• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2020

The descendants of Jang, Chang-woo(張昌雨) reconstructed the Mangwijung (晩歸亭), which is currently located at Seha-dong, Seo-gu, Gangju Metropolitan City, in the context of succeeding the work of their ancestor. This study investigated the management viewpoint of Mangwijung that has been altered in going through the reconstruction and repairs processes, and examined the chronological history for a landscape of the Mangwijung Garden. First, in the Mangwijung Garden, three gazebos such as Mangwijung, Seubhyanggag(襲香閣) and Mukamjeongsa(墨庵精舍) stand in a row with three bridges between each of them in the middle of a wide pond. This is a group of gazebos that is a quite unique structure. Second, Hyowoodang(孝友堂) Jang, Chang-woo (張昌雨) built Mangwijung as a role of thatched cottage in order to teach younger students and enjoy the arts in his later life. The Mangwijung was reconstructed by the descendants of Jang, Chang-woo at the collapsed place later on in order to commemorate the achievements of their ancestor. By the way, it was revealed that the management of Mangwijung has been altered during the process of reconstruction. Third, when comparing the current appearance with those depicted in the 8 scenic views(八景) by Jang, Chang-woo and the literary works of his descendants, it was confirmed that the landscape and shape of the pond were damaged due to a road expansion caused by a construction of Seubhyanggag and Mukamjeongsa as well as an advancement of the city. Fourth, it is speculated that the pond of Mangwijung Garden is probably a spring not a reservoir to store the water stream that flows in.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.28-35
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• 2010

'Byeolseo(別墅)' means a kind of building that is built where is separated from main house. From the results of our field investigation, we could see that every type of the Jungja(亭子) a kind of Byeolseo-building in Gyoungnam Province. And the types of building plan found are center-focused room, eccentric room, seperated room, and the one without room. And also, we could find that the most representative location type of Byeolseo is on the hill where the cliff is on the riverside. That is, both waterscape and rockscape play an important role in the composition of landscape treatment of Byeolseo in Gyoungnam Province. In waterscape, "waterfall+swamp+fast-flowing stream" structure which is connected with river or mountain stream is found prominently, and in the case of rockscape, bedrocks, boulders, and Dae(臺) that are present in nature are used prevalently rather than an artificial hill or disposing rocks on purpose. Treating and disposing landscape of Byeolseo in Gyoungnam Province, the perspective view(average perspective distance is 5.6km) and several axes of view are used.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 2011

This study is foundation study to understand the Location and the composition of Joseon Royal Tombs, the purpose is to bring light on the types of Sinro Eoro in Joseon Royal Tombs. The type was grouped into Regular type and Irregular type by relations with the approach way, Hongsalmun and Jeongjagak, and the Irregular type was grouped into Curved type and Divided type. The making pattern of Sinro Eoro was divided into three period, the former period, the transition period and the latter period, by the length and the Irregular type. The Regular type was affected by the length of Geonwonreung's Sinro Eoro as the minimum standard in the former period. The result of examining the Irregular type's present condition in Jeongreung, Hyeonreung, Mokreung, Jangreung and Yeongreung, narrow topograph and the waterway were important factors to decide the type. In other words, the type of Irregular Sinro Eoro was constructed by a topography and a waterway in the length of Geonwonreung's Sinro Eoro as the minimum standard.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2014

