 1987년 사이에 발표된 횡문화 간호에 관한 논문들의 주제는 주로 여성을 대상으로 한 건강돌봄, 자가간호, 건강신념, 수유, 임신 그리고 간호사와 소수민족 노인과의 의사소통 양상 등으로 나누어 볼 수 있었다. 이론적 틀은 주로 사회학, 정신심리학, 인류학 이론으로부터 도출되었고, 오직 두 편만이 간호 이른에 틀을 둔 것으로 나타났다. 1. 10개의 논문의 가설과 목적의 분석에 있어서 4편의 논문은 목적과 가설이 구체적으로 진술되어 있었고, 나머지 6편은 목적이 전반적으로 진술되어 있었으며 가설도 구체적이지 않았다. 이러한 제한점은 각 논문의 연구자가 문헌고찰을 충분히 하지 못하고 단지 수편의 논문만을 제시 한 데서 비롯되었다고 분석 해 볼 수 있겠다. 2. 문헌고찰 부분에서는 각각의 연구주제를 지지해줄 수 있는 문헌들이 충분히 고찰되지 못하였고, 이론적배경 또한 횡문화 이론과의 관련성이 적었다. 또한 횡 문화 연구에 기초가 되는 연구대상자의 사회 인구학적 특성과 역사적 배경은 잘 나타났으나, 이론적 연구와 경험적 연구 간에 괴리가 있었다. 3. 표본추출방법은 문화에 기반을 둔 대상자를 선정한다는 점에서 한계성 이 있었다. 4. 방법론적 이유로는 대상자와의 면담시간이 구체적으로 기술되지 않았으며, 고유한 언어를 통역하는 과정에서 의미론적 문제에 대한 고려가 부족하였다. 면접과 기록과정에서 보면 자료의 기록과정과 분류 및 분석과정이 명시되어 있지 않았다. 참여관찰과 면접방법을 사용시 이에 대한 자세한 기술이 되어 있지 않았다. 5. 연구결과의 적용 및 이에 대한 논의는 상당히 제한되어 있었는데, 수편의 연구만이 방법론 문제점과 앞으로의 연구분야에 대한 전망을 제시하였으며, 특이한 것은 어 떤 연구자도 이른 개발을 위한 적용 및 임상실무적 차원에서 간호에 대한 제언을 하지 않았다.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.526-551
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to identify the commonalities of various nursing interventions and effective intervention methods in each intervention through analysis and synthesis of many accumulated research papers. The study analyzed the effects of various nursing interventions on anxiety and /or stress. For this purpose, 64 experimental studies with randomized or nonequivalent control group pre-test-posttest design were selected from journals of medical and nursing schools, the Korean Nurse, the Korean Nurses' Academic Society Journal, the Cetnral Journal of Medicine, the New Medical Journal, the Nurse Monthly, and from theses and dissertations conducted from 1970 to 1991. The selected studies nor classified according to three characteristics : 1) the research samuel, 2) types and methods of nursing interventions, and 3) statistical tests. The following analysis was done : 1) Confirmation of the accuracy of data drawn from each study by paired review, 2) Estimation of the homogenity of pre-test scores of the dependent variable between control and experimental groups warranted the effect size of post-scores, 3) If the homogenity of pre-test scores did not warrant, the change scores from pre-test to post-test were used to estimate the effect size, 4) Use of the effect size of each study among homogenious studies was tested for each intervention method, such as relaxation, information, and touch and /or support. Finally, for the studies not showing homogenity, an ANOVA test was used to identify patterns for each intervention. Some findings are summarized as follow : The effect sizes for relaxation and information were greater than those for touch and /or supportive technique. Studies using random assignment had greater effect sizes than nonrandomized sample studies using the same intervention. For healthy people, group education was more effective than individual teaching. However, for patients, relaxation and touch and /or supportive techniques given on individual basis were more effective than when given in a group situation. Measuring anxiety and stress by biological indicators was less effective than by self-report. Budzynski's relaxation method was the most effective. The more frequently the techniques applied, the larger the effect size. On the bases of these findings, the following recommendations were made : 1. A combination of information, relaxtion, and touch-supportive techniques should be used for greater effect in reducing the level of anxiety and /or stress. 2. Information is the first choice of intervention to reduce the level of anxiety and /or stress of healthy People : other interventions may be added depending on the conditions of the subjects.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.5-20
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to assess the value-of post-operative treatment in terms of nursing care in the allevation of pain. More specifically, the effects of supportive touch and patient education were examined. On the date before each patient's operation, the Bevels of anxiety, depression and affiliation were examined. The post-operative treatment was adminis. tered after an initial measurement of the patient's fain, according to the experimental category for the three days following the operation. On the final day, the level of anxiety and depression were again measured. The subjects of this study were 138 patient from the general surgical and gynecological wards in H university Hospital in Seoul. The study was conducted over a three-month period from June 24, 1984 to September 18, 1984. All patients had undergone laparatomies. Various standard instruments were used to measure the pain, anxiety, depression and affiliation levels. for pain, 5 grate Simple Descriptive Scale, and the Mclachlan four-range Observational Pain Scale were employed. For anxiety and depression, respectively the Spielberger State Anxiety Inventory and Beck Depression Inventory (B.D.I.) were used. Lastly, the affiliation was determined by the Mehrabian Affiliation Scale. The outcome of the research was as follows: 1. The first hypothesis concerning the existence of lower pain levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the pain levels of Control Croup C was not supported. 