• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.845-856
• /
• 2017

In the long railway tunnel, in order to secure safety in case of fire, it is required a emergency station. However, there is no standard or research results on smoke exhaust method and exhaust flow rate in emergency station, so it is necessary to study the smoke exhaust system for emergency station. In this study, we are created a numerical analysis model for emergency station where the evacuation cross passage connected to the service tunnel or the relative tunnel was installed at regular intervals (40 m intervals). And the fire analysis are carried out by varying the fire intensity (15, 30MW), the smoke exhaust method (only air supply, forced air supply and exhaust, forced air exhaust only), and the air flow rate (7, 14, $40m^3/s$). From the results of fire analysis, temperature and CO concentration are analyzed and ASET based on the limit temperature are compared at various condition. As a result, in the case with fire intensity of 15 MW, it is shown that a sufficiently safe evacuation environment can be ensured by applying forced air supply and exhaust method or forced air exhaust only method when the air flow rate is $7m^3/s$ above. In case of fire intensity of 30 MW, it is impossible to maintain the safety evacuation environment for more than 900 seconds when the exhaust air volume is below $14m^3/s$. And when the air flow rate is $40m^3/s$, the exhaust port is disposed at the side portion of the upper duct, which is most advantageous for securing the temperature-based safety.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.400-412
• /
• 2017

What is particularly noteworthy from Korean and foreign railway tunnel disaster prevention standards is that for the sake of rapid evacuation, more stringent standards for provision of evacuation passages, which require high cost, are being applied. Korean standards stipulate that passage installation should be determined in accordance with the level of risk through a QRA analysis of each tunnel with 1km or longer length. As, however, detailed application criteria as fire occurrence probability, fire occurrence scenario, size of fires and evaluation criteria for level of social risk are not available, additional costs may be incurred due to excessive design. Thus, standards of an appropriate level need to be established. With this backdrop, this study selects detailed application conditions of a reasonable and appropriate level through a study and analysis of relevant documents and analyzes the maximum length of tunnels to which the application of evacuation passages, or the application major evacuation promotion facilities, can be relaxed, together with a QRA analysis of model tunnels (for high speed rail) with different tunnel lengths. In addition, the QRA results on tunnels, including those on the Honam high-speed rail, and analysis results for the model tunnels, are compiled, ; the ultimate results are compared with Korean and other countries' standards related to evacuation promotion facilities, As a result, The appropriateness of application standards are reviewed. These results are expected to be utilized as basic material for establishing a reasonable disaster prevention plan that will consider safety and economies.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.25 no.1
• /
• pp.72-77
• /
• 2011

The effort of transferring some parts of urban functions to the underground space is growing trend among modem cities because of the limit of horizontal land use, the rise of land value, the diversification of human desire, etc. Thus, the basement of building and the subway station have deepened. It calls our attention to safety about evacuation from the underground space to the ground. Until now, the study about crowding walk in stairs has been progressed, focusing on the crowding walk that is going down the stairs, and there is no study about crowding walk that is going up the stairs. This study measured walking pace by crowd density that is going up the stairs in the subway station stairs making one-way movement of crowd. The actual survey showed that the mathematical relation 'V=0.638-0.0949p' determines going up walking velocity at a gradient of $23^{\circ}$, and the mathematical relation will be 'V=0.597-0.1067p' at a gradient of $30^{\circ}$, when it is converted, based on the average walking velocity of crowd by the slope of the stairs which is recommended by Architectural Institute of Japan.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.16 no.2
• /
• pp.43-50
• /
• 2002

21C, Multiplex Cinema Theater is made from movie industry developed and become a place where we can spend our free time and consuming. But, theater users, who are many and unspecified persons, are short of information on the Multiplex Cinema Theater, so that they may be injured or killed at the occurrence of fire accident. Particularly, Multiplex Cinema Theater is a place that underground space or top floor in highrise building had many people in theaters. However, this problem is difficult to solve that to protect human being and properties at the occurrence of fire accident in the Multiplex Cinema Theater, In order to overcome such problems, Multiplex Cinema Theater need fire protection solutions facilities concerning particulars to pay attention to the safety on a fire and evacuation. This study analysed Multiplex Cinema Theater concept and computer simulation for risk point.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.590-595
• /
• 2020

In this study, the small-scale collision experiments using a pendulum principle were carried out to evaluate the safety of the reinforced concrete building selected as a tsunami evacuation building due to the collision of the waterborne debris represented by ships. The experimental parameters were set as impact velocity, mass and length of the drifted ship. In this paper, the maximum impact force, impact duration, impact waveform and restitution coefficient affecting building response were investigated in detail. As a result, the impact force waveforms were distributed as a triangle in most of the experimental results, but became closer to a trapezoid as the length of the collision specimen increased. This is the very important result in calculating the momentum (impact waveform area) affecting building response, Furthermore, the restitution coefficients were constant regardless of the impact velocity, but they varied depending on the mass and length of the waterborne debris. However, the restitution coefficient for the mass per unit length of the waterborne debris can be evaluated.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
• /
• v.16 no.5 s.64
• /
• pp.357-367
• /
• 2006