This study aims to investigate the history, cultural values prototype through literature analysis, characteristics of construction, location, space structure and landscape characteristics by Arc-GIS on the Munam pavilion(聞巖亭) in Changnyeong. The results were as follows. First, Shin-cho((辛礎, 1549~1618) is the builder of the Munam pavilion and builder's view of nature is to go back to nature. The period of formation of Munam pavilion is between 1608-1618 as referred from document of retire from politics and build a pavilion. Secondly, Munam pavilion is surrounded by mountains and located at the top of steep slope. Pavilion was known as scenic site of the area. But damaged in a past landscape is caused by near the bridge, agricultural facilities, town, the Kye-sung stream of masonry and beams. Thirdly, Munam pavilion is divided into the main space, which is located on the pavilion, space in located on the pavilion east and west and the orient space, which is located on the Youngjeonggak. Of these, original form of Munam pavilion is a simple structure composed of pavilion and Munam rock, thus at the time of the composition seems to be a direct entry is possible, unlike the current entrance. Fourth, Spatial composition of Munam pavilion is divided into vegetation such as Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, ornament such as letters carved on the rocks and pavilion containing structure. The vegetation around the building is classified as precincts and outside of the premises. Planting of precincts was limited. Outside of area consists of front on the pavilion, which is covered with Lagerstroemia Indica forest and Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion. Ofthese,LargeLagerstroemiaIndicaforestcorrespondstothenaturalheritageasHistoricalrecordsofrarespeciesresourcesthatareassociated withbuilder. Letterscarvedontherocksrepresenttheboundaryof space, which is close to the location of the Munam pavilion and those associated with the builder as ornaments. Letters carved on the rocks front on the pavilion are rare cases that are made sequentially with a constant direction and rules as act of record for families to honor the achievements. Fifth, 'The eight famous spots of Munam' is divided into landscape elements that have nothing to do with bearing 4 places and landscape elements that have to do with bearing 4 places. Unrelated bearings of landscape elements are Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion, Okcheon valley, Gwanryongsa temple and Daeheungsa temple. Bearing that related element of absolute orientation, which is corresponding to the elements are Daeheungsa temple, Hwawangsan mountain, Kye-sung stream and Yeongchwisan mountain. Relative bearing is Gwanryongsa temple, Yeongchwisan mountain and Kye-sung stream Gongjigi hill. At Lagerstroemia indica trees in Sa-ri in Changnyeong, Pinus densiflora forest at the back of the pavilion, Kye-sung stream and Okcheon valley, elements are exsting. Currently, it is difficult to confirm the rest of the landscape elements. Because, it is a generic element that reliable estimate of the target and locations are impossible for element. Munam pavilion is made for turn to nature by Shin-cho(辛礎). That was remained a record such as Munamzip(聞巖集) and Munamchungueirok(聞巖忠義錄) that is relating to construction of pavilion. Munam pavilion located in a unique form, archival culture through the letters carved on the rocks and Large Lagerstroemia indica forest and through eight famous spots, cultural landscape elements can be assumed that those elements are remained.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 2007.12a
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• pp.58-59
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• 2007

The English law of ship mortgages is successor to a very long tradition. From the earliest times loans have been required to finance maritime commerce. The term "ship" describes any kind of vessel used in navigation, while the term "ship mortgage" described a method of secured financing, under which a borrower transferred its interest in ship or other property to a creditor, to secure the payment of the debt owed by the borrower or the performance of some their obligation. The shipowner (the borrower)is known as the 'mortgagor, and the person lending the money is known as the 'mortgagee'.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2014

The purposes for this research were to find the correct building background of Jondeokjeong(尊德亭) in the rear garden of Changdeok Palace(昌德宮) based on the historical facts for the area of Jondeokjeong and investigate the internal theory of construction through the metaphysical consideration. The results were as follows. 1. Building background of Jondeokjeong was related to Sohyunseja(昭顯世子) and Bongrimdaegun(鳳林大君) as forms of rear garden where was not built in the area of Jondeokjeong, bamboo pavilion, hexagonal pavilion, octagonal pavilion, etc. They were built two or three times after returning of Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun from China, and the area of Jondeokjeong was continuously developed by building Chunhyanggak(天香閣), Mangchunjeong(望春亭) and Cheoknoidang(滌惱堂) after Hyojong(孝宗) succeeded the royal authority of Hyunjong(顯宗) who was born in Shenyang(瀋陽) and hung a signboard of Jondeokjeong after then, etc. 2. Dazhengjeon(大政殿) of Shenyang Palace(瀋陽故宮, 1625) played the roles of major hall, Jeongjeon(正殿) which held national big events as a one-storied building with two piles of roof similar with Jondeokjeong (1644). Also, it was the building encountered when Sohyunseja and Bongrimdaegun participated in breakfasts held in the palace or banquets supervised by a king, so building background of Jondeokjeong was judged to be related with Dazhengjeon. 3. In consideration of characteristics which are shown commonly in Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, relations of two buildings were verified and characteristics of Jondeokjeong were examined. First, dragon which is representatively symbolizing royal authority was formed. Therefore, Jondeokjeong was judged as a garden building which purposes were to obtain and train natural reasons, govern the nation and let people comfortable. Second, the purposes of sun dial, Ilyoungdae(日影臺) were judged to examine the accurate time and express appropriateness of the king. Third, Taechungmun(太淸門) around there is related to Samcheong(三淸) of Taoism and judged to be caused by floral wall and secular happiness accomplishment for king's longevity without disease. Fourth, for building style, one-stories pavilion of duplicated roof and building with only cylinder were to king's embodiment of supporting the sky and governing the nation.4) 4. By examining the differences between Jondeokjeong and Dazhengjeon, Jondeokjeong's own characteristics were considered. First, constructive characteristics of Jondeokjeong were changed by existing of pond and it was changed for characteristics, location and function of pavilion built in the garden while accepting oversea culture and embodied by absorbing to Joseon culture. Second, the appearance of the pond in Jondeokjeong was shown as the situation that half moon typed pond with the form of young moon is full by stream to the East. It was to express movement of moon which was always changed through the form of pond and stream of water iconographycally and it was considered as an imaginary environment method of the period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2012