2. The second hypothesis concerning the existence if lower anxiety levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the anxiety levels of Control Group C was supported at the level of F=3.58 (p=.03). 3. The third hypothesis concerning the existence of lower depression levels of Experimental Group A and Experimental Group B than the depression levels of Control Group C was not supported. 4. The fourth hypothesis concerning the existence of different levels of pain in accordance with the levels of affiliation in Experimental Group A was not supported. 5. A positive correlation did exist between pain and anxiety after surgery (r=.34, p=.0001). Thus, the fifth hypothesis was supported. 6. A positive correlation did exist between pain and depression following surgery(r=.36, p=.0001). Thus, the sixth hypothesis was supported. Based on the above results, it was found that supportive touch and patient education either through human sources or via tape recorder do influence the anxiety of a patient after surgery, that a Positive correlation between pain, anxiety and deparession exist, that affiliation does not alter the influence of supportive touch, and that the graph on which pain levels were depicted indicates the possibility of development even if the effects of supportive touch did not reach a meaningful level. Thus it can be concluded that patient education, regardless of its form, is essential for the patient after surgery and that supportive touch, when reasonably modified and supplemented, can be an effective method of alleviating pain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.74-80
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• 1985

This study was attempted to identify the difference between body image of the patients with lower limb fracture and that of normal persons, and to examine if supportive group care could offer an apportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture under the Quasi-experimental design. The subjects for this study were obtained by ta-king convenient sample of soldiers; the experimental group were 44 lower limb fractured patients hospitalized on the orthopedic Surgery unit in S Army General Hospital, while the control group were 44 normal enlisted men serving in the B Army regiment. Supportive group nursing care was given to the lower limb fractured patients who belong to the experimental group. Pre-and post-tests were administered to the experimental and the control group. The instruments to measure body image of the subjects were body Cathexis Scale developed by Scord and Jourard (1953) and Body Meaning Scale dove-loped by the reseacher. The reliability coefficients by Cronhach's u-test were .95 in body Cathexis Scale and .89 in Body Meaning Scale in this study. Data for this study were collected over a period 12 days from the 12th to the 24th of October, 1984 by the questionnaire. Data were analyzed by computer. Frequency, Percentage and x²-test were used to examine general chacteristics of the subjects. t-test was used to analyze the hypotheses. Analysis of variance was used to test difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics. Pearson Correlation Coefficient was used to identify the correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale. The results of this study were as follows: 1. No significant difference was found between the experimental and the control group on general characteristics of the subjects (p> .05). 2. Hypothesis I:“There will be a difference in body image between patiens with lower limb fracture and normal persons,”was supported(Body Cathexis t=6.91, p<.001, Body Meaning t=5.66, p< .001). 3. Hypothesis Ⅱ;“The will be a difference in body image of patients with lower limb fracture bet-ween after and before, supportive group nursing care was provided,”was supported (Body Cathexis t=5.90, p<.001, Body Meaning t=4.45, p <.001). 4. There was no significant difference in body image between groups classified by the general characteristics (p> .05). 5. The correlation between Body Cathexis Scale and Body Meaning Scale: It was reported that Body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in total subjects of the experimental and control group (r=.744, p<.001). That is, there was relatively high correlation between two scales. body Cathexis Scale correlated with Body Meaning Scale in the experimental group(r=.738, p <.001) and in the control group (r=.352, p <.001). That is, there was more than moderate correlation between two scales. In conclusion, it was found that there was a difference in body image between patients with lower limb fracture and normal persons, and supportive group nursing care offered an opportunity for positive change in body image of the patient with lower limb fracture.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 1999