Recently, as the construction of new railway and the relocation of existing line increase, tunnel structures grow longer. The railway fire accidents in long tunnel bring large damages of human life and disaster. The interest of safety in long tunnel have a growing and the safety standard of long tunnel is tightening. For that reason, at the planning of long tunnel, the optimum design of safety facility in long tunnel for minimizing the risks and satisfying the safety standard is needed. For the reasonable design of long railway tunnel considering high safety, qualitative estimation for tunnel safety is required. In this study, QRA (Quantitative Risk Assessment) technique is applied to design of long railway tunnel for assuring the safety function and estimating the risk of safety. The case study for safety design in long railway tunnel is tarried out to verifying the QRA technique for two railway tunnels. Thus, the inclined and vertical shaft for escape way and safety facilities in long tunnel are planned, and the risks of tunnel safety for each case are estimated quantitatively.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.155-164
• /
• 2012

Indoor fire simulators have been used to analyse building safety in the events of emergency evacuation. These applications are primarily focused on simulating evacuation behaviors for the purpose of checking building structural problems in normal time rather than in real time situations. Therefore, they have limitations in handling real-time evacuation events with the following reasons. First, the existing models mostly experiment the artificial situations using randomly generated evacuees while real world requires actual data. Second, they take too long time in operation to generate real time data. Third, they do not produce optimal results to be used in rescueing or evacuation guidance. In order to solve these limitations, we suggest a method to build an evacuation simulation system that can be used in real-world emergency situations. The system performs numerous simulations in advance according to varying distributions of occupants. Then the resulting data are stored in DBMS. The actual person data captured in infrared sensor network are compared with the simulation data in DBMS and the querried data most closely is provided to the user. The developed system is tested using a campus building and the suggested processes are illustrated.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.331-346
• /
• 2018

In the tunnel of domestic high - speed railway, the main fire - fighting facility, fire - extinguishing passageway, is installed. However, due to the high pressure of the high - speed train, frequent breakage and maintenance are caused by strong shock and long - term vibration. In order to solve these problems, it is necessary to improve the fire door, but in Korea, it is installed by submitting a certificate by simple KS F 2296 performance test. At present, it is developed as a simple test certification by producing a real scale fireproof door without the theoretical examination in advance, so that a high cost for improvement is occurring in Korea. Therefore, through this study, structural analysis study which can preliminary structure review was carried out in order to design the refuge connection passage fire door and to improve the performance improvement. In order to secure the reliability of the result value, the official authentication test (KS F 2296) were compared.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.765-778
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study is to prevent fire accidents in advance by deriving prior knowledge among groups about temporary fire-fighting facilities of workers at construction sites and devising appropriate improvement measures. The findings are as follows.First, in the case of fire extinguishers, statistical attention was paid to the contractor, supervisor, partner worker and fire extinguisher manager between designations. 87% of fire managers and 70% of facility supervisors said fire extinguisher management managers needed to be designated for each type of construction, which requires designation of fire extinguisher management managers, frequently checking and relocating. Second, in the case of simple fire extinguishing facilities, statistical attention was paid to the application of penalties for unauthorized use of fire extinguishing facilities with construction companies, supervisors, and business partners.Third, in the case of emergency alarm measures, statistical attention was paid to the application of emergency alarm sound to temporary broadcasting facilities with construction works, supervisors, and business partners.Fourth, in the case of induction, statistical attention was paid to the application of connection between construction works, supervisors, and partner workers, such as passage guidance, emergency lighting, etc.It was found that 65% of construction workers and 55% of electrical workers had different applications such as aisle guidance and emergency lighting for each type of business partner. In order to resolve blind spots such as evacuation zone guidance due to the structure of the building, it is necessary to easily distinguish the direction of the entrance door from a long distance by applying it in conjunction with passage guidance lights and emergency lighting.

• Fire Science and Engineering
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 2010

In this study, Fire Hazards were evaluated through computer simulation using FDS program for an apartment fire accident. The results of fire simulation showed that the maximum heat release rate in the case of no sprinklers activation was 7,700 kW which was about 16 times of that in the case of sprinklers activation, 497 kW and there was a very high fire hazard due to the backdraft phenomenon when the door of fire room was forced to open. Regarding the hazard time of fire room temperature and detection time of detectors, available evacuation time was 32.5 seconds of minimum to 53.5 seconds of maximum. In the case of sprinklers activation, fire hazard in the apartment was showed to be very low due to the fire control by the spray cooling of sprinklers. This study shows that what a important function for fire safety is the activations of fire sprinkler system and emergency alarm system and what a large loss can cause if these systems don’t activate in fire accidents.