The Confucian culture of the Chosun Dynasty has a great effect on the construction of ByeolSeo gardens. Among them, especially the gardens built in Gyeongsang Province areas, where a great number of Confucian scholars were produced in the beautiful natural environment, have maintained various heritage of Confucian culture established by the scholars. Along with the Nakdong River, we can find so many cultural assets of buildings such as head houses, ByeolSeo gardens, including the literary remains such as administrative certificates, poetry and prose, and records of pavilions, which show the trace of the scholars who followed the instructions of the doctrines of Chu-tzu. The Geumseonjeog located in Punggi County, Gyeongsangbuk Province, which was the ByeolSeo gardens possessed by Geumgye Whang Jun-ryang(1517-1563), who was the governor of the area and one of the representative students of Toigye Lee Whang. The building is located nearby the Geumseon Valley with beautiful natural scenery under Sobaek Mountain. Especially the pine forest around the valley boasts a unique natural setting. This study is aimed to analyze the value of natural scenic spot of the Geumseonjeong through the surveys on surroundings, topography, vegetation and water system. including the value of humanistic elements focused on the writings such as 'Geumgyejip' written by Whang Jun-ryang and Lee Whang, another 'Geumgyejip' written by Ryu un-ryong, and 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Hong Gyeong-ryeom. And also, the scenic spot value of the signboards such as the 'Geumgyejeongsajungsugi' written by Ryu un-ryong, 'Geumgyejeong' by Lee Han-il, 'Geumgyejeong' written by Jo Un-hyeong and 'Geumgyejeongsa, written by Lee Jung-gi, was analyzed. And the historical and cultural value was analyzed through the semantic interpretation of the series of poetry and pose and the old map established in 1872. In respect of the scenery, the surroundings of the Geumseon Valley boast the outstanding settings as the clean mountain stream in front of the Geumseonjeong makes a beautiful harmony with the pine forest. The pine forest surrounding the Geumseon Valley has played a secret role in the history of the village. Considering the fact that the pine forest was expressed in the map of Punggi County produced in 1872, it may be assumed that the forest was regarded to have historical and scenic value in those times. Considering the fact that the words like 'Beautiful' and 'Scenic spot' were used in the writings like 'Geumgyejip' and there were meeting places around the valley, we can recognize the value of the place as a scenic spot. The beautiful natural scenery surrounding the ByeolSeo gardens, and the increase in humanistic value of the poetry and prose, including the administrative certificates, has recently brought about the cases in which some scenic spots of the ByeolSeo gardens were designated as cultural assets. According to the value as a scenic spot and semantic interpretation of the Geumseonjeong, the pavilion appeared to have a great scenic spot value as a ByeolSeo gardens, so that this study was designed to prepare criteria with which the pavilion may be designated as a scenic spot of ByeolSeo gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2017

