• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.44-55
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• 2012

This study is to interpret how landscape aesthetic characteristics of moderation, which is the point of human-oriented neo-confucianism vision, are projected to the landscape organization of a Dodong-SeoWon, known for its overflow to neo-confucianism grounds and standards among domestic SeoWon. The aspects of neo-confucianism discussion in the shape of Dodong-SeoWon with the beauty of from and contents dominating the landscape of Dodong-SeoWon different from constructive completeness as 7 external and internal landscape organization including placement, circulation, setting, vista, fencing, naming, and decoration are as follows. The left direction of Dodong-SeoWon, part of external organization, is the result of landscape organization that emphasized the stage of moderation through the unification of man and nature by naturalizing natural direction to human-oriented directions. Important aspects to rule external orders and standards of Dodong-SeoWon are principles of one classes based on ranks and bilateral symmetry that is the unity of setting and circulation landscape organization from penetrating the spirit of moderation with no bias. By securing territoriality by fencing the unity of verticality and horizontality, the landscape organization to reach moderation is expressed. Meanwhile, Suwoloo(水月樓) perceived on the floor of central assembly hall, the formation of time frame from roof piles of Hwanjumun(喚主門) as well as pilars of Jungjeongdang(中正堂), and rime link method inducing visual balance and openness through segment, combination, and others are vista organization that show the ideality of unique neo-confucianism building. Also as part of landscape organization contents. semantically, building name including arrangement from Taegukdoseol, ideological naming following the name of Ssanggye-SeoWon, which is the former body, the name of the hall symbolizing the transfer of neo-confucianism enlightenment, impartiality with no bias, as well as Geoinjae(居仁齋) and Geoijae(居義齋) based on olympic, are also results of applying neo-confucianism standards. Additionally. the SeoHoe(瑞花) expressing the change of IleumIlyang(一陰一陽) on the stylobate of Jungjeongdang, Saeho(細虎) which goes up and down, as well as Simul made of four dragons, are artistic expression of the moderation that symbolizes the harmony of ying and yang with no exceeding or insufficiency. Humorous and unique rocks and stones evenly arranged in all spots of Dodong-SeoWon are to promote anti-strict organization by offsetting the image and external order of the lecture hall as strict as it is, and this is very ironic as it is the other landscape organization in different dimension as well as the expression of moderation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.114-121
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• 2010

Traditional temples in Korea are the important cultural heritage because of artistic traditonal buildings and structures, paintings, sculptures, and big forest areas which are most ecological and beautiful in Korea. Since traditional temples still function as religious places for very long time, the sense of places intrinsic to the temples are very strong and vivid. The sense of place is very closely related to the conservation of the original landscape type. Recently however, there is a strong tendency to use solar energy in traditional temples because of the low energy efficiency of the old traditional architecture which may have negative impact on landscape which again in turn may lead to the destruction of the sense of place. The purpose of this study was to suggest some landscape design guidelines to protect the sense of place of traditional temple by investigating the impact of solar energy facility on the landscape experience of traditional temple. In order to do perform this purpose, Tongdosa was selected as a study site and four kinds of measurement tools(landscape image, temple identity, landscape satisfaction, degree of landscape improvement) were used as questionnaire items. 180 college students participated in the questionnaire survey. The analysis showed that the solar energy facility had very negative impact on landscape experience such as three landscape image factors(scenic beauty, openness, complexity), landscape satisfaction, temple identity, and landscape improvement. Based on the results, three landscape improvement plans were suggested. First, solar energy facility should be built in the forest in order not to be exposed to visitors, if possible. Second, the landscape management of traditional temple should emphasize on sustaining scenic beauty and temple identity along with the provision of openness. Lastly, detailed landscape guideline should be prepared to regulate the scale, ratio, and the form of the artificial buildings and structures to protect the sense of place of traditional temple.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.85-97
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• 2010

