• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.11-21
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the awareness and usability of descending life lines and simple descending life lines for fire situations in the accommodation of the public officials who are responsible for supervising the installation and maintenance of descending life lines and simple descending life lines. The main results of the study are summarized as follows. First, in comparison of the ability to distinguish between descending life lines and simple descending life lines, the majority of female public officers in general administrative services do not have the ability to distinguish between descending lifelines and simple descending life lines, so they should be able to improve their ability to distinguish descending life lines. Also, institutional strategies are needed to regularly receive education through the Safety Experience Center in order to prevent safety accidents such as falling in emergency situations. Second, as a result of verifying reusability of simple descending life lines by gender and occupation, most public officers with the exception of half of the firefighting officers were analyzed as having no ability to reuse the simple descending life lines. Therefore, it is necessary to change the relevant laws so that only the installation of descending life lines which can be used continuously is permitted, except for the simple descending life lines among the evacuation instruments to be additionally installed in each room of the accommodation. Third, in terms of the ability to perceive the maximum load of the descending life lines according to occupation, the perception ability of the rescuers was the highest and the perception ability of the fire service personnel was the lowest. In order to improve the perception abilities of the fire service personnel, it is necessary to strengthen the theoretical and practical education of descending life lines in collective education such as the command-enhancing training which is regularly carried out in fire service academy. Lastly, it is believed that it is more effective to conduct the experience training of the descending life lines by imagining the fire in accomodations rather than other facilities, because it is the location where fires are actually seen the most.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.36
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• pp.293-316
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• 2013

Today's high-rise buildings are increasing concern about the safety and evacuation of people related to the fire and threat from outside. Terrorism breaking out in high-rise buildings, a symbol of the national economy results in a number of casualties, economic loss, social fear and damage to national status. That's why high-rise building has also emerged as a target of major terrorist attacks, compared to other types of buildings. We have 54 high-rise buildings in 15 regions over the country. The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government have offered the guidelines to prevent terrorist attacks toward high-rise buildings. Since the 9/11 terrorist attacks, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) has developed and taken advantage of the Risk Management Manual Series. According to this manual, pre-assessment is conducted for the prevention of terrorism and particularly in FEMA 455, risk of the surrounding areas, vulnerability, possibility from terrorist attacks are checked. After the check, experts classify the risk of terrorist attacks toward the high-rise buildings and according to the risk classification, architects, security experts and structure engineers can carry out terrorism prevention program for high-rise buildings. The U.K. NaCTSO has also offered the terrorism prevention guidelines. Therefore, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and Seoul Metropolitan Government should make more concrete guidelines for high-rise buildings such as what U.S. FEMA and U.K. NaCTSO implement, including prior evaluation technique for terrorism risk.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.228-234
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• 2016

As a college dormitory has the features of high dwelling density and a floating population that becomes crowded during particular times, when a disaster such as a fire occurs, it has the risk of causing much loss of life. In this study, the fire simulation program Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS), is used to predict the risk when a fire occurs, to analyze the problem, and to suggest an improvement plan for a new cadet dormitory at an university in Korea. The research results are as follows. When a fire occurred in the ironing room inside the cadet dormitory, a smoke detector operated after 65 seconds. Thirteen seconds later, a sprinkler started to operate. The temperature and carbon monoxide density reached the limit value at 241 and 248 seconds, respectively. Because the limit visibility value was reached within 66 seconds after the occurrence of a fire, it is predicted that preparation must be finished and evacuation should begin within 1 minute after the fire occurs, in order to have no casualties. Synthesizing this dormitory fire risk prediction result, the visibility value is considered to be the most dangerous factor for personal safety. Because of this, installing a smoke extraction system is suggested to secure visibility. After the installation of a smoke extraction system, the problem of smoke diffusion in the corridors improved.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.100-107
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• 2001

A Interior material, a main cause of fire-growth and generating toxic gas when it burns, should be dealt with great care in life safety design. Nonetheless, it has been used recklessly with undue attention to its contribution to fire in particular in entertainment occupancy and causes many victims in fire. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the current use of interior material in Korea and find out what to be improved and enhanced in terms of related regulations. Based on the comparison and analysis of the Korea regulation with those of advanced nations, suggestions are made for an effective and efficient improvement and complement to the current system. What can be suggested from this study are as follows. The use of interior material should be controlled under the unified regulation of fire-safety codes. Code should be set up so that the current construction enforcement should be applied in retroactive to those entertainment buildings that obtained a license prior to the implementation of the system certifying that the building is fire-resistant and fire-protective. The legislation should be made to control the fire-protection facilities of small-sized, underground entertainments. It should be obliged to present the blueprint displaying the use of interior material at the time of changing occupancy. Or, it should be compelled to report changes that go way without permit to the administrative office. A compulsory provision should be set up to have a fire-resistant performance to movable furniture. The classification index designating the fire hazard of interior material by flame spread rate and smoke toxicity and its test method should be established.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 2015

With the rapid development of modern society, subway has become one of the most typical urban transport systems. Since fire accident occurred at Daegu subway in 2003, importance of life safety and disaster prevention have been widely recognized and many studies have been carried out. As a result of these studies, fire-retardant and non-combustible interior material and platform screen door with passenger guide indication device have been developed, but studies on a subway evacuation criteria have been in a stalemate. Therefore, this study is intended to improve the subway evacuation standard. It is very difficult to take into account whole subway system, so a typological approach to a ticket was carried out referring to previous studies focused on a subway platform. this paper selected the most common subway platforms and estimated evacuation time among 10 platforms from previous studies and 8 from this study. As a result, evacuation time exceeded 6 minutes which is the guideline of existing standard. Therefore, it is necessary to update the standard for evacuation time and add supplementary conditions which can help establishing the measures for safety facilities and prevention measures.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 2012

Recently, vessel hijacking by pirates has been a big issue around the world. For example, the hostages of VLCC "SAMHO Dream" were released for a large sum of ransom. On January 20, 2011 "SAMHO Jewelry" succeeded releasing all of the 21 crews on the vessel by attacking the pirates in international waters for the first time since the founding of the Naval Force. Furthermore, the "HANJIN Tianjin" crews evacuated to the Citadel promptly and were rescued by the navy. As hijacking of Korean vessels by pirates is increasing, various safety measures must be implemented. As a matter of fact, the standard for ship's facilities has been partially revised and setting up an evacuation shelter on all vessels sailing dangerous zone has been reinforced. This research aims to discuss crew Citadel installation on vessels intended for long haul. In addition, it will look at measures against potential gas flow in the event of pirate armed attacks and fire outbreak onboard a vessel. It will also assess the optimal number of crew Citadels theoretically. Lastly, the optimal number of shelters in the event of fire outbreak will be discussed based on an FDS simulation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

In fire simulations for building fire safety evaluation, changes in the fire area and grid size can significantly influence the prediction results. Therefore, the effects of area changes of the fire source with identical maximum heat release rates on the prediction results of a compartment fire were investigated. The dependence of the prediction results on the grid size using the identical fire area was also examined. No significant changes were observed in the thermal and chemical characteristics of the fires with variable grid sizes, even though the fire area was changed when six or more grids were set based on the fire diameter. In addition, changes in the fire area caused significant differences in the prediction of major physical quantities associated with available safety egress time (ASET) within a compartment. However, the fire area changes did not considerably influence the overall fire characteristics outside the compartment after reaching a certain distance from the opening.

• 한국방재학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.189-189
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• 2011