Medication non-compliance among the elderly results in medical problems and substantial cost to the health care system. This study investigate predicted variable related to the medication task ability among elderly. This study was done in the selected 4 villages in Kimchun County of Kyungbuk Province from July to August, 1996. The subject was the resident that 202 adults above 60 years of age. The questionnaire of interview included medication task ability, socio-demographic data, COOP/WONCA chart, family ABGAR score. BDI(Beck depression inventory), ADL(activities of daily living), IADL(instrumental activities of daily living), and MMSE-K(minimental state examination-Korean version). The results were as followed : 1. Approximately 49% of study population was taking drug medication currently. We found that 93% of study population was successful at the medication task all alone, 6% was failure at the medication task all alone, so need help partly or completely. 2. Significant variables between group of medication task ability were age, educational attainment, IADL, and MMSE-K in univariate analysis. And significant correlated variables with medication task ability were ADL, IADL, MMSE-K, and BDI in correlation analysis. 3. Major predictors to medication task ability on multiple logistic regression were IADL and sex finally. Findings suggest that IADL is related to medication task ability than other test battery of health status, so IADL could be used to necessary for medication management and add information to conventional methods of assessing mental status.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.40-50
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• 2006

Objectives : This study aims to identify sexual behaviors in sexually abused children to assess the Child Sexual Behavior Inventory(CSBI) score of sexual behaviors reported in children by their parents to analyze the relation of these sexual behaviors to demographic variables, familial variables, and characteristics of sexual abuse variables. Method : A large sample of 2-13 year old children(N=121) were rated by their caregiver via parent report consisting of CSBI, the Child Behavior Checklist(CBCL), and a questionnaire assessing characteristics of family history and sexual abuse variables. Results : There were significantly related to the CSBI score; younger children(2-5 year old group) had significantly higher scores than older children. Maternal education also related to the CSBI score, in that mothers with higher levels of education report more CSBI scores than less educated mothers. There were significant differences according to characteristics of victim victim with penile penetration of vegina and genital exposure of offender had higher score in the CSBI than others. Also, when perpeturator was an acquaintance, the CSBI scores increased. Conclusion : Sexual behavior related to childs age, maternal education, penile penetration of vegina, and genital exposure, parental emotional state and personality traits. Findings were primarily similar to previously published studies. The suggestions and the limitations of this study, and directions of future study were discussed.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2014

$La_{0.8}Sr_{0.2}CuO_3$ powder with the perovskite structure was prepared as electrode catalyst using citrate method. Porous electrode was made with as-prepared catalyst, carbon as supporter and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as hydrophobic binder. As results of potentiostatic electrolysis with potential of -1.5~-2.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl in 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 M KOH at 5 and $10^{\circ}C$ on the porous electrode, liquid products were methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and 1, 2-butanol regardless reaction temperature, while gas products were methane, ethane and ethylene at $5^{\circ}C$, and methane, ethane and propane at $10^{\circ}C$ respectively. Optimal potentials for $CO_2$ reduction in the view of over all faradic efficiency were high values (-2.0 and -2.2 V) for gas products whereas low potential (-1.5 V) for liquid products regardless of concentration and temperature.