This research studied the location and the spatial composition of Pihyang-jeong zone. Pihyang-jeong is regarded as one of the five great pavilions in Chollabuk-do. Located in Taein-myeon of Jeongeup-si, Pihyang-jeong is also called as 'the number one pavilion in Honam area'. 1. There is no record regarding the first construction of Pihyang-jeong. There is only transmitting by word of mouth that the scholar Choi Chi-won had an excursion to here and composed some poetry during the age of King Heon-gang of Shilla dynasty. However, there are records that Lee Ji-gweng had expanded the humble structure in 1618, Park Sung-go repaired it in 1664 and Yoo Geun repaired it again in 1715. 2. The location of Pihyang-jeong is 'high in north and low in south' and typical 'mountain in rear and water in front'. It has Seong-hwang Mountain(189m) in the north, Hang-ga Mountain(106m) in the south, Tae Mountain(33m) in the south and an open field in the northwest. 3. The spatial composition around Pihyang-jeong is as following. Pihyang-jeong faces 'Hayeonji'(the lower side lotus pond) in the south-south-west direction. 4. The buildings around Pihyang-jeong are; Pihyang-jeong, which was the pavilion of the government official not directly in charge of government office, Hambyeok-lu in the Hayeonji and the facility for the caretaker. Pihyang-jeong is a rectangular building with double eaves and hipped-and-gabled roof. It has five rooms in the front and four rooms in the side. Hambyeok-lu had been first built in 1918 as two-storey wooden pavilion with dancheong, traditional multicolored paintwork on wooden buildings. Then it was modified into rectangular single-storey pavilion with hipped-and-gabled roof and five rooms in 1971. In 2010, it was rebuilt as a hexagonal pavilion; therefore, the present shape is completely different one from the original shape. 5. The scenic features around Pihyang-jeong are as following. There are 21 stone monuments in Pihyang-jeong zone. The fence surrounding Pihyang-jeong is a traditional Korean style crude stone fence. There are three gates in three-gates-style, each gate made with two posts and one 'matbae'(gabled) roof. Also, a stepping stone for mounting/dismounting was found in the east of Pihyang-jeong outer perimeter. 6. The water scenic feature around Pihyang-jeong is a representative case of drawing in the water from the natural pond nearby government office and building a pavilion around the water. 7. The planting around Pihyang-jeong is as following. There are Zelkova trees in the boundary perimeter. In the southern small park, there are Zelkova trees, Crape-myrtie trees, Bushy young pine trees, Pine trees, Satuki, Purple azalea and Grass field. Around Hambyeok-lu in the Ha-yeonji, Elm trees, Zelkova trees and Pine trees are growing in good condition.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.20-33
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• 2018

This study aims to illuminated landscape of Joseon Dynasty in the end of 19th century when Joseon dynasty began to modernize through the perspective of Westerners. Historical meaning to Western people's landscape records has been preceded. And landscape typology and their perception were analyzed. The results were as follows. First, the Westerners who visited Joseon dynasty at that time were involved in the historical and political situation of the Joseon Dynasty or understood their culture through traveling for so long. And record of Westerners is a significant data to analyze scenery at that time because common contents appear in various books. Second, the landscape of Joseon dynasty that appears in Western records was mainly recorded in small towns and villages, natural environments, scenic sites, historic sites, modern facilities, and cultivated areas. Small towns and villages are mainly mentioned with shabby alleys and dense houses. And natural landscape were identified to mountain landscapes and diverse geomorphological landscape that surrounding vegetation along the coast and rivers. The palaces, fortress and temples were recorded as main objects of scenic sites and historic site. And western-style buildings such as foreign legations and settlements, churches and schools were mentioned in the modernized facilities. A cultivated land was confirmed to be underdeveloped and neglected, but as range of view became wider, it was seen to a peaceful and prosperous rural landscape. Third, Westerners' landscape perception of Joseon dynasty at that time can be deduced from positive or negative perceptions. The residential environment was perceived as negative because it was unsanitary and backward. On the contrary, outstanding natural landscapes, scenic sites and historic sites, and upper class gardens were perceived as positive. For modernized landscapes, positive and negative perceptions were similarly mentioned. Positive perceptions were formed in improvement of civilized landscape, and appeared negative perception because damaged traditional landscapes and heterogeneity.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.149-159
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• 2018