최근 공동주택은 보편적인 도시주거 유형으로 자리매김 하고 있지만, 성장 위주의 경제 산업 정책에 따른 안전의식미약, 사회구조개편에 따른 급격한 증가, 생활환경 변화와 에너지 사용 증가 등 화재 유발인자의 다양화로 인해 인적 물적 피해가 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 특히 다른 건물들과는 달리 공동주택의 거주자가 유아, 노인, 신체장애자 등 다양한 인적 구성의 형태로 이루어져 있어서 화재 발생 건수에 비해 인명피해가 월등히 높은 편이다. 공동주택에서의 화재에 대한 위험성을 인식하고, 그에 대한 인적 물적 피해를 최소화하기 위한 대책 마련이 시급하다. 본 논문은 CFAST(Consolidated Model of Fire Growth and Smoke Transport)를 사용하여 공동주택을 대상으로 실물 화재 실험을 실시하고 공간화재에서의 화재 성상을 파악하여 화재 시 개구부의 개폐 여부에 따라 발생되는 산소와 이산화탄소의 농도와 온도가 인체에 미치는 영향에 대해 알아본다. 개구부를 개방 했을 경우에 외부창문의 개폐 여부에 상관없이 모든 방의 온도 분포가 뚜렷하게 나타났지만 개구부를 폐쇄 할 경우에는 발화지점인 거실의 온도 분포만 나타났다. Flashover현상과 Back Draft현상은 개구부의 개폐여부에 상관없이 외부 창문을 폐쇄 했을 경우에 나타났지만 특히 모든 개구부와 외부창문을 폐쇄 했을 경우에 더욱 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 각 실은 점화 후 4분경에 최고 온도를 보였으며 다른 방에 비해 발화지점인 거실의 온도가 가장 높게 나타났다. 온도에 의해서는 두 가지 영향이 일어날 수 있는데, 하나는 비교적 장시간에 걸쳐 발생하는 열응력이고, 다른 하나는 짧은 시간에 발생할 수 있는 화상이다. 만약 피부온도가 $45^{\circ}C$에 이르면 인체는 고통을 느끼게 되며, 이보다 더 높은 온도에서는 깊은 피부조직까지 손상을 줄 수 있다. 움직이지 않는 사람에 대한 고통 유발 임계온도는 약 $200^{\circ}C$이며, 인체는 땀의 발산으로 온도에 대한 내성이 증가하지만 이체가 장시간 열을 받으면 사망에 이를 수 있다. 결론적으로 공동 주택을 대상으로 CFAST를 이용해 분석한 결과 플래쉬오버 현상으로 인해 화재가 성장하여 급격히 온도가 상승하다가, 산소 부족으로 인해 화재가 성장하지 않고 온도가 떨어지는 것을 알 수 있다. 화재 시 온도, 산소, 이산화탄소를 고려하였을 때 약 3분 이내에 대피해야 온도 및 가스로 인한 피해를 줄일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.39-47
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• 2020

The fire protection system for high-rise buildings is currently confined to the preparation of sprinklers, emergency stairs, and exit and monitoring systems. On the other hand, an integrated system, including the model with scenario-based actions, is required for effective fire protection. An integrated fire protection system is needed to operate and manage the total cycle of the fire protection. In this study, an integrated fire protection system, which included sensing and consequent processes related to fire emergencies, was designed and implemented. The designed scheme can gather and analyze the data of the production, operation, and consumption patterns as it integrates fire protection systems for fire fighters and evacuating people. The integrated fire protection technology and system, which has target performance with satisfied 1/2 sec transaction response time and 1.2 transactions per second, is expected to contribute to market creation in converged technology-based fire protection fields.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.29-42
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• 1998

The use of computer supported fire safety engineering calculations has grown significantly in recent years and will be increased rapidly. In this study, in order to examine for fire dynamics of the enclosed compartment with window glass(3mm, 4mm thickness) when the window glass breaks, we conducted numerical computer simulations about foam sofa fire with the zone type computer mode, FASTLite package(version 1.1.2) and the Berkeley algorithm for breaking window glass in a compartment fire, BREAK1 program (version 1.0). The analysis of the results in this paper shows that there are differences of fire dynamics between open-or enclosed-state compartment fire and the enclosed compartment fire with window glass breaking. It is also shown in this study that backdraft phenomenum occurs due to accumulated unburned combustible fuel when the glass of 4mm thickness breaks, and that temperature differences between the inner-and outer-surfaces of 3mm and 4mm thick glasses are appreciable. This study will help fire fighter to establish fire suppression or occupant's refuge strategies and fire safety engineer to enhance simulation techniques about the five dynamics of compartment fire.