The results of this study attempting to graft to the space by cognizing and categorizing the characteristic of the under-toned private property to the tablets of the Zhuozhengyuan are as follows. The tablet of Zhuozhengyuan was typed into three groups. In the A group, the frequency of artificial elements including the top, ship, and head was high, and the main emphasis was on the elegance and integrity spirit that the Sunbi(classical scholar) had to have. It has a characteristic of good architects such as pavilion and Nu(樓) is included and as it is adjacent to the water surface the one side of the building is integrated to the water surface. The B group is characterized mainly by the fact that the scenery is portrayed through the climatic factors including rain, wind, and snow, or the scene atmosphere and it is located at the top of the summit which is good for viewing the scenery. In the C group, plant elements such as lotus, magnolia, plum, and bamboo appeared frequently, and various buildings such as pavilion, Kwan(館), Gak(閣) and Dang(堂) belong to this structure. The structure has the characteristic of integrating directly with the water surface or putting the terrace between and scattering throughout the whole garden. Furthermore, this study identified area characteristics based on the frequency of the tablet type. In the west area, Group A is mostly distributed and the humor and concept implied in the tablet, combined with the shape and location of the scenery, viewpoint of the viewer, and the composition of the landscape, improved the orderliness of the space, which led to expand the scope of the enjoyment to the entire space. Meanwhile, in the middle area, tablets of Group C are mostly distributed, and the unique characteristics and shapes of the woody plants that were used as the name of the tablet were connected with various buildings including pavilion, Dang, Kuan, and Gak, improving the unique identity of the space and forming connection with the world of ideas through unity and independence.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 2020

This study was attempted to seek the garden enjoyment of the Yang Un-geo etc., in the head house(宗宅) of Namwonyang's family and Jongho in Sunchang Gumiri through literature and field research. Admirers of Jongho were "six old Taoist hermit", including Cholo(楚老) Yang Un-geo(楊雲擧, 1613-1672) and Yangjindang Haman-ri, the author of Jongho-palgyeong, who was very close friends of Yang, as well as his son-in-law or out-law. Jonghojeong Pavilion, overland rock and nearby Takyeongjeong, which were built around a stone island shaped like a helmet, and a pool along the river, are known as 'Imcheonwonrim(林泉園林)' as the center of the custom that was conducted based on head house, which is up to 2km away from Jongho. Jongho-palgyeong is found to share the characteristics of Jeongja Palgyeong, which is based on Jonghoam, overland and Takyeongjeong, and the characteristics of the town's township of Namwonyang, Gumi-ri. The number of rock letters identified by the Mansutan members is a total of nine points, which clearly indicates that the scene was a scene where the custom of call to create poetry·fishing·playing musical instruments and drinking, as well as the scenery and landscape structure of the Jongho Palgyeong. Jongho Palgyeong, its customs and surrounding rock writing are highly suggestive and valid cultural views to remind or direct the old landscape of Mansutan Jongho and suggest to modern traditional landscapes as well as the "Noblesse oblige landscape enjoyment case."

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.12-26
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate current states and management of the protected trees in Gangwon-do. There were 701 protected trees in 42 species designated by 2008, which were distributed at 425 places. Major species were Zelkova serrata(29%), Pinus densiflora(24%), Ulmus davidiana var. japonica(11%), and Ginkgo biloba(5%). The protected trees played various roles in the villages, mostly as sacred trees(43%). The 51% of protected trees were 300 years or more in age, the 53% were more than 20 m in height, and the 57% were more than 300 cm in girth at breast height. The 69% of the protected trees have been designated for protection in 1982 and the rest have been designated by the local cities by 2008. The species number of the protected trees in Youngseo region was greater than that of the Youngdong region. The major species were Zelkova serrata (33%) and Pinus densiflora(17%) in Youngseo region, and were Pinus densiflora (38%) and Zelkova serrata(19%) in Youngdong region. The ratio of native species to exotic species was 33:1 in Youngseo region, and were 25:6 in Youngdong region. The 29% of protected trees were located in the field, 28% in the mountain, and 25% in the villages. The 45% of the ground were covered by herbaceous plants, 39% exposed, and 10% gravel mulch. Most of the protected trees had good growing conditions. The 70% of the protected trees were under good maintenance, and the rest were under undesirable conditions. The soil characteristics of the protected tree areas in Gangwon-do were not much different from those of Korean average. It seemed to be necessary to increase designation of protected trees based on the tradition, history, local value and academic application in Gangwon-do. In addition, it is desirable to suggest plans to utilize and manage protected tree areas for enhancing the value of natural heritages in Gangwon-do.