The study is aimed at establishing basic data to identify the original forms of the garden in Unbo's House. Through interviews and related data comparison analysis the ideas and major events of the person involved in establishing a garden in Unbo's House. Also, derived the direct and indirect effects of these people on gardening. The results are as follows: First, Those directly related to garden in Unbo's House are representative figures of cultural heritage and traditional art in Korea. Based on their expertise and abundant experience in traditional spaces, they contributed greatly to the creation of Unbo's House as a traditional space. Unbo Kim, Gi-Chang who directly influenced Unbo's House gardening, which affected the site selection, location, and the installation of major garden plant plants and traditional landscaping facilities. Hyegok Choi, Soon-Woo recommended Wabon Kim, Dong-Hyun at the request of Kim Ki-Chang and was involved in the overall plan. Housing design, space design and design of major facilities such as pond were confirmed Wabon Kim Dong-Hyun. Second, Kim, Gi-Chang's wife Jeong, Rae-Hyun, who motived to construct a garden. Nosan Lee, Eun-Sang and Korean artist Lee, Seok-Ho were created a signboard and board of the Pillar to encourage simple life in paintings. The themes of the article motived image as creative. In addition, Kim, Hyeong-Sik and Kim, Wan who son of Unbo, has been with Unbo for a long time, watching and influencing garden changes in Unbo's House. Third, The main factors that influenced the garden by character are as follows. Unbo Kim, Ki-Chang had a thorough record-setting spirit and his longing for his mother and wife affected the selection of the site and setting the direction of the garden. His art world with the symbolic emphasis of traditional landscapes, including traditional facilities, and especially plant materials. Choi, Sun-Woo reflected his traditional consciousness and experience in the construction of Unbo's House. Kim, Dong-Hyun applied the basic framework of a traditional building based on Yeonkyongdang hall in Changdeokgung palace. He also reflected on the traditional landscaping design the facilities of ponds acquired through excavation of Donggung Palace and Wolji Pond, Gyeongju. Nosan Lee, Eun-Sang and Lee, Seok-Ho completed their unique place in Unbo's House. Kim, Hyung-Sik was involved in the process of changing, while Kim Wan ran the Unbo's House which he inherited from Kim, Ki-Chang.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.48-57
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• 2018

In this study, we conducted an analysis on the actual field materials and the ancient text of January 2017. First, Yuyin ShanFang is one of the famous garden in the Lingnan Region, and its total area is $1598m^2$. Wobin called the name 'Yuyin(餘蔭)' meaning the virtues of his ancestors. Second, if we analyze the poem written by Wobin, we can classify it as a phrase expressing the world beyond the future, a poem expressing the ideas of family and romantic ideas. Third, the space spread to the south around the shrine building in the middle of the site was largely a residential space, according to the analysis of the site's layout and spatial composition. Fourth, the spatial component of the hydronic acid is analyzed. The pavilion area is the Hanchwi-Pavilion, which is designated in the Wongrim, and Gyesang-Pavilion, which is a unique range that describes the peak of the garden. Fifth, Yuyin ShanFang has five ponds that are very diverse in shape. It is characteristic of us to stand on a technical boundary. Sixth, Seokgasan was referred to as Gyeongbansan, which was named after The builder Wobin and his descendants who passed it. Seventh, Hwachang is characterized by a wooden bull window and a compound glass. Eighth, the alumni style is not as diverse as the alumni style of the Suzhou traditional garden, but it features various forms and colorful pictures on the front of the alumni. Ninth, the one-piece sculptures of the interior of a building are expressed themes such as Gilsang, Sukjeong, Daoism, Palseom, and others. Finally, Trees planted in Yuyin ShanFang are mostly tropical plants, and some of them have symbolic meaning. Because the weather here is good for growing fruit, so planted a lot of fruit trees.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.60-76
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and visual arrangement characteristics of Imsil Yi Ung-jae's old house's spatial and visual aspects in order to discover the value of landscape and traditional house garden. The results of this study are as follows. Dongchon-village in Dundeok-ri, where old house is located, is a typical form of with "Back to the mountain and facing the water(背山臨水)", and is located in the north of the three streams of water, forming a Jeonchaghugwan(前窄後寬). Dongchon Village, which has a traditional scenic spot between Danguidae(丹丘臺) and Samgyeseokmun(三溪石門), is understood to be the main street of Nojeokbong Peak and Gyegwanbong Peak, which is Ansan(案山), where the "A centipede flying in the sky(飛天蜈蚣形)". Yi Ung-jae's old house is the oldest existing high-priced house in the North Jeolla region and the closing price of a royal family of the Joseon Dynasty, which was arranged by Chunseongjeong(春城正), Yi Dam-son(李聃孫) in the mid-16C. The Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and Japanese colonial era, the loyalty of the gate quarters, the filial piety of the gate quarters, and the faithfulness of the tablet(扁額) and Juryeons(柱聯) are enough to contribute to the rise of the value of a physical house. The men's quarters(Sarangchae), which are placed on a high-pocket or a layout without going against the sloping terrain, have the effect of making the distance as far as possible, enhancing its dignity and hierarchy as a royal building. In addition, the entrance to the main quarters(Anchae) through the four pillar gates(四柱門), the extensive support and the appropriation of the Chaewon(vegetable garden), and the official base for the Anchae are very unique compared to the general nobility. However, in the context of the postwar relationship, the shrine seeks to realize Confucian ideals while harmonizing with nature by arranging wide sponsorships around it. On the other hand, it is confirmed that there was a pond in the form of a circle in a square(方池圓島型) with a relatively large area, which is now disturbed and damaged. Written by the high priced planting species are sponsored pine trees, hackberry, persimmon trees, Japanese apricot flower, Ohmomiji, and plum tree in the side garden, as well as cotyledon trees in the outside garden. However, although flower bed(花階), which is built on the stone axis, is a place that clearly shows the expensive garden, it seems to have lost the texture of the plant due to the extremely high variety of species and the splendor that does not match the plant landscape of the flower world. Yi Ung-jae's old house is highly valuable as it is a portrait house of a prince of the blood in the mid-Joseon Dynasty. Based on these findings, this study proposed a plan to improve the management of high prices that could be met.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.13-24
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• 2016

What are the roles and functions of urban gardening created by citizens in Sujin 2-dong, Seongnam-si? This study has looked into urban gardening in everyday life in a bid to find possible solutions for sustainable urban regeneration. The paper has examined the types, functions, and characteristics of urban gardens in Sujin 2-dong, where the urban restoration project is in progress. This study has conducted primarily on-site inspections and interviews. The research findings are as follows. Most urban gardens in Sujin 2-dong have a vertical structure rather than a regular ground-based one due to lack of land. Six major locations of building a garden include the front of a building, rooftop, top of a gate, stairs, wall, and yard. Rooftop gardens are most common and are built mostly for production purposes. Due to architectural characteristics of this village, there are relatively many stair gardens built mostly for aesthetic purposes. The garden in front of a building has served multiple functions, including formation of entry, privacy protection, and prevention of unauthorized parking. Other than those, detached houses have quality urban gardens built with greater effort and care, while multi-household houses have seen a decrease of stair gardens and an increase of vertical gardens due to their comparatively limited space. By utilizing this research, we hope to show that it is important to understand the local's wisdom and voice for a sustainable urban environment as well as keep these findings in mind during the construction of new buildings. This study would be expected to be useful as primary research for urban gardening in everyday life and alternative ways of urban regeneration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2011

The landscape of Seoul was dynamically changed and developed with the rapid post-war economic growth. Seoul city designated a height regulation district to preserve and manage the city landscape and protect it from haphazard construction. The designation of a maximum height regulation district has obvious purpose and simple regulations which makes the implementation and management easy to apply yet the altitude restriction lacks an objective basis for its enforcement. Many studies have been done and the current uniform height regulation requires more objective and logical guidelines. This study selected the Bukhan Mountain area, a National Park designated to protect the environment, to present a new landscape height guideline to minimize environmental degradation and to harmonize the artificial and natural landscapes of the area. Document research was done to identify the regulation types(absolute height regulation, view line regulation, oblique line restriction regulation) and principles for height regulation district establishment, acknowledge the current status and issues of the Bukhan Mountain area's maximum height regulation district. Gangbuk-Gu was chosen as the site and survey was conducted on outstanding view points and view corridors of residents. From document research, an appropriate landscape height guideline was selected and applied to Gangbuk-Gu. According to the guideline, suitable heights for buildings were suggested. These were then applied to three-dimensional simulations and a final guideline was suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.21-35
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• 2018

In recent years, there has been a tendency to reuse 'landscapes of memory,' including industrial heritages, modern cultural heritages, and post-industrial parks, as public spaces in many cities. Among the various types of landscapes, 'modern historic landscapes', which were formed in the 19th and 20th centuries, are landscapes where the debate between conservation and removal is most frequent, according to the change of evaluation and recognition of modern history. This study examines conflicts between conservation and removal around modern historic landscapes and explores the value judgment criteria and the process of formation of those landscapes, as highlighted in the case of the demolition controversy of the old Japanese general government building in Seoul, which was dismantled in 1995. First, this study reviews newspaper articles, television news and debate programs from 1980-1999 and some articles related to the controversy of the Japanese general government building. Then it draws the following six factors as the main issues of the demolition controversy of the building: symbolic location, discoveries and responses of new historical facts, reaction and intervention of a related country, financial conditions, function and usage of the landscape, changes of urban, historical and architectural policies. Based on these issues, this study examines the conflicts between symbolic values that play an important role in the formation of modern historic landscapes and determines conservation or removal, and the utility of functional values that solve the problems and respond to criticisms that arise in the process of forming the modern historic landscape. Especially, it is noted that the most important factor that makes the decision is the symbolic values, although the determination of the conservation or removal of modern historic landscapes has changed according to changes in historical perceptions of modern history. Today, the modern historic landscape is an important site for urban design, and still has historical issues to be agreed upon and addressed. Thi study has contemporary significance from the point that it divides the many values of modern historic landscapes into symbolic values and functional values, evaluates these, and reviews the